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INTRODUCTION
Isna Indrawati
Department of Parasitology
PROTOZOA
Unicellular animal with full functions and
carry out complex metabolic activities.
relatively complex internal structure
Most species are free living
Total species > 50,000 and parasitic:
about 10,000
Some species are considered
commensals , some are pathogen
Protozoan diseases range from very mild
to life-threatening
depend on :
the species and strain of the parasite
the resistance of the host.
Classification
Class Rhizopoda
Ciliata
Mastigophora / Flagellata
Sporozoa
Morphology
Vary in size and shape
parasitic protozoa in humans are <
50 m in size.
intracellular forms : are 1 - 10
m long
Balantidium coli may measure
70 m (extracellular)
Life Cycle Stages
1. Trophozoites / vegetative / proliferative.
Active,
feeding and multiply
Relative thin wall/ cell membrane
2. Cysts :
stages with a thickened wall
Not active
protective stages resistant to bad
environment
Morphology
Ectoplasm
Cytoplasm
Endoplasm
Nucleus : 1 or > 1
: vesicular / compact
Morphology
plasma / cell membrane enclosing the
cytoplasm
Ectoplasm: the outer and transparent
layer
Endoplasm : the inner layer containing
organelles, such as Golgi apparatus,
mitochondria, lysosomes, food vacuoles,
contractile vacuoles
Morphology
Nucleoplasma
endoplasma ektoplasma
Several types of nucleus
achromatic fibrils
Binaryfission
Asexual Schizogony
Cyst
Sporogony
Sexual ( after gametogony)
syngamy
Sexual reproduction
Conjugation: exchange of nuclear materials
of 2 cells
simple,
longitudinal transversal
Binary fission
Endodyogeny: by internal budding results in 2
cells, e.g. : Toxoplasma
Schizogony: multiple fission, results in
multiple cells
Source :www.sciencedirect.com
Multiple fission: Cyst
Sexual reproduction
Syngamy / conyugation
exchange of nuclear
materials of 2 cells
Sexual : Sporogony ( After Gametogony)
Gamogony
Sporogony : ordo Coccidia
Source:biology.unm.edu
Transmission
Cyst / oocyst
Vegetative / trophozoite
Method of transmission
Contaminated food and water
Sexual intercourse
Parentral
Sucking blood vector
Pathology and Clinical symptom
Depending on :
Organ that was infected
Life cycle and reproduction methods of species
Enzymes/ toxin produced by the protozoa
Progress of the disease
Diagnosis
Usually diagnosed from samples of
feces, blood, liquor cerebro-spinalis, and
tissue
Indirect identification:
Serology
radiology
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