PLANE & SOLID GEOMETRY

DEFINITION OF TERMS:

Axiom a statement of truth which is admitted without proof.

Theorem a statement of truth which must be established by proof.
Corollary a statement of truth which follows with little or no proof from a theorem.
Postulate the construction or drawing of lines and figures the possibility of which is admitted without proof.
Hypothesis that part of a theorem which is assumed to be true.
Conclusion that part of a theorem which is to be proved.
Converse of a theorem another theorem wherein the hypothesis and conclusion of the first are
reversed, i.e. the hypothesis becomes the conclusion and the conclusion becomes the hypothesis.

PLANE GEOMETRY

TRIANGLES:

a c
h

C b A

Area of triangle:
1
A ab sin C
2
1 1
A bh or A bc sin A
2 2
1
A ac sin B
2

Area of triangle with three sides given: (Herons Formula)

A s s a s b s c where s semiperimeter
abc
s
2

Area of triangle inscribed in a circle:

abc
A where r radius of the circumscribing circle
a 4r

The center of the circle circumscribing a triangle is

r c obtained by constructing the perpendicular bisectors of the
sides of the triangle. These will intersect at a point which is
b known as the circumcenter.
 If one side of a triangle inscribed in a circle is the diameter of the circle, then the triangle is a
right triangle.

Area of triangle circumscribing a circle:

A rs where s semiperimeter of the triangle

abc
s
a r c 2
The center of the inscribed circle is obtained by
constructing the angular bisectors of the triangle.
These will intersect at a point which is known as the
incenter.
b

The median of a triangle is a line joining a vertex to the midpoint of the opposite side. The
medians of a triangle intersect at a point known as the centroid of the triangle.

Orthocenter the point of intersection of the altitudes of a triangle.

QUADRILATERALS

A quadrilateral (also known as quadrangle or tetragon) is a polygon with four sides.

The sum of the interior angles of a quadrilateral is always equal to 360o.

Parallelogram (or Rhomboid):

A parallelogram is a quadrilateral where both pairs of opposite sides are parallel.

A = bh
d1
d2
h 1
A d1d 2 sin
2
b

The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.

Rhombus:

A rhombus is a parallelogram all of whose sides are equal.

A = bh
d1 d2
h 1
A d1d 2
2

b
The diagonals of a rhombus not only bisect each other but are also perpendicular to each other.

Trapezoid:

A trapezoid is a quadrilateral which has only one pair of opposite sides that are parallel. The
parallel sides of a trapezoid are called bases.
a
1
A a b h
2
Median
h
ab
Median =
2

POLYGONS

A polygon is a closed plane figure with three or more angles. There are as many sides as
angles in a polygon. Polygons are named according to the number of sides or vertices.

Number of Sides Name

3 Triangle
4 Quadrilateral or Tetragon
5 Pentagon
6 Hexagon
7 Heptagon
8 Octagon
9 Nonagon
10 Decagon
11 Undecagon
12 Dodecagon
15 Pentedecagon or Quindecagon
20 Icosagon
1000 Chillagon
There are two basic types of polygons:
1. Convex polygon one in which no side, when extended, will pass inside the polygon.
2. Concave polygon a polygon having one interior angle greater than 180o.
Sum of interior angles of a polygon of n sides:

S 180n 2

Sum of exterior angles of a polygon = 360 Interior

angle
The diagonal of a polygon is a line that connects any two Exterior
non-adjacent vertices. angle
n
Number of diagonals of a polygon of n sides: D n 3
2

Similar polygons are polygons whose corresponding angles are equal and whose
corresponding sides are proportional.

Regular Polygons:

Polygons whose sides are equal are called equilateral polygons. Polygons whose interior
angles are equal are called equiangular polygons. Polygons that are both equilateral and
equiangular are called regular polygons.

The center of a regular polygon is the common center of its inscribed and circumscribed circles.

The apothem of a regular polygon is the perpendicular line drawn from the center of the
inscribed circle to any one of its sides. It is also the radius of the inscribed circle.

The area of a regular polygon can be found by

considering one segment, which has the form of an
isosceles triangle i.e.

A nAsegment

In general, for a polygon of n sides,

nb 2
A
4 tan
where
b length of a side
b - central angle subtended by a side
apothem 360

2 2n
Circle:

A circle is the locus of points which are at the same distance from a point within called the center.
The diameter is a line passing through the center, terminating at both ends on the circle.
The radius is a line drawn from the center to any point on the circle.

d2
d A r 2
C 2 r d
r 4
The chord of a circle is a line joining any two points on the circle. The product of the segments
of two chords intersecting each other are equal, i.e.

a
d ab cd
c b

Inscribed angle is an angle whose vertex is a point on the circle, the sides of which are chords.
Central angle is an angle whose vertex is at the center of the circle the sides of which are any
two radii of the circle.

