1.A 0.

1M solution of HCl has a pH of

A) 1.0.
B) 7.0.
C) 14.0.
D) 11.2.
E) 14

2.The part of the atom that determines how the atom behaves chemically is the
A) proton.
B) electron.
C) neutron.
D) innermost shell.
E) nucleus.

3.Hydrogen, deuterium, and tritium all have the same

A) atomic weight.
B) atomic number.
C) mass.
D) density.
E) nuclear composition.

4.Which component of an atom does not significantly add to the mass of an atom?
A) Proton
B) Neutron
C) Electron
D) Both a and b
E) a, b, and c

5.Which of the following describes an unusual property of water?

A) Water will not react with other atoms.
B) Water's solid state is more dense than its liquid state.
C) Energy is not required to change water from a solid to a liquid.
D) Little heat energy is needed to raise the temperature of water.
E) The hydrogen bonds between water molecules continually form and break.

6.In addition to covalent and ionic bonds, which of the following interactions are important
in biological systems?
A) van der Waals interactions
B) Hydrogen bonds
C) Hydrophobic interactions
D) Both a and b
E) a, b, and c

Page 1
 7.What is the difference between an atom and an element?
A) An atom is made of protons, electrons, and sometimes neutrons; an element is a
substance composed of only one kind of atom.
B) An element is made of protons, electrons, and sometimes neutrons; an atom is a
substance composed of only one kind of element.
C) An atom does not contain electrons, whereas an element does.
D) An atom contains protons and electrons, whereas an element contains protons,
electrons, and neutrons.
E) None of the above

8.The number of protons in an atom equals the number of

A) neutrons.
B) electrons.
C) electrons plus neutrons.
D) neutrons minus electrons.
E) isotopes.

9.Which of the following statements about atoms is true?

A) An electron has a more negative charge than a proton has positive charge, which is
why there are usually more protons than electrons in an atom.
B) Neutrons simply add mass to an atom without ever influencing other properties.
C) When protons equal electrons, an atom has a neutral charge.
D) Atoms of an element are radioactive whenever they vary in their number of neutrons.
E) The energy level of electrons is higher in shells close to the nucleus.

10.Because atoms can have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons,
elements have
A) isotopes.
B) more than one atomic mass listed on the periodic table.
C) more than one atomic number.
D) various means of forming chemical bonds.
E) isomers.

11.An element has a weight of 131.3. The reason the number includes 0.3 is that
A) the atomic weight includes the weight of electrons.
B) atomic weight is the average of the mass numbers of all its isotopes.
C) the neutrons do not have a single unit weight.
D) the atomic weight does not include the weight of protons.
E) the number of electrons may vary.

Page 2
 12.The atomic number of an element is the same as the number of _______ in each atom.
A) neutrons
B) protons plus electrons
C) protons
D) neutrons plus protons
E) neutrons plus electrons

13.The atomic weight of an element is the same as the number of _______ in each atom.
A) electrons
B) protons
C) neutrons
D) protons plus neutrons
E) electrons plus neutrons

14.When 7C decays by releasing a particle, it becomes

A) significantly lighter.
B) nitrogen, by gaining a proton.
C) boron, by losing a proton.
D) nitrogen, by losing a proton.
13
E) C, by losing a neutron.

15.The best reference for the atomic number and mass number for elements is
A) a good chemistry text.
B) a dictionary.
C) the periodic table.
D) a general physics book.
E) a good biology text.

16.All except _______ follow the octet rule.

A) sodium
B) chlorine
C) carbon
D) hydrogen
E) nitrogen

17.In a hydrogen molecule, the two atoms are held together by

A) hydrogen bonds.
B) a shared pair of electrons.
C) van der Waals forces.
D) ionic attractions.
E) gravity.

Page 3
 18.Hydrogen bonds
A) form between two hydrogen atoms.
B) form between hydrogen and oxygen atoms within a molecule.
C) form between different molecules.
D) involve sharing of electrons.
E) are the strongest bonds because of their length.

19.What determines if a molecule is polar, nonpolar, or ionic?

A) The number of protons
B) The bond distances
C) The differences in the electronegativities of the atoms
D) The ionic charges
E) The distance of the electrons from the nucleus

20.Which pair has similar chemical properties?

1
A) H and 22Na
12
B) C and 28Si
16
C) O and 8S
12
D) C and 14C
8
E) H and 2He

21.3115P and 3215P have virtually identical chemical and biological properties because they
have the same
A) half-life.
B) number of neutrons.
C) atomic weight.
D) mass number.
E) number of electrons.

