A Seminar Report On

Image Analysis & Interpretation: Image

Segmentation

Submitted to Mumbai University

In partial fulfilment of the award of

Master of Engineering
In
Computer Engineering
By

Akshata A. Churi
Roll No. : 02 (Semester-I)

Under the Guidance and Supervision of

Prof. Madhuri Gedam
Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Engineering
Department of Computer Engineering

Near Commissioner's Bungalow, Kanakia Park, Mira Road(E), Thane-401107, Maharashtra.

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 Near Commissioner's Bungalow, Kanakia Park, Mira Road(E), Thane-401107, Maharashtra.

November, 2016

Akshata Churi

DECLARATION
I do hereby declare that the work embodied in the seminar entitled Image Analysis & Interpretation:
Image Segmentation is the outcome of my original work under the guidance and supervision of
Prof. Madhuri Gedam, Assistant Professor, SLRTCE. This piece of work or any part of it has not
been submitted previously for the award of any other degree, diploma, or other title to any other
institution.

Akshata A. Churi Date: November, 2016

Roll No.: 02

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this dissertation entitled, Image Analysis & Interpretation: Image
Segmentation, submitted by Akshata A. Churi, Roll No. 02 for the award of the degree of
Master of Engineering in Computer Engineering under Mumbai University, is a record of bonafide
work carried out by her under my supervision. Neither this report nor any part of it has been
submitted to any organization for the award of any degree. In my opinion the report fulfils the
requirements for the award of the degree.

Prof. Madhuri Gedam Date: November, 2016

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take this opportunity to express a deep sense of gratitude towards my guide Prof. Madhuri Gedam,
for providing excellent guidance, encouragement and inspiration throughout the project work.
Without his invaluable guidance, this work would never have been a successful one.

I would also like to thank my M.E. co-ordinator Prof. Madhuri Gedam who given me consistently
encouragement throughout the course and also specially thanks for all my faculties for their
valuable suggestions.

Last but not least, I would like to thank my family and friends, who have been a source of
encouragement and inspiration throughout the duration of the seminar.

Akshata A. Churi

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 Index

SR.NO. CONTENTS PAGE NO

1. Introduction Image segmentation 6

2. Applications 6
3. Image Segmentation Based on Discontinuities 7
4. Image Segmentation Based on Similarities 8
5. Image Segmentation Based on Thresholding 10
6. Conclusion 11

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 1 Image Segmentation:
In computer vision, image segmentation is the process of partitioning a digital image into multiple
segments (sets of pixels, also known as super-pixels). The goal of segmentation is to simplify
and/or change the representation of an image into something that is more meaningful and easier to
analyze. Image segmentation is typically used to locate objects and boundaries (lines, curves, etc.)
in images. More precisely, image segmentation is the process of assigning a label to every pixel in
an image such that pixels with the same label share certain characteristics.
The result of image segmentation is a set of segments that collectively cover the entire image, or
a set of contours extracted from the image . Each of the pixels in a region are similar with respect
to some characteristic or computed property, such as color, intensity, or texture. Adjacent regions
are significantly different with respect to the same characteristic(s).When applied to a stack of
images, typical in medical imaging, the resulting contours after image segmentation can be used
to create 3D reconstructions with the help of interpolation algorithms like Marching cubes.
Image thresholding is a simple, yet effective, way of partitioning an image into a foreground and
background. This image analysis technique is a type of image segmentation that isolates objects
by converting grayscale images into binary images. Image thresholding is most effective in images
with high levels of contrast.

2 Applications
Content-based image retrieval
Machine vision, Medical imaging
Locate tumors and other pathologies
Measure tissue volumes
Diagnosis
Surgery planning
Virtual surgery simulation, Intra-surgery navigation
Locate objects in satellite images (roads, forests, crops, etc.)

Segmentation attempts to partition the pixels of an image into groups that strongly correlate
with the objects in an image

Typically the first step in any automated computer vision application

Segmentation:
Subdivides (segments) an image into its constituent regions or objects. It address some aspect of
analysing the content of an image. Segmentation is used when we need to automate a particular
thing.
Based on two properties of image:
1. Based on Discontinuities

2. Based on Similarities

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3 Segmentation Based on Discontinuities:
There are three basic types of grey level discontinuities that we tend to look for in digital
images:

Points

Lines

Edges

We typically find discontinuities using masks and correlation

3.1 Point Detection:

Point detection can be achieved simply using the mask below:

Points are detected at those pixels in the subsequent filtered image that are above a set
threshold

3.2 Line Detection:

The next level of complexity is to try to detect lines

The masks below will extract lines that are one pixel thick and running in a particular
direction

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3.3 Edge detection:
An edge is a set of connected pixels that lie on the boundary between two regions

4 Segmentation Based on similarities :

Region Based Segmentation:

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4.1 Region Growing:
Groups pixels into larger regions.

Starts with a seed region.

Grows region by merging neighboring pixels.

4.2 Region Merging:

Algorithm

Divide image into an initial set of regions.

One region per pixel.

Define a similarity criteria for merging regions.

Merge similar regions.

Repeat previous step until no more merge operations are possible.

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Similarity Criteria:
Homogeneity of regions is used as the main segmentation criterion in region growing.

gray level

color, texture

shape

model

4.3 Region Spliting:

Algorithm

One initial set that includes the whole image.

Similarity criteria.

Iteratively split regions into sub-regions.

Stop when no more splittings are possible.

4.4 Split and Merge:

Combination of both algorithms.

Can handle a larger variety of shapes.

Simply apply previous algorithms consecutively.

5 Segmentation Based On Thresholding:

Suppose that the gray-level histogram corresponds to an image, f(x,y), composed of dark
objects in a light background, in such a way that object and background pixels have gray
levels grouped into two dominant modes. One obvious way to extract the objects from the
background is to select a threshold T that separates these modes. Then any point (x,y) for
which f(x,y) > T is called an object point, otherwise, the point is called a background point.

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 If two dominant modes characterize the image histogram, it is called a bimodal histogram.
Only one threshold is enough for partitioning the image.
If for example an image is composed of two types of light objects on a dark background,
three or more dominant modes characterize the image histogram.
In such a case the histogram has to be partitioned by multiple thresholds.
Multilevel thresholding classifies a point (x,y) as belonging to one object class
if T1 < (x,y) <= T2,
to the other object class
if f(x,y) > T2
and to the background
if f(x,y) <= T1.

6 Conclusion:
Segmentation is an essential step in all Image analysis system.
Segmentation partitions an image into meaningful regions having certain characteristics
unique to that region.

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