The Respiratory System

This Lecture is Devised by Dr.

Mohammed Qasim & Dr. Rasha Ali
Baghdad College Of Medicine
Respiratory System

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 Objectives
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:

Name the parts of the respiratory system.

Define combining forms used in building words that relate to the respiratory system and
its parts.

Comprehension of English language

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 Lectures can be downloaded and
viewed from this site

http://www.comed.uobaghdad.edu.iq/PageVi
ewer.aspx?id=1
 Student Duties
1- Read the lecture before attending
2- Print out the Formative assessment of this lecture and hand it
to the lecturer solved. It is your homework. You should write on
it your name, the date, your group and the name of your lecturer.
A piece of advice: Take a look at the exercises of the lecture
before your actual reading, it will help you design your strategy of
studying.
Note (1): The methodology of the exercises in your formative
assessment in this lecture and in the other lectures of the
terminology module are similar to your Summative exam.
Note (2): If you encounter new terms not available in your lecture,
look it up using a dictionary or invest your e-learning skills to
look it up in the website .
Structure and Function
The respiratory system performs two major tasks:

Exchanging air between the body and the outside

environment known as external respiration

Bringing oxygen to the cells and removing carbon

dioxide from them referred to as internal respiration

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 Inhale/Exhale
The passage of air from the external environment to the
lung capillaries, bloodstream and out consists of one
inhalation and one exhalation.

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 Combining Forms & Abbreviations
Combining Form [adenoid(o)]Meaning
adenoid (o) adenoid; gland

alveol (o) alveolus

bronch (o) bronchus

bronchiol (o) bronchiole

capn (o) carbon dioxide

epiglott (o) epiglottis

laryng (o) larynx

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 Combining Forms & Abbreviations
Combining Form
[lob(o)] Meaning
lob (o) lobe of the lung

mediastin (o) mediastinum

nas (o) nose

or (o) mouth

ox (o) oxygen

pharyng (o) pharynx

phon (o) voice, sound

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 Combining Forms & Abbreviations
Combining Form
[phren(o)] Meaning
phren(o) diaphragm

pleur(o) pleura

pneum (o) air

rhin (o) nose

spir (o) breathing

steth (o) chest

thorac (o) thorax

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 Pathology
epiglottitis
adenoiditis
bronchitis

Inflammatory

laryngitis Conditions pharyngitis

rhinitis pneumonitis

tonsillitis sinusitis

laryngotracheobronchitis
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 Breathing Patterns
eupnea hyperpnea
Breathing Patterns

Bradypnea: dyspnea

tachypnea apnea

hypopnea orthopnea

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Term Analysis Meaning
Apnea A- (without); -pnea Without breathing
(breathing)
Bradypnea Brady- (slow); -pnea Abnormal slowness of
(breathing) respiration
Dyspnea Dys- (difficult or painful); Painful or difficult breathing
-pnea (breathing(
Orthopnea Ortho (means straight); - Discomfort or difficulty in
pnea (breathing) breathing while lying flat;
difficulty is relieved by
sitting up
Tachypnea Tachy- (fast); -pnea Abnormal slowness of
(breathing) Breathing
 Upper Respiratory Infection
Upper respiratory infection is a term that covers an infection of some or all of the
respiratory tract.

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 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
Disease
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a term for any disease with chronic
obstruction of the bronchial tubes and lungs such as:

Emphysema
Chronic Bronchitis

Asthma: a Greek word meaning a panting.

This disease has narrowing of the bronchi
leading to dyspnea, wheezing and coughing.
Normal Asthmatic
bronchiole bronchiole,
showing
constriction
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 Hemoptysis
Hemoptysis

Hem/o (blood); -ptysis (spitting). Lung or bronchial hemorrhage that results in

the spitting of blood.