For the same intercepted arc (arc AB), the value of the central angle is twice that of the
inscribed angle.

inscribed angle

2 central angle
2 B

Circular Sector:

A circular sector is a part of a circle bounded by two radii and an arc.

s= r where is central angle in radians

s s arc length
r r radius
1 1
A rs r 2
2 2
r

Circular Segment:

A circular segment is that part of a circle bounded by an arc and a chord.

1 2 1
s A Asec tor Atriangle r r 2 sin
2 2
r
1 2
r sin where - central angle in radians
2
r
 SOLID GEOMETRY
Definition of Terms:

Polyhedron a solid bounded by planes.

Regular polyhedron a polyhedron whose faces are congruent regular polygons and
whose polyhedral angles are equal. There are only five (5) regular polyhedrons:
1. Tetrahedron one having four (4) triangular faces.
2. Hexahedron (or cube) one having six (6) square faces.
3. Octahedron one having eight (8) triangular faces.
4. Dodecahedron one having twelve (12) pentagonal faces.
5. Icosahedron one having twenty (20) triangular faces.

Solids for which V = Bh:

Cube:

A cube is a polyhedron whose six faces are all squares.

a
Volume, V Bh a 2 a a 3
a
Surface area, S 6a 2
d
Diagonal, D a 3
a

Rectangular Parallelepiped:

A rectangular parallelepiped is a polyhedron whose six faces are all rectangles.

Volume, V Bh (ab)c abc

Surface area, S 2ab 2bc 2ca

d 2(ab bc ca)
c
b Diagonal, D a2 b2 c2

a
Prism:

A prism is a polyhedron whose bases are equal polygons in parallel planes and whose sides
are parallelograms.

Volume, V Bh
h
Lateral area, A Ph
where P - perimeter of base
B
Right Circular Cylinder:

A cylinder is a solid bounded by a closed cylindrical surface and two parallel planes.

r d2
Volume, V Bh r 2 h h
4
h
Lateral Area, A 2 rh dh
B

1
Solids for which V = Bh (Pointed Solids):
3

Right Circular Cone:

A cone is the surface generated by a straight line (called the generator) passing through a fixed
point (called the vertex) and moving along a fixed curve (called the directrix).

1 1
Volume, V Bh r 2 h
3 3
L
h Lateral area, A rL where L slant height
L r 2 h2

Pyramid:

A pyramid is a polyhedron with a polygonal base and triangular faces that meet at a common
point called the vertex.

1
Volume, V Bh
h 3

B
Frustum of a Cone & Pyramid:

The frustum of a pyramid/cone is a section of the pyramid/cone between the base and a
section parallel to the base.

A1
A1

h h

A2 A2

V
h
3
A1 A2 A1 A2
Sphere

A sphere is a solid bounded by a surface all points of which are equidistant from a point
called the center.

Great circle the intersection of a sphere and a plane passing through the center.
Small circle the intersection of a sphere and a plane not passing through the center.

4 3
r Volume, V r
3

Surface Area, S 4 r 2

Spherical Segment:

A zone is that portion of the surface of a sphere included between two parallel planes.
A spherical segment is a solid bounded by a zone and the plane of the zones base.

h r r

h
r r
 h2
Azone 2 rh V 3r h
3
Review Exercises in PLANE & SOLID GEOMETRY

1. An oblique equilateral parallelogram.

a. square b. rectangle c. rhombus d. recession

2. A rectangle with equal sides.

a. rectangle b. polygon c. square d. trapezoid

3. A plane closed curve, all points of which are at the same distance from a point within,
called the center, is a
a. hyperbola b. circle c. ellipse d. parabola

4. The area of a circle circumscribed about an equilateral triangle is 254.47 m2. What is
the area of the triangle in m2?
a. 105.24 b. 121.06 c. 83.15 d. 96.12

5. A statement the truth of which follows with little or no proof from a theorem.
a. axiom b. hypothesis c. conclusion d. corollary

6. A plane figure with closed broken lines.

a. sector b. arc c. polygon d. circle

7. A polygon having fifteen sides.

a. undecagon b. dodecagon c. pentedecagon d. icosagon

8. In triangle ABC, angle C = 70o, A = 45o, AB = 40 m. What is the length of the

median drawn from vertex A to side BC?
a. 36.8 m b. 37.1 m c. 36.3 m d. 37.4 m

9. The study of the properties of figures of three dimensions.

a. physics b. plane geometry c. solid geometry d. trigonometry

10. The sum of the sides of a polygon.

a. perimeter b. hexagon c. square d. circumference

11. A hexahedron is a solid having _____ faces.

a. 4 b. 6 c. 8 d. 20

12. The sides of a triangle are 8 cm, 10 cm and 14 cm. Determine the radius of the
inscribed circle.
a. 2.45 cm b. 3.02 cm c. 2.72 cm d. 3.26 cm