22.The number of different elements found in the universe is closest to

A) 12.
B) 24.
C) 48.
D) 100.
E) 192.

23.Why is the atomic weight of hydrogen 1.008 and not exactly its mass number, 1.000?
A) Atomic weight does not take into account the weight of the rare isotopes of an
element.

Page 4
B) Atomic weight is the average of the mass numbers of a representative sample of the
element, including all its isotopes.
C) The atomic weight includes the weight of the electrons.
D) The atomic weight does not include the weight of the protons.
E) The mass number of an element is always lower than its atomic weight.

24.Which of the following elements is the most chemically reactive?

A) Hydrogen
B) Helium
C) Neon
D) Argon
E) They all have the same chemical reactivity.

25.A single covalent chemical bond represents the sharing of how many electrons?
A) One
B) Two
C) Three
D) Four
E) Six

26.The molecular weight of water is 18.0154. One mole of water weighs exactly _______
grams.
A) 9
B) 18
C) 18.0154
D) 36.031
E) 6.023 1023

27.Ionic bonds are

A) attractions between oppositely charged ions.
B) the result of electron sharing.
C) the strongest of the chemical bonds.
D) caused by partial electrical charges.
E) dependent upon hydrophobic interactions.

28.What is the difference between covalent and ionic bonds?

A) Covalent bonds are the sharing of neutrons, whereas ionic bonds are the sharing of
electrons.
B) Ionic bonds are the sharing of electrons between atoms, whereas covalent bonds are
the electric attraction between two atoms.
C) Covalent bonds are the sharing of protons between atoms, whereas ionic bonds are

Page 5
 the electric attraction between two atoms.
D) Covalent bonds are the sharing of protons between atoms, whereas ionic bonds are
the sharing of electrons between two atoms.
E) Covalent bonds are the sharing of electrons between atoms, whereas ionic bonds are
the transfer of electrons from one atom to another.

29.Which contains more molecules, a mole of hydrogen or a mole of carbon?

A) A mole of carbon
B) A mole of hydrogen
C) Both contain the same number of molecules.
D) Inadequate information is provided.
E) It depends on atmospheric pressure.

30.Sweating is a useful cooling device for humans because water

A) takes up a great deal of heat in changing from its liquid state to its gaseous state.
B) takes up a great deal of heat in changing from its solid state to its liquid state.
C) can exist in three states at temperatures common on Earth.
D) is an outstanding solvent.
E) ionizes readily.

31.When exposed to extreme heat, the human body relies on _______ to absorb excess
calories of heat and maintain normal body temperature.
A) evaporation
B) condensation
C) respiration
D) transpiration
E) All of the above

32.Two characteristics of water make it different from most other compounds. Its solid state
is _______ its liquid state, and it takes up _______ heat to change to its gaseous state.
A) less dense than; large amounts of
B) more dense than; small amounts of
C) less dense than; small amounts of
D) more dense than; large amounts of
E) just as dense as; no

33.Specific heat is defined as

A) the heat released from ice during freezing.
B) the heat needed to raise the temperature of water.
C) one calorie.
D) the calories needed to raise a gram 1C.

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E) 4.184 joules.

34.Which characteristic of water contributes to the relatively constant temperatures of the

oceans?
A) Water ionizes only slightly.
B) It takes a small amount of heat energy to raise the temperature of water.
C) Water can contain large amounts of salt.
D) Water has the ability to ionize readily.
E) It takes a large amount of heat energy to raise the temperature of water.

35.Ice floats because

A) the crystal takes up more space than the liquid.
B) substances expand when cooled.
C) heat is released and heat makes water expand.
D) hydrogen bonds must break.
E) heat is absorbed.

36.Ice is used in beverages because

A) it is composed only of water.
B) it is cold.
C) more water is needed in the drink.
D) people like to chew it.
E) it absorbs a lot of heat when it melts.

37.If you place a paper towel in a dish of water, the water will move up the towel by
capillary action. Which property of water gives rise to capillary action?
A) Water molecules ionize.
B) Water is a good solvent.
C) Water molecules have hydrophobic interactions.
D) Water can form hydrogen bonds.
E) Water takes up large amounts of heat when it vaporizes.