Cystic Fibrosis
From the Greek word kystis (bladder, pouch); from the Latin word fibra (fiber); -osis
(abnormal condition). Disease of the exocrine glands that causes secretion of
abnormally thick mucus which leads to chronic obstruction.
Atelectasis

(ateles) is Greek meaning incomplete; -ectasis means (expansion). Collapsed

alveoli leading to collapse of a lung or part of a lung.

Pneumonia

Pneumon/o (air, lung); ia (condition). Inflammation of a lung caused by Infection,

chemical inhalation or trauma . 16
 Disorders of the Pleura
Disorders of the Pleura

Pneumothorax

Pneumon/o (air, lung); from the Greek word thorakos (breastplate, chest)
Accumulation of air or gas in the pleural cavity.
Empyema

Pus in the pleural cavity.

Hemothorax

Hem/o (blood); -thorax from the Greek word thorakos (breastplate, chest).
Blood in the pleural cavity.
Pleural Effusion

Escape of fluid into the pleural cavity. 17

 Otorhinolaryngologists
Otorhinolaryngologists are physicians that specialize in disorders of the upper respiratory
tract.

Surgical Removal Conditions

Tonsillectomy Laryngectomy

Adenoidectomy Pneumonectomy

Lobectomy
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 Surgical Repair
bronchoplasty laryngoplasty

Surgical Repair

rhinoplasty septoplasty

tracheoplasty

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Surgical Incisions
Surgical Incisions
Laryngotracheotomy

Sinusotomy

Thoracotomy

Tracheotomy

Tracheostomy tube

Endotracheal intubation is the insertion of a tube through the nose or mouth,

pharynx, larynx and into the trachea to establish an airway.

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 Pharmacology

Antibiotics, antihistamines and anticoagulants are used for respiratory disorders just as with
other system disorders.

Medications specific to Respiratory Conditions:

Bronchodilators
Dilate the bronchial walls

Expectorants

Promote coughing and expulsion of mucus

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 Mechanical Devices
Mechanical Devices that aid in Respiration

Ventilators
Actually serve as a breathing
substitute for patients who can not
breathe on their own.

Nebulizers

Deliver medication through the

mouth or nose to ease breathing
problems

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 Agents to Treat Respiratory Conditions
Agents Used to Treat Respiratory Conditions

Antitussive
Expectorants
(relieves coughing) (promotes coughing
and expelling of mucus)
Decongestants

(decreases and prevents

mucus buildup)
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 Formative assessment for
Respiratory system:
 Apply Your Knowledge Part 4
Hiba has very thick respiratory secretions. She visits a local pharmacy looking for
something to help her with her dry cough.

Which of the following types of medication should Hiba consider taking?

A. Expectorant
Answer: A. Expectorant
B. Antitussive

C. Antibiotic

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 Case study (asthma)
Read the following excerpt from an Emergency Room
record and answer the questions.
Chief complaint: wheezing ,difficulty breathing.
Present illness: this-8-y-old male with a history of asthma, comes in acute
distress. Moms states he was around a neighbors cat when he started
have difficulty in breathing .A home nebulizer treatment did not relieve his
dyspnea, so she brought him in.
Examination: well-developed ,well-nourished 8-y-old in acute distress
,pulse oximetry 87% cyanosis noticed of lips and nail bed, oxygen in place,
audible wheezing heard throughout lungs.
Impression: acute exacerbation of asthma
Plan:1-start nebulizer with bronchodilater
2-oxygen via nasal cannula
3-monitor pulse oximetry

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 Cyanosis indicates the skin and nails appear ---
-------- .
A) blue
B) red
C) white
D) normal

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 The bronchodilator was to help------ the
respiratory passageway
A)close
B)clean
C)open
D)non of the above

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 Q.2 Answer the Following:

1-gas exchange occurs in bronchi (true/false)

2-respiratory problems may be treated with all except----------.
A)bronchodilators
B)bronchoconstrictors
C)expectorants
D)mucolytics

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 3-obstructive lung diseases include all except:
A)asthma
B)emphysema
C)cystic fibrosis
D)atelectasis

