*

Murizah Kassim

* CHAPTER 6:
VIDEO
Objectives
Consider the implications of using digital video in
multimedia.
Discuss video recording and how it relates to
multimedia production.
Discuss digital video and images for conversion to
television.
Discuss shooting and editing video for use in
multimedia.
Select the best video recording formats for your
multimedia project.
Outline
Analog Video
Digital Video
Guidelines for Using Video
Video Quality
Video File Size
Video Compression
Video Streaming
Video Capture Card
Video Editing Software
Digital Video File Formats
Broadcast Video Standard

3
Introduction
Video images are combined to convey a desired message
just as words are used to create sentences, paragraphs,
and stories.
Video provides a level of realism not possible with
animation or still images.
With desktop tools, high-quality video can be created and
manipulated at a fraction of the cost of professional
equipment.
The inclusion of video in online multimedia applications /
web pages requires broader bandwidth, powerful
processors, and large amounts of storage.
As bandwidth continues to become less of a concern and
compression techniques continue to improve, video will
become a more common multimedia element on web
sites.

4
Introduction
Web sites designed to entertain are more likely to
include video clips than the other types of sites.
Games distributed via the Web often include short video clips
that describe the purpose or mission of the game before the
user begins.
Movie trailers on the Web.

5
How Video Works
Light reflected from an object through the
cameras lens is converted into electronic
signal by charge-coupled device (CCD).
This electronic signal contains three
channels of color information and
synchronization pulses (sync).
Several video standards exist that deal with
the amount of separation between the
components of the signal.
Analog video
Stored using television video signals, film,
videotape
Each frame is represented by a fluctuating
voltage signal
Composite analogue video has all the video
components:
Brightness, colour and synchronization is
combined into one signal for delivery

7
Analog video
Hard to store and easily damaged
by dust and humidity
Quality degrade after several tape
dubbing.
Problems: colour blending, low
clarity, high generation lost, difficult
to edit.
Still in use - Existing source ,
Existing Equipment
Analog video
Linear (fast-forward or rewind it
to get to the video segment we
are interested in viewing or
digitizing)
Video capture cards are used to
convert analog video to a digital
format
Analog video formats:
VHS (Video Home System): the most
common video format
S-VHS: the quality is better than that
of VHS
Hi-8: the quality is better than that of
S-VHS
Betacam SP: a high-quality, analog
used in professional video editing
Digital video
Refers to video that is
already in digital format
Little or no degradation in
quality when transferred to
the computer because
there is no conversion.
DV cameras use tapes or
other storage media to
store the video and sound
in digital format
Video captured using a
DV camera can be
transferred to the
computer by using USB or
FireWire
Digital video Devices
Digital video is often used to capture content from movies and
television to be used in multimedia.

A video source (video camera ,VCR, TV or videodisc) is connected to a

video capture card in a computer.

As the video source is played, the analog signal is sent to the video
card and converted into a digital file (including sound from the video).

VCR

Video Overlay Board / PC

Video Capture Card
Digital video Process

Analogue signal from VCR

Converted to DIGITAL
by VIDEO CAPTURE CARD

The converted
signal is
entered inside a
computer
Video is edited
Signal is processed using video editing
software software
Digital video Devices
USB
stands for Universal Serial Bus
is used for connecting external peripherals to a computer
USB 1.1 has a maximum data rate at 12 Mbps (Mbps
megabits per second)
USB 2.0 has a data rate at 480 Mbps
USB 3.0 has a data rate up to 4.8 Gbps
(Gbps gigabits per second)

FireWire
is also known as IEEE 1394
is well suited to demanding activities such as uploading
video to computer
has a data rate at 400 Mbps
only high-bandwidth devices, such as digital video cameras
and external storage devices, have adopted the standard
vendors have been slow to implement the technology
Digital video Devices
DVD (Digital Versatile Disc)
Can be used to store computer data, digital audio and digital
video
Capacity:
4.7 GB (single layer, single side)
9.4 GB (single layer, double sides)
8.5 GB (double layers, single side)
17 GB (double layers, double sides)
Can store up to hours of digital video

Blu-ray Disc (BD)

Developed by the Blu-ray Disc Association, a group
representing makers of consumer electronics, computer
hardware, and motion pictures
Can be used to store computer data, digital audio and digital
video
Capacity:
25 GB (single layer)
50 GB (dual layer)
Guidelines for Using Video
Use video when it is appropriate
Keep the target audience and delivery method in
mind when designing video for a multimedia
product
Keep video files at an appropriate size so they
can be played smoothly on standard equipment
to reach a wider audience
Audio and video clips should match or
complement one another
Do not overuse transitions
Users should be allowed to decide whether they
wish to view the video

15
Quality

Video
Quality

Frame Video
Rate resolution
16
Frame Rate

Video is a sequence of individual images or frames displayed fast enough

to create the illusion of motion.