38.An alkaline solution contains

A) more OH ions than H+ ions.
B) more H+ ions than OH ions.
C) the same number of OH ions as H+ ions.
D) no OH ions.
E) None of the above

39.The pH 6.0 contains

Page 7
A) 106 hydrogen ions.
B) 610 hydrogen ions.
C) 610 moles of hydrogen ions.
D) more OH than H+.
E) 106 moles of hydrogen ions.

40.Solutions that contain buffers tend to resist pH changes because buffers

A) are bases.
B) change from ionic to non-ionic in solution.
C) change from non-ionic to ionic in response to changes in pH and release or absorb
H+.
D) are weak acids or bases.
E) are ionic, polar molecules that add or absorb H+ in solutions.

41.What is the difference between an acid and a base?

A) An acid undergoes a reversible reaction, whereas a base does not.
B) An acid releases OH ions in solution, whereas a base accepts OH ions.
C) An acid releases H+ ions in solution, whereas a base releases OH ions.
D) An acid releases OH ions in solution, whereas a base releases H+ ions.
E) An acid releases H+ ions in solution, whereas a base accepts H+ ions.

42.All of the following are nonpolar except

A) O2.
B) N2.
C) CH4.
D) NaCl.
E) H2.

43.Polar molecules
A) have an overall negative electric charge.
B) have an equal distribution of electric charge.
C) have an overall positive electric charge.
D) have an unequal distribution of electric charge.
E) are ions.

44.The electron cloud of a water molecule

A) is equally dense throughout the molecule.
B) is most dense near the hydrogen atoms.
C) is most dense near the oxygen atom.
D) covers only the positive portion of the molecule.
E) is separated by an angle of 104.5.

Page 8
 45.All of the following are consequences of hydrogen bonding except
A) the attraction between water molecules.
B) surface tension.
C) cohesion.
D) capillary action.
E) Avogadro's number.

46.the electrons of one molecule and the nucleus of a nearby molecule.

A) the electrons of one molecule and the nucleus of the same molecule.
B) the electrons of one molecule and the electrons of a nearby molecule.
C) nonpolar molecules, due to the exclusion of water.
D) nonpolar molecules, because they are surrounded by water molecules.

47.Oil remains as a droplet in water because of

A) the van der Waals interactions of the nonpolar oil molecules.
B) the hydrophobic interactions of the nonpolar oil molecules.
C) the hydrogen bonds formed between the nonpolar molecules of the oil and the water
molecules.
D) the covalent bonds formed between the nonpolar molecules of the oil.
E) the covalent bonds formed between the nonpolar molecules of the oil and the water
molecules.

48.A drop of oil in water disperses when detergent is added because

A) the nonpolar parts of the detergent molecules associate with the oil and the polar
parts of the detergent molecules associate with the water.
B) the polar parts of the detergent molecules associate with the oil and the nonpolar
parts of the detergent molecules associate with the water.
C) the nonpolar parts of the detergent molecules associate with the oil and with the
water.
D) the polar parts of the detergent molecules associate with the oil and with the water.
E) the detergent lowers the surface tension of the water.

49.When potassium hydroxide (KOH) is added to water, it ionizes, releasing hydroxide ions.
The resulting solution is
A) acidic.
B) basic.
C) neutral.
D) molar.
E) a buffer.

Page 9
 50.H2SO4 can ionize to yield two H+ ions and one SO42 ion. H2SO4 is
A) molar.
B) a base.
C) a buffer.
D) a solution.
E) an acid.

51.Acid rain is a serious environmental problem. A sample of rainwater collected in the

Adirondack Mountains had an H+ concentration of 104 mol/L. The pH of this sample was
A) .0001.
B) 4.
C) 4.
D) 0.
E) 10,000.

52.Carbonic acid and sodium bicarbonate act as buffers in the blood. When a small amount
of acid is added to this buffer, the H+ ions are used up as they combine with the
bicarbonate ions. When this happens, the pH of the blood
A) becomes basic.
B) becomes acidic.
C) doesn't change.
D) is reversible.
E) ionizes.

53.Cholesterol is composed primarily of carbon and hydrogen atoms. Which property would
you expect cholesterol to have?
A) It is insoluble in water.
B) It is soluble in water.
C) It is a base.
D) It is an acid.
E) It is a buffer.

54.The compound inositol has six hydroxyl groups attached to a six-carbon backbone. Thus
inositol can be classified as a(n)
A) amine.
B) acid.
C) ketone.
D) alcohol.
E) buffer.