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 Q3. Match the term in Column A with
the correct definition in Column B.
Column A
1-......................... Alveoli
2- ........................ Diaphragm
3-......................... Pulmonary
4- ........................ Trachea
5-........................ Epiglottis
6- ........................ Pneumonia,
pneumonitis
7-........................larynx
Column B
A. The lid or flap that helps prevent food
and drink from entering the trachea
B. The voice Box
C. Indicating something in or associated
with lungs.
D. The major muscle of the respiratory
system
E. Tiny sacs in the lungs that receive
oxygen from the bronchioles and transfer
it to the capillaries.
f. The windpipe: air flows through it to
the bronchi
G. Inflammation of a lung, caused by
infection, chemical inhalation or trauma
Column A
8- ..................................... Bronchioles
9- .................................... Asthma
10- .................................. Pharynx
11- .................................. Emphysema
12- .................................. Bronchitis
13 - ................................. Dyspnea
14- ..................................tracheotomy
Column B
H. Incision into the trachea
I. Inner lining of the lung
J. The smallest extension of the bronchi,
which pass air directly to the alveoli
K. A lung disease characterized by
reversible inflammation and constriction
L. Throat
M. Narrowing of a bronchial tube
N. Inflammation of the mucous
membrane of the bronchial tubes
Column A Column B
15- .................................... O. Difficult breathing
Bronchiostenosis
16- ................................... Apnea .inspection using a bronchoscope
17-................................. Visceral pleura Q. Absence of breathing
18- ............................... Bronchoscopy R. Condition in which the alveoli are
inefficient due to distension
 Q4. Write the medical terms for each
definition
Definition Medical term
1- the process of
breathing in
2- spitting up of blood
3- inflammation of
the sinus
4- difficulty in
speaking
5- Air in the pleural
cavity
6- incision into the
pleura
 Q5. Use bronch/o or bronchi/o to build the following terms

1- Inflammation of the bronchi

2 drug used to open bronchi
3- drug used to constrict bronchi
4- chronic dilation of the bronchioles
Q6. Use the suffix itis & pnea to build the following
terms
1- rapid breathing
2- inflammation of the larynx
3- slow breathing
4- Inflammation of the bronchi
5- Painful or difficult breathing
6- inflammation of the sinus
7- difficulty breathing while lying down
8- inflammation of the epiglottis
 Q.7 Multiple Choices
1-expectoration of blood is called
A- hematemesis B- hemoptysis
C- anosmia D- dysphonia

2- what is the term for slow breathing?

A- bradyphasia B- tachypnea
C- bradypnea D- tachyphasia
3- which procedure involves making an opening
in the trachea to facilitate breathing?
A- intubation B- tracheocentesis
C- tracheoplasty D- tracheostomy

4- what is the surgical puncture of the lung?

A-pneumoconiosis B- pneumocentesis
C- pneumomelanosis D- pneumogenesis
5- what is pleurisy (pleuritis)?
A- effusion of fluid into the air/tissue of the lung
B- softening of the lung
C- engorgement of the pulmonary vessels with
fluid
D- inflammation of the membrane that
surrounds the lung and lines the walls of the
chest cavity.
6- which of the following is the same as
pharyngodynia?
A- sore throat
B- inflammation of the pharynx
C- examination of the throat
D- a fungal condition of the pharynx
7- what is another term for pneumonia?
A- pleuropneumonia B- Pneumonitis
C- pulmonary oedema D- Bronchopathy

8- what is the collapse of part of a lung or

alveoli?
A- asthma B- atelectasis
D- cystic fibrosis D- brochiolitis
9- what is lobectomy?
A- incision of the lung B- excision of a lung
C- excision of a lobe of an organ
D- bilateral incision of the skull

10- what type of drug is used to decrease the

viscosity of mucus?
A- antipyretic B- mucolytic
C- antibiotic D- diuretic