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Jeremas Jonatan Ortiz Castaeda* Alejandro Alzina Lpez Mario lvarez Fleites
Jos C. Segura Correa*
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the use of the real time ultrasonography (RTU) on the pregnancy diagnosis at 17
days post-insemination (PI) and to determine the effect of the time taken for the pregnancy diagnosis on the sensitivity, specific-
ity and accuracy of the diagnosis. Forty sows were used in a first trial for the diagnosis of pregnancy, using 177 sec in average.
In a second trial, 20 sows were used using an average time for diagnosis of 28 sec. In both trials, the sows were diagnosed also
at 24 and 35 days PI. The reproductive management of the sows was the normally used at the farm; that is, they were artificially
inseminated by the same technician. True positive a), false positives b), false negatives c) and true negative animals d), were the
base to determine the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the diagnosis of pregnancy at 17, 24 and 35 days PI. Sensitivity was
determined as a/(a + c), specificity as d/(b + d) and accuracy as (a + d)/(a + b + c + d). The specificity of the diagnosis at 17 days
PI and using a diagnosis time of 177 sec, was not calculated because true negative sows were not detected; the sensitibity and
accuracy were 97.4% and 92.5%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the RTU method at 17 days, practicing
the diagnosis using 28 sec were: 81.3%, 25% and 70%, respectively. At 24 and 35 days PI, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy
were 100%. The sensitibity, specificity and accuracy of the pregnancy diagnosis at 17 days PI were greater when 177 sec, instead
of 28 sec, were used (P < 0.05).
Resumen
Los objetivos de este estudio fueron evaluar el uso de la ultrasonografa de tiempo real (UTR) en el diagnstico de gestacin a
los 17 das posinseminacin (PI), y determinar el efecto del tiempo empleado para la realizacin del diagnstico de gestacin
en la sensibilidad, especificidad y exactitud del diagnstico. En un primer ensayo se utilizaron 40 cerdas para el diagnstico de
gestacin, utilizando un tiempo promedio de 177 seg, y en un segundo ensayo se utilizaron 20 cerdas con tiempo promedio de
diagnstico de 28 seg. En ambos ensayos, las cerdas fueron diagnosticadas tambin a los 24 y 35 das PI. Su manejo reproduc-
tivo fue el normalmente usado en la granja; es decir, fueron inseminadas artificialmente por el mismo tcnico. Para determinar:
sensibilidad, especificidad y exactitud del diagnstico de gestacin a 17, 24 y 35 das PI, se consideraron: a) animales verdaderos
positivos, b) falsos positivos, c) falsos negativos y d) verdaderos negativos. La sensibilidad fue determinada como a/(a + c), espe-
cificidad como d/(b + d) y exactitud como (a + d)/(a +b + c + d). La especificidad del diagnstico a los 17 das PI y con duracin
del diagnstico de 177 seg no se calcul debido a que no se detectaron cerdas verdaderas negativas; la sensibilidad y exactitud
fueron de 97.4% y 92.5%, respectivamente. La sensibilidad, especificidad y exactitud del mtodo de UTR a la edad de 17 das,
realizando el diagnstico con tiempo de 28 seg, fueron: 81.3%, 25% y 70%, respectivamente. A los 24 y 35 das PI, la sensibilidad,
especificidad y exactitud fueron de 100%. La sensibilidad, especificidad y exactitud del diagnstico a los 17 das PI fueron mayo-
res cuando se utilizaron 177 seg que cuando se utilizaron 28 seg (P < 0.05).