13. In plane geometry, the apothem of a polygon is what of the inscribed circle?
a. area b. diameter c. arc d. radius

14. Each interior angle of a regular dodecagon is equal to

a. 135o b. 150o c. 125o d. 105o
15. A triangle inscribed in a circle of radius 10 cm have two of its sides equal to 12 cm
and 18 cm respectively. It is required to find the altitude upon the third side of the
triangle.
a. 10.6 cm b. 20.2 cm c. 10.8 cm d. 20 cm

16. A five-pointed star is known as

a. pentagon b. pentatron c. pentagram d. quintagram

17. The median of a triangle is the line connecting the vertex to the midpoint of the opposite
side. For a given triangle, these medians intersect at a point which is called the
a. orthocenter b. circumcenter c. centroid d. incenter

18. The diagonals of a parallelogram are 18 cm and 30 cm respectively. One side of the
parallelogram is 12 cm. Find the area of the parallelogram in cm2.
a. 216 b. 224 c. 232 d. 208

19. The altitudes of a triangle intersect at a point known as

a. orthocenter b. circumcenter c. centroid d. incenter

20. The central angle subtended by the arc of a circle equal in length to the radius of the
circle is
a. 1 quarter circle b. 1 radian c. radians d. 60o

21. The area of a rhombus is 168 m2. If one of its diagonals is 12 m, find the length of the
sides of a rhombus in m.
a. 13.89 b. 14.32 c. 16.84 d. 15.23

22. The area bounded by two concentric circles is called

a. ring b. disk c. annulus d. sector

23. It is a polyhedron where two faces are equal polygons in parallel planes and the other
faces are parallelograms.
a. tetrahedron b. prism c. frustum d. prismatoid

24. Find the area of a trapezoid having a median of length 32 m and an altitude of 6 m in m2.
a. 192 b. 186 c. 178 d. 169

25. In geometry, prisms are named according to their

a. diagonals b. sides c. areas d. bases

26. Polygons are classified according to the number of

a. vertices b. sides c. diagonals d. angles

27. A polygon has one of its sides equal to 20 cm and having an apothem of 14 cm. Compute
the area of the circle circumscribing the polygon in cm2.
a. 300 b. 248 c. 296 d. 286
28. All circles having the same center but with unequal radii are called
a. encircles b. tangent circles
c. concyclic circles d. concentric circles

29. A regular polygon with 54 diagonals is a

a. bidecagon b. pentedecagon c. icosahedron d. dodecagon

30. What is the ratio of the area of a hexagon to that of a pentagon inscribed in a circle of
radius r?
a. 1.09 b. 1.82 c. 1.32 d. 1.42

31. A line segment joining two points on a circle is called

a. arc b. tangent c. sector d. chord

32. In a regular polygon, the perpendicular line drawn from the center of the inscribed circle
to any one of the sides is called
a. apothem b. median c. radius d. altitude

33. How many sides has an equiangular polygon if each exterior angle is 30o?
a. 15 b. 10 c. 12 d. 14

34. Two geometric figures are said to be _______ when they have the same size and shape.
a. identical b. symmetrical c. similar d. congruent

35. A line drawn from one angle of a triangle dividing its opposite side equally into two.
a. bisector b. apothem c. median d. neutral axis

36. Find the length of the side of a regular pentagon inscribed in a circle of radius 10 cm.
a. 11. 76 cm b. 9.47 cm c. 12.22 cm d. 10.89 cm

37. A polygon is ______ if no side, when extended, will pass through the interior of the
polygon.
a. convex b. equilateral c. isoperimetric d. congruent

38. The section of the sphere cut by a plane through its center is called
a. small circle b. incircle c. big circle d. great circle

39. The perimeter of a circular sector is 9 units and its radius is 3 units. What is the area of
the sector?
a. 4 sq. units b. 9/2 sq. units c. 11/2 sq. units d. 27/2 sq. units

40. A part of a line included between two points on the line is called
a. tangent b. secant c. sector d. segment

41. Points which lie on the same plane are said to be

a. collinear b. coplanar c. concurrent d. congruent

42. The area of a circle is 89.42 in2. What is the circumference in inches?
 a. 35.33 in. b. 32.25 in. c. 33.52 in. d. 35.55 in.

