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Wireless Sensor Networks
User
Event
A
B
Sink node
Sensor node
Monitored Area
Ref:http://esd.sci.univr.it/images/wsn-example.png
Applications of WSN XP
Applications of WSNs XP
H o m e applications
Home automation; instrumented environment; and more
E n t e r t a i n m e n t Applications
S e c u r i t y Applications
A g r i c u l t u r a l Applications
A r t Applications
Military Applications XP
LCD plants
To prevent shaking of the glass substrate during processing
Improve the productivity (increase 5%)
Seismic SensorsDisplacement Sensors
Industrial Applications XP
Health Care XP
Data Recorder
with Batery pack
which can be
downloaded onto
laptop computer
Antennae
Entertainment Applications XP
Security Applications XP
EM
2F G
Control host
1F
Security Applications XP
Volcanic eruption
Effective early warning systems
Using Seismic Sensors to detect seismic event when eruption
occurs.
Agricultural Applications XP
Octopus II
Agricultural Applications XP
Green houses
Wireless sensor networks are also used to control the
temperature and humidity levels inside commercial greenhouses
Temperature sensor, humidity sensor
Sensor
Sensor
38
Maintenance options XP
Type of service
Not simply moving bits like another network
Rather: provide answers (not just numbers)
Issues like geographic scoping are natural
requirements, absent from other networks
Quality of service
Traditional QoS metrics do not apply
Still, service of WSN must be good: Right answers at
the right time
Fault tolerance
Be robust against node failure (running out of energy, physical
destruction, )
Lifetime
The network should fulfill its task as long as possible
definition depends on application
Lifetime of individual nodes relatively unimportant
Scalability
Support large number of nodes
Wide range of densities
Vast or small number of nodes per unit area, very application-
dependent
Challenges of WSNsCharacteristics3 XP
Programmability
Re-programming of nodes in the field might be
necessary, improve flexibility
Maintainability
WSN has to adapt to changes, self-monitoring, adapt
operation
Incorporate possible additional resources; e.g., newly
deployed nodes
MANETs visually XP
Cost reduction
For wireless communication, simple microcontroller,
sensing, batteries
Miniaturization
Some applications demand small size
Smart dust as the most extreme vision
Energy scavenging
Recharge batteries from ambient energy (light, vibration,
)
Summary XP
Access Point
Source
Source Source
Sink
Source Obstacle
Sources of mobility XP
Node mobility
A node participating as source/sink (or destination) or a relay
node might move around
Deliberately, self-propelled or by external force; targeted or
at random
Happens in both WSN and MANET
Sink mobility
In WSN, a sink that is not part of the WSN might move
Mobile requester
Event mobility
In WSN, event that is to be observed moves around (or
extends, shrinks)
Different WSN nodes become responsible for surveillance of
such an event
Request
Propagation
of answers
Movement
direction
Event mobility XP
Design principles XP
Distributed organization
In-network processing
Aggregation
Distributed source coding and distributed compression
Distributed and collaborative signal processing
Mobile code/agent networking
Adaptive fidelity
Data centricity
Address data, not nodes
Implementation options
Overlay networks and distributed hash tables
Publish/subscribe
Databases
Exploit:
Location information
Activity patterns
Heterogeneity
Component-based protocol stacks and cross-
layer optimization
Service interfaces
Gateway concepts
Distributed organization XP
1 1
1
1
3 1
1 1
6 1
1 1
Adaptive fidelity XP
Implementation options XP
Publish/subscribe
Different interaction paradigm
Nodes can publish data, can subscribe to any particular
kind of data
Once data of a certain type has been published, it is
delivered to all subscribes
Subscription and publication are decoupled in time;
subscriber and published are agnostic of each other
(decoupled in identity)
Databases
Matches with the idea of using a data-centric organization
of the networking protocols
Interested in certain aspects of data == formulating
queries for a database
Alert Alice
Alices desktop
Internet
Gateway
nodes
Alices PDA
Issues:
How to find the right WSN to answer a need?
How to translate from IP protocols to WSN protocols,
semantics?
Remote requester
Internet
Gateway Gateway
Internet
Gateway Gateway
nodes
Summary XP