Page 10
 55.Butane and isobutane have the same chemical formula but different arrangements of
atoms. These two compounds are called
A) ionic.
B) alcohols.
C) functional groups.
D) amines.
E) isomers.

56.One dalton is the same as the mass of one

A) electron.
B) carbon atom.
C) proton.
D) gram.
E) charge unit.

57.Oxygen and carbon are defined as different elements because they have atoms with a
different
A) number of electrons.
B) number of protons.
C) number of neutrons.
D) mass.
E) charge.

58.The mass of an atom is determined primarily by the _______ it contains.

A) number of electrons
B) number of protons
C) sum of the number of protons and electrons
D) sum of the number of protons and neutrons
E) number of charges

59.Two atoms are held together in four covalent bonds because of forces between the
A) electrons and protons.
B) electrons.
C) protons and neutrons.
D) protons.
E) electrons and neutrons.

60.Two carbon atoms held together in a double covalent bond share _______ electron(s).
A) one
B) two
C) four

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D) six
E) eight

61.Particles having a net negative charge are called

A) electronegative.
B) cations.
C) anions.
D) acids.
E) bases.

62.Avogadro's number is the number of

A) grams in a mole.
B) molecules in a mole.
C) moles in gram molecular weight.
D) molecules in a gram.
E) moles in a gram.

63.A mole is
A) 6.02 1023 molecules.
B) the molecular weight of a compound.
C) an abbreviation for molecule.
D) 6.02 1023 atoms.
E) None of the above

64.To determine the number of molecules in a teaspoon of sugar you need to know
A) the density of the sugar.
B) the weight of the sugar.
C) the molecular weight of the sugar.
D) Avogadro's number.
E) the weight and molecular weight of the sugar, and Avogadro's number.

65.How would you make 100 ml of an aqueous solution with a 0.25 M concentration of a
compound that has a molecular weight of 200 daltons?
A) Add 0.25 grams of the compound to 100 ml of water.
B) Add 250 grams of the compound to 100 ml of water.
C) Take 250 grams of the compound and add water until the volume equals 100 ml.
D) Take 50 grams of the compound and add water until the volume equals 100 ml.
E) Take 5 grams of the compound and add water until the volume equals 100 ml.

66.Of the following compounds containing 1H, 12C, and 16O, the one with the greatest

Page 12
 number of molecules in a sample with mass 2 grams would be
A) CO.
B) CO2.
C) HCOOH.
D) C2H5OH.
E) C6H12O6.

67.Which of the following molecules is held together primarily by ionic bonds?

A) H2O
B) C6H12O6
C) NaCl
D) H2
E) NH3

68.The hydrogen bond between two water molecules arises because water is
A) polar.
B) nonpolar.
C) a liquid.
D) a small molecule.
E) hydrophobic.

69.The functional group written as COOH is called the _______ group.

A) hydroxyl
B) carbonyl
C) amino
D) ketone
E) carboxyl

70.The functional group diagramed =O is a(n)

A) carbonyl.
B) carboxyl.
C) aldehyde.
D) amino.
E) hydroxyl.

71.The more acidic of two solutions has

A) more hydroxyl ions.
B) more hydrogen acceptors.
C) more H+ ions per liter.
D) a higher pH.
E) None of the above

Page 13
 72.Which of the following atoms usually has the greatest number of covalent bonds with
other atoms?
A) Carbon
B) Oxygen
C) Sulfur
D) Hydrogen
E) Nitrogen

73.Of the following atomic configurations, the one that has an atomic mass of 14 is the atom
with
A) 14 neutrons.
B) 14 electrons.
C) 7 neutrons and 7 electrons.
D) 7 protons and 7 electrons.
E) 6 protons and 8 neutrons.

74.An atom that is neutrally charged contains

A) only neutrons.
B) the same number of neutrons as electrons.
C) the same number of neutrons as protons.
D) the same number of positive particles as negative particles.
E) no charged particles.

75.The four elements most common in organisms are

A) calcium, iron, hydrogen, and oxygen.
B) water, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
C) carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen.
D) nitrogen, carbon, iron, and hydrogen.
E) phosphorus, water, carbon, and oxygen.

76.The notation [H+] refers to the

A) number of H+ ions present in a solution.
B) number of protons in an H+ ion.
C) charge of an H+ ion.
D) concentration of H+ ions in moles per liter.
E) chemical reactivity of H+ ions.

77.Of the following types of chemical bonds, the strongest bond in biological systems is the
_______ bond.