43. A circle having an area of 452 m2 is cut into two segments by a chord which is 6 m from
the center of the circle. Find the area of the bigger circular segment in m2.
a. 363.68 b. 378.42 c. 383.64 d. 354.89

44. A quadrilateral whose opposite sides are equal in length is generally a

a. square b. rectangle c. rhombus d. parallelogram

45. A triangle ABC is inscribed in a circle of radius R having its center at O. If the angle
OBA is 48o, find the angle ACB.
a. 60o b. 42o c. 75o d. 55o

46. A circular piece of cardboard with a diameter of one meter will be made into a conical
hat 40 cm. high by cutting a sector off and joining the edges to form a cone. Determine
the central angle of the sector removed.
a. 160o b. 144o c. 125o d. 177o

47. A quadrilateral of which only two sides are parallel is a

a. parallelogram b. trapezoid c. rhombus d. rectangle

48. A conical vessel has a height of 24 cm. and a base diameter of 12 cm. It holds water to a
depth of 18 cm. above its vertex. Find the volume of its content in cm3.
a. 381.70 b. 298.40 c. 412.60 d. 188.40

49. A circular cylinder is circumscribed about a right prism having a square base one meter
on an edge. The volume of the cylinder is 6.283 m3. Find its altitude in meters.
a. 4 b. 4.5 c. 5 d. 5.5

50. A regular triangular pyramid has an altitude of 9 m. and a volume of 187.06 m3. If the
base is an equilateral triangle, find the base edge in meters.
a. 18 b. 14 c. 12 d. 16

51. If the radius of a right circular cylinder is tripled, by what percent is the volume of the
cylinder increased maintaining the same height?
a. 200% b. 300% c. 400% d. 800%

52. The base of a right prism is an isosceles triangle having two sides equal to 80 cm. each
and the third side equal to 60 cm. If the height of the right prism is 200 cm, compute the
volume of the circumscribing cylinder in cm3.
a. 1,168,977 b. 1,619,877 c. 1,698,717 d. 1,169,877

53. A right prism having a hexagonal base with 8 cm. for each side has a lateral edge of 12
cm. Find the lateral area in cm2.
a. 756 b. 675 c. 765 d. 576

54. What is the volume of a right circular cylinder inscribed in a cube of edge 10 cm.?
a. 200 cm3 b. 230 cm3 c. 250 cm3 d. 300 cm3
55. A plane is passed parallel to the base and 8 cm. from the vertex of a pyramid whose
 base is 45 cm2 and whose altitude is 12 cm. What is the volume of that part of the
pyramid after the top had been removed?
a. 139.63 cm3 b. 120.27 cm3 c. 126.67 cm3 d. 200.16 cm3

56. A water tank, open at the top, consists of a right circular cylinder at the top and a right
circular cone at the bottom. If the altitude of the cylinder is three times its radius and the
altitude of the cone is two times the same radius, find the number of square meters of
sheet metal required to construct a tank having a capacity of 38,000 liters.
a. 57.36 b. 49.28 c. 64.52 d. 51.29

57. The area of a zone of a spherical segment is 180 m2. If the radius of the sphere is
15 m., compute the volume of the spherical segment in m3.
a. 864 b. 846 c. 648 d. 468

58. The diameter of two spheres are in the ratio of 2:3 and the sum of their volumes is
1260 m3. Find the volume of the larger sphere in m3.
a. 827 b. 972 c. 729 d. 592

59. The section of the sphere cut by a plane through its center is called
a. small circle b. incircle c. big circle d. great circle

60. Lines that pass through a common point are said to be

a. collinear b. coplanar c. concurrent d. congruent

61. Points which lie on the same plane are said to be

a. collinear b. coplanar c. concurrent d. congruent

62. In two intersecting lines, the angles opposite to each other are known as
a. opposite angles b. vertical angles
c. horizontal angles d. inscribed angles

63. A normal to a given plane is

a. perpendicular to the plane b. lying on the plane
c. parallel to the plane d. oblique to the plane

64. When two planes intersect with each other, the amount of divergence between the two
planes is expressed by measuring the
a. dihedral angle b. plane angle c. polyhedral angle d. reflex angle

65. In Plane Geometry, two circular arcs that together make up a full circle are called
a. coterminal arcs b. conjugate arcs c. half arcs d. congruent arcs

66. Polygons with all interior angles less than 180o are called
a. concave polygon b. convex polygon
c. acute polygon d. supplemental polygon

67. One-fourth of a great circle is termed

a. cone b. quadrant c. circle d. sphere
ANSWER KEY:
:
1. c 11. b 21. d 31. d 41. b
2. c 12. a 22. c 32. a 42. c
3. b 13. d 23. b 33. c 43. a
4. a 14. b 24. a 34. d 44. d
5. d 15. c 25. d 35. c 45. b
6. c 16. c 26. b 36. a 46. b
7. c 17. c 27. c 37. a 47. b
8. c 18. a 28. d 38. d 48. a
9. c 19. a 29. d 39. b 49. a
10.a 20. b 30. a 40. d 50. c

51. d 56. a 61. b 66. b

52. d 57. d 62. b 67. b
53. d 58. b 63. a
54. c 59. d 64. a
55. c 60. c 65. b