Geographic Information

Systems GIS
 Geographic Information Systems
A Definition of GIS
GIS is a System of computer software, hardware and data,
and personnel to help manipulate, analyze and present
information that is tied to a spatial location

spatial location usually a geographic location

information visualization of analysis of data
system linking software, hardware, data
personnel a thinking explorer who is key to the
power of GIS
What is an Information System?
 BASISDATA PETA DIGITAL - SIG

Sekarang ini Peta (Data Geospasial) baik topografi

maupun tematik dalam bentuk model yang disajikan di
atas kertas (peta cetak) dapat (harus) dikonversi ke
dalam sistem digital (komputer), dan dikenal sebagai
Peta Digital;
Peta Digital tiada lain adalah sistem pemetaan dengan
penyimpanan data (spasial & non-spasial) dalam bentuk
basisdata, dikenal sebagai Basisdata Spasial;
Sistem Informasi Geografis (SIG) atau Geographical
Information Systems (GIS) berbasiskan Peta Digital
(Basisdata Spasial).
Two Ways to Input and Visualize Data
The World in GIS
Raster Grid
pixels, or cell
a location and value
Satellite images and aerial
photos are already in this
format

Real world
Vector Linear
Points, lines & polygons
Features (house, lake,
etc.)
Attributes
size, type, length, etc.
Combining Data From Many Sources
Data For GIS Applications
Digitized and Scanned Maps
purchased, donated, free (Internet)
created by user
Data Bases Tables of data
GPS Global Positioning System
accurate locations
Field Sampling of Attributes
Remote Sensing &
Aerial Photography
 Figure LIDAR (Light Detection
Laser
scanner and Ranging) system on aircraft
(courtesy Dr. Jason Drake, U.S.
Forest Service).

28

24

20
Height (m)

16

12

0 50 100
Number of laser shots
Representing Spatial Elements

RASTER

VECTOR

Real World
 Representing Spatial
Elements
Raster
Stores images as rows and columns of numbers with a
Digital Value/Number (DN) for each cell.

Units are usually represented as square grid cells that are

uniform in size.

Data is classified as
continuous (such as in an
image), or thematic
(where each cell denotes a
feature type.
Numerous data formats
(TIFF, GIF, ERDAS.img etc)
 Representing Spatial Elements
Vector
Allows user to specify specific spatial locations and
assumes that geographic space is continuous, not
broken up into discrete grid squares

We store features as sets of X,Y coordinate pairs.

 Vector
We typically represent objects in space as three
distinct spatial elements:
Points - simplest
element

Lines (arcs) - set of

connected points

Polygons - set of
connected lines

We use these three spatial elements to represent real world features and
attach locational information to them.
 Raster vs. Vector

Raster Advantages
The most common data format

Easy to perform mathematical and overlay operations

Satellite information is easily incorporated

Better represents continuous- type data

Vector Advantages
Accurate positional information that is best for storing discrete
thematic features (e.g., roads, shorelines, sea-bed features.)

Compact data storage requirements

Can associate unlimited numbers of attributes with specific features

 SISTEM PROYEKSI/KOORDINAT
Posisi suatu unsur geografik di permukaan bumi dapat
dinyatakan oleh nilai lintang (latitude) dan bujur (longitude)
unsur tersebut dengan unit satuan derajat.
Selain itu dapat juga dinyatakan dalam sistem proyeksi peta;
mis. Mercator, Polyeder, dll.

Yang dipakai di
Indonesia

Indonesia menganut sistem proyeksi Tranvers

Mercator (TM 6o) dengan sistem koordinat UTM
(Universal Tranvers Mercator).
 SISTEM PROYEKSI/KOORDINAT
Dalam sistem UTM dikenal adanya sistem pembagian zona
koordinat. Setiap zona mempunyai lebar 6o sepanjang garis Bujur.