S L
ow reproduction is one of the most impor- a reproduccin de la cerda es uno de los aspec-
tant aspects for producers because of its direct tos ms importantes para los productores
impact on profitability. Sow reproductive poten- por su impacto directo en la rentabilidad. El
tial is assessed by the number of pigs produced per potencial reproductivo de la cerda se mide como la
year. This means that sows with shorter birth intervals cantidad de cerdos producidos por ao, ello significa
and more numerous litters will produce more pigs que las cerdas con intervalos entre partos ms cortos
and diminish production costs. The relevance of sow y camadas ms numerosas producirn ms cerdos y
pregnancy diagnosis relays on the necessity to iden- disminuirn los costos de produccin. El diagnstico
tify reproductive failures, in order to decrease non- de gestacin en las cerdas es importante debido a la
productive days and piglet production costs. An ideal necesidad de identificar fallas reproductivas y, con-
diagnosis method should allow pregnancy confirma- secuentemente, disminuir los das no productivos y
tion in the shortest time after service or insemination; los costos de produccin de los lechones. El mtodo
it must have high sensitivity and specificity.1 ideal para diagnosticar la gestacin es el que permita
Real time ultrasonography (RTU) improves swine la confirmacin de la preez en el menor tiempo des-
farm productivity; it is used in Mexico for pregnancy pus del servicio o inseminacin, que debe tener alta
diagnosis on day 35 post-insemination (PI). The prob- sensibilidad y especificidad.1
lem with this period is that if estrus detection is not Una de las herramientas que ayudan a mejorar la
good, non pregnant sows loose their first estrus cycle productividad en las granjas de cerdos es la ultrasono-
and they have to wait until the next cycle to be insemi- grafa en tiempo real (UTR), que se utiliza en Mxico
nated, causing economical losses due to non-produc- para el diagnstico de preez a 35 das posinsemina-
tive days (NPD). Early pregnancy diagnosis allows to cin (PI). El problema de este periodo es que cuando
define the status of the non-pregnant sows, and to no hay buena deteccin de estros, las hembras no ges-
decide if estrus induction or elimination (for relaps- tantes pierden su primer ciclo estral y hay que esperar
ing repeaters) are performed, in order to reduce NPD el siguiente para volver a inseminarlas, ello ocasiona
and production costs. Duration of diagnosis per sow is prdidas econmicas por das no productivos (DNP).
another important factor that affects diagnosis sensi- El diagnstico de gestacin precoz permite definir el
tivity and specificity.1 destino de las cerdas vacas, inducindolas al estro
The objectives of this study were to evaluate RTU o eliminndolas (para el caso de repetidoras reinci-
use in early pregnancy diagnosis and to assess the time dentes); por consiguiente, se disminuyen los DNP y
needed for the pregnancy diagnosis test over sensitiv- los costos de produccin. Otro factor importante es
ity, specificity and accuracy of the diagnosis. la duracin del diagnstico por cerda, que afecta la
sensibilidad y especificidad del diagnstico.1
Material and methods Los objetivos de este estudio fueron: evaluar el
uso de UTR en el diagnstico de gestacin precoz y
This study was done from August to December determinar el efecto del tiempo empleado para la rea-
2004 in a farrow-to-finish farm, with 3 200 breeding lizacin del diagnstico de gestacin sobre la sensibili-
females approximately. The farm is located in south- dad, especificidad y exactitud del diagnstico.