Page 14
A) hydrogen
B) van der Waals
C) ionic
D) acidic
E) covalent

78.Select the statement that describes a difference between ionic bonds and covalent bonds.
A) An ionic bond is stronger.
B) Electron sharing is more equal in the covalent bond.
C) An ionic bond occurs more often in aqueous solutions.
D) An ionic bond occurs only in acids.
E) A covalent bond occurs only in nonpolar molecules.

79.Oxygen forms _______ bond(s), carbon forms _______, and hydrogen forms _______.
A) one; four; one
B) four; four; four
C) two; four; none
D) two; four; one
E) two; two; two

80.Of the following types of molecules, the one that always contains nitrogen is
A) thiol.
B) sugar.
C) hydrocarbon.
D) alcohol.
E) amino acid.

81.A typical distance between two atoms held together by a covalent bond is
A) 1 millimeter.
B) 2 micrometers.
C) 108 meters.
D) 0.2 nanometer.
E) 1012 meter.

82.Surface tension and capillary action occur in water because it

A) is wet.
B) is dense.
C) has hydrogen bonds.
D) is nonpolar.
E) has ionic bonds.

Page 15
 83.Which of the following is the correct order for the relative strengths of chemical bonds in
decreasing order?
A) Covalent, ionic, hydrogen, van der Waals forces
B) Ionic, covalent, hydrogen, van der Waals forces
C) van der Waals forces, covalent, ionic, hydrogen
D) Hydrogen, covalent, van der Waals forces, ionic
E) Ionic, covalent, van der Waals forces, hydrogen

84.Probes indicating that there is a dry lake bed and trapped water beneath the poles on Mars
are of major significance because they suggest that
A) life may exist on Mars.
B) climate patterns change with time.
C) water is a moderator of temperature changes.
D) Earth began forming 4.6 billion years ago.
E) life originated in water.

85.The ability of atoms to combine with other atoms is determined by

A) the atom's atomic weight.
B) the number and distribution of electrons.
C) the atom's ability to form isomers.
D) the atom's nucleus.
E) pH.

86.Which two functional groups are present in amino acids?

A) Aldehyde and ketone
B) Ketone and alcohol
C) Alcohol and carboxyl
D) Carboxyl and amine
E) Amine and aldehyde

87.Chemical bonds formed by electrical attractions are

A) covalent.
B) ionic.
C) hydrogen bonds.
D) van der Waals forces.
E) Both b and c

88.Phosphorus has an atomic number of 15 and an atomic weight of 30.974. How many
neutrons does phosphorus have?
A) 5

Page 16
B) 16
C) 30
D) 31
E) 47

89.From the information given in the previous question, it can be determined that this
element
A) has isotopes.
B) forms isomers.
C) has a pH of 7.
D) is an ion.
E) is radioactive.

90.Which of the following has the greatest concentration of hydrogen ions?

A) Household ammonia at pH 11
B) Baking soda at pH 9
C) Human blood at pH 7
D) Black coffee at pH 5
E) Cola at pH 3

91.Molecular behavior is influenced by

A) the densely packed nucleus.
B) the presence of functional groups.
C) the existence of isotopes.
D) buffers.
E) All of the above

92.The optimum pH for growing strawberries is 6.5, whereas the optimum pH for growing
blueberries is 4.5. Therefore, the number of hydrogen ions needed to grow strawberries is
_______ the number needed for blueberries.
A) 2 times
B) 10 times
C) 100 times
D) 1000 times
E) 1,000,000 times

Page 17
Answer Key

1.A
2.B
3.B
4.C
5.E
6.E
7.A
8.B
9.C
10.A
11.B
12.C
13.D
14.B
15.C
16.D
17.B
18.C
19.C
20.D
21.E
22.D
23.B
24.A
25.B
26.C
27.A
28.E
29.C
30.A
31.A
32.A
33.D
34.E
35.A
36.E
37.D
38.A
39.E
40.C
41.E
42.D
43.D
44.C

Page 18
45.E
46.A
47.B
48.A
49.B
50.E
51.C
52.C
53.A
54.D
55.E
56.C
57.B
58.D
59.B
60.C
61.C
62.B
63.A
64.E
65.E
66.A
67.C
68.A
69.E
70.A
71.C
72.A
73.E
74.D
75.C
76.D
77.E
78.B
79.D
80.E
81.D
82.C
83.A
84.A
85.B
86.D
87.E
88.B
89.A
90.E

Page 19
91.B
92.C

Page 20