Source frame rate: Speed at which the video is recorded

Playback frame rate: Speed at which individual frames are displayed

For smooth and consistent playback, source frame rate and playback
frame rate should be identical.

The frame rates should be between 15 to 30 fps (frames per second).

Frames displayed at a slower rate appear choppy.

17
Aspect Ratio, Frame Size and Bit Depth

Aspect ratio: Ratio of width to height in the dimensions of

a video frame

Example: 4:3

The frame size of a video frame is expressed in horizontal

and vertical pixel dimensions

Example: 800 by 600 pixels

Bit depth: Number of bits used to represent the color of a

single pixel (recall the definition of color resolution from
Unit 5)

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Video Resolution

Video resolution refers to the image resolution of the frames

in the video.

Video resolution is measured in pixels per inch (PPI).

Provided that the frame size remains unchanged, the higher

the video resolution, the better the quality and the larger the
file size.

In addition to the frame rate, frame size and video resolution,

the bandwidth, processor speed, memory, and monitor size
are important considerations for video delivery.

19
Video File Size

Size of One Video Frame (in bytes):

(Assume that there is no image compression)

Size of Audio Component (in bytes):

(Assume that there is no compression)

Video File Size (in bytes):

(Assume that there is no compression)

20
Data Transfer Rate
Data transfer rate is the amount of video
data transferred per second from the
processor for display on the monitor.

If the data transfer rate is too low, the video

will be choppy.

21
Video Size
An example video can have a duration (T) of 1 hour
(3600sec), a frame size of 640x480 (WxH) at a color depth
of 24bits and a frame rate of 25fps.
This example video has the following properties:
pixels per frame = 640 * 480 = 307,200
bits per frame = 307,200 * 24 = 7,372,800 = 7.37Mbits
bit rate (BR) = 7.37 * 25 = 184.25Mbits/sec
video size (VS) = 184Mbits/sec * 3600sec =
662,400Mbits = 82,800Mbytes = 82.8Gbytes
Video Compression
To reduce the amount of storage space,
video files need to be compressed.
When the video is played back, the file will
be decompressed.
Similar to image compression and audio
compression, mathematical algorithms are
used to reduce file sizes.
Intra-frame compression
Is applicable on an individual video frame (just like
image compression)
Inter-frame compression
Is applicable on a sequence of video frames
redundancies occur when subsequent frames are
identical or similar to one another
Video Compression

The compression / decompression algorithms

used to compress data are called codecs.
Since a certain amount of data loss is usually
acceptable for video compression, codecs usually
employ lossy compressions instead of lossless
compressions.
Some codecs are hardware-based and some
codecs are software-based.
Examples: MPEG-4 ASP, RealVideo, Sorenson
Video, Indeo

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Video Compression

Lossless compression:
Preserves the exact image throughout the compression
and decompression process. E.g: text images is to
identify repeating words and assign them a code.
Lossy compression
Eliminates some of the data in the image and therefore
provides greater compression ratios than lossless
compression.
Applied to video because some drop in the quality is
not noticeable in moving images.
Video Streaming
Video on the Web can either be downloaded or streamed.

Streaming: a more advanced process that allows video file to be played as it

is downloading (i.e. before the entire file is transferred to the users
computer)

If we want our video files to be streamed over the Internet, the web-hosting
service must support streaming.

If the users computer receives streaming video data more quickly than
required, the excess data will be stored in a buffer.

If the users computer receives streaming video data slower than required,
the data stored in the buffer will be used. If the buffer becomes empty, the
user will experience a break.

On demand - Streamed video is stored on a server for a long period of time,

and is available for transmission at a users request

Live - Live streams are only available at one particular time

Examples: live soccer match, live press conference

26
Video Capture Card
Is an expansion card whose function is to get the
pictures or videos from the cable or television
source into the computer

Main components include:

Video input port

Accepts video input signals from broadcast signals, video
camera or VCR
Video compression-decompression hardware
Audio compression-decompression hardware
A/D converter
Converts the analog input video signals to digital form
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Media Players
Video will often be played using one of the
following media players:
Windows Media Player
QuickTime Player
RealPlayer
iTunes

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Video Editing Software

Multimedia designers and developers can

use video editing tools to digitize motion
graphics and put messages and stories on
the product.
Adobe and Apple are two well-known
companies offering mid-range and high-end
desktop video editing packages.

29
Video Editing Software
Examples:
Adobe Premiere
Adobe After Effects
Apple QuickTime Pro
Windows Movie Maker
Can be downloaded for free from Microsoft
Video editing software:
Should be compatible with different video formats
Should be able to import image and audio files of
various file formats.
Is better to be cross-platform

30
 AVI (Audio
Video
Interleave)
MPEG
(Moving
RM
Picture
(RealMedia)
Digital Experts
Group)

Video
File
ASF
(Advanced Format WMV
(Windows
Systems Media
Format) Video)

MOV
(QuickTime)
Broadcast Video Standards

National Television Standards

Committee (NTSC):
These standards define a method for
encoding information into electronic
signal that creates a television picture.
It has screen resolution of 525
horizontal scan lines and a scan rate
of 30 frames per second.
Broadcast Video Standards

Phase Alternate Line (PAL) and

Sequential Color and Memory
(SECAM):
PAL has a screen resolution of 625 horizontal
lines and a scan rate of 25 frames per second.
SECAM has a screen resolution of 625
horizontal lines and is a 50 Hz system.
SECAM differs from NTSC and PAL color
systems in its basic technology and broadcast
method.
Broadcast Video Standards

Advanced Television Systems

Committee (ATSC) Digital Television
(DTV):
This digital standard provides TV stations with
sufficient bandwidth to present four or five
Standard Television (STV) signals or one High
Definition TV (HDTV) signal.
This standard allows for transmission of data
to computers and for new Advanced TV (ATV)
interactive services.
Range of Video Standard Format

Analog and Digital

http://videopreservation.conservation-
us.org/dig_mig/video_formats_v4_850.html

Analog tape formats ?

Digital tape formats ?
Optical disc storage formats ?
Digital encoding formats ?
How Television Broadcast Works
http://countrycode.org/tv-standards
How Television broadcast works
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OmV9aJCXHIg
How Satellite Broadcast Works
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TgeGYd3ujdo
Shooting and Editing Video
Import video and sound at the highest resolution and
with the least amount of compression possible.
Resolution should be reduced and footage must be
compressed later according to the requirements.
A steady shooting platform should always be used.
Good and even lighting is extremely important.
Blue screen in digital video editing applications is a
popular technique for making multimedia.
Wide panoramic shots and camera motion should be
avoided when shooting for a small computer window
on CD-ROM or the Web.
Shooting and Editing Video

Find Example
Video Editing Terminology
Non-linear
Refers to the editing of disk-based digital video.
The software provides an on screen map of what
the final video sequences should look like
incorporating the edits, splices, special effects,
transitions and sound tracks.
Linear
It plays end to end in one direction, usually
pertains to videotape editing specifically the editing
of linear tape segments into one final master tape.
Special Effects
Transitions
Such as fading, wiping, splatters, scrolling, stipple and
many more are available by simply dragging and
dropping that transition between the two video clips.
Superimposing
The ability to superimpose one clip over another is a
valuable technique.
The technique of green screening is identical except
that the color green is used for the screen and later
digitally removed.
The blue screen and green screen superimposing are
just two of the superimposing technique available.
Activity- Simple Video Editing

Download Microsoft movie Maker

Try all menu
Try insert video, photo and text
Animate Video and Special Effects
DE DAVY JONES EN ZBRUSH
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ophdiLDuCA

The Visual Effects of "Transformers: Dark of the Moon"

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HgoqPd9PeFg
Summary
Exercise
Aspect ratio when resizing your original video

Video bitrate Calculator

Calculating Video File Size

Understanding Analog Video Signals

Exercise
A video stream with 40 frames per second playback rate
and an audio stream of stereo voice channel. If each frame
consists of 160 X 120 pixels of 24 bit colors depth and the
audio is sampled at 8000 Hz with 16 bit sampling.
Calculate the total storage required to store the above
video file for five minutes. Show your calculations.