ern Yucatan, Mexico, with 26.3 C mean annual tem-
perature, 1 200 mm of mean annual precipitation and Material y mtodos
relative humidity between 66% and 89%; wind is pre-
dominately from north to southeast.2,3 El estudio se realiz de agosto a diciembre de 2004 en
Two assays were done. In the fist one, forty sows with una granja porcina de ciclo completo, con aproxima-
three to seven births were used for pregnancy diagno- damente 3 200 vientres, localizada en la zona sur de
sis by RTU with a mean scanning time of 177 sec. at Yucatn, Mxico, con temperatura promedio anual de
day 17 PI. For the second assay, 20 sows with three 26.3C, precipitacin promedio anual de 1 200 mm
to seven births were used, with a mean scanning time y humedad relativa promedio entre 66% y 89%, con
of 28 sec. Twenty eight seconds is the time needed to vientos predominantes de norte a sureste.2,3
perform pregnancy diagnosis under commercial con- El estudio const de dos ensayos. En el primero,
ditions, while 177 sec. is the mean time needed when para el diagnstico de gestacin por ultrasonografa
looking for high efficacy diagnosis. Time elapsed de tiempo real (UTR), se utilizaron 40 cerdas de tres
during diagnosis was recorded by a chronometer, a siete partos, con tiempo de diagnstico promedio de
starting when probe was placed (transductor) until 177 seg, al da 17 posinseminacin (PI). En el segundo
se utilizaron 20 cerdas de tres a siete partos, con
286
product or vesicle with liquid were located. Sows were tiempo de diagnstico promedio de 28 seg. El tiempo
diagnosed again on days 24 and 35 PI for both assays. de 28 seg es el que toma realizar el diagnstico de ges-
The sows used for this study were randomly picked up tacin bajo condiciones comerciales, y el de 177 seg es
from sows inseminated during the same week. Sows el tiempo promedio empleado buscando alta eficien-
were individually identified and located in individual cia en el diagnstico. El tiempo que dur el diagns-
cages; all females received the same kind of food as tico se registr mediante un cronmetro, empezando
the rest of the animals in the farm. a contar desde la colocacin de la sonda (transduc-
Reproductive management for the sows was the tor) hasta la localizacin del producto o vescula con
regular one used in the farm. One specific sow was lquido. En ambos ensayos, las cerdas fueron diagnos-
inseminated by the same technician. RTU equipment* ticadas de nuevo a los 24 y 35 das PI. Las cerdas uti-
was used for early pregnancy diagnosis. Test result lizadas en este estudio se seleccionaron al azar entre
(pregnant or non pregnant) was done based on real las inseminadas en una misma semana e identificadas
time observation of the embryonic vesicles with liquid individualmente; que se alojaron en jaulas individua-
and presence of fluid at days 17, 24 and 35 PI and les y recibieron el mismo tipo de alimento que el resto
embryonic formation in pregnant females. Negative de los animales de la granja.
and false positive females were detected using boars El manejo reproductivo para las cerdas fue el nor-
on days 17 to 25 PI. Sows in estrus were inseminated, malmente usado en la granja. Una determinada cerda
the others were examined by RTU to detect false nega- fue inseminada por el mismo tcnico. Para el diag-
tive sows. Estrus detections with boars for both groups nstico de preez se utiliz un equipo de UTR.* El
was done in a specific place, ten minutes a day, with no resultado de preez (gestante o no gestante) se esta-
more than six to eight females and establishing physi- bleci con base en la observacin en tiempo real de
cal contact among animals to improve stimulation; las vesculas embrionarias, sacos de lquido y presen-
sows in estrus were inseminated. Time elapsed during cia de fluido a los 17, 24 y 35 das PI, y la formacin
diagnosis per sow was also recorded. embrionaria en hembras gestantes. Para detectar a
Positive, false positive, false negative and negative las hembras negativas y falsas positivas se utilizaron
females were used to asses: sensitivity, specificity and verracos del da 17 al da 25 PI. Las cerdas que pre-
accuracy of the pregnancy diagnosis at days 17 to 24 sentaron estro fueron inseminadas, y a las que no,
PI, taking 35-day-diagnosis as reference. Sensitivity se les inspeccion con UTR para detectar a las falsas
was assessed as a/(a + c), specificity as d/(b + d) and negativas. Para ambos grupos, la deteccin de estros
accuracy as (a + d)/(a + b + c + d).4 Effect of diagnosis con verraco se realiz en un lugar especfico por diez
day or time (28 and 177 sec) on sensitivity, specificity minutos al da, con no ms de seis a ocho hembras y
and accuracy of the diagnostic test was evaluated by estableciendo contacto fsico entre los animales para
comparing the ratio for two samples.5 una mejor estimulacin; las hembras que presenta-
ron estro fueron inseminadas. Tambin se registr el
Results tiempo que dur el diagnstico en cada cerda.
Animales positivos, falsos positivos, falsos negati-
Using a scanning time of 117 sec., 39 sows were diag- vos y negativos, fueron la base para determinar: sen-
nosed as pregnant and one as non pregnant on day 17 sibilidad, especificidad y exactitud del diagnstico de
PI. Two of the sows diagnosed as pregnant were false gestacin a 17 y 24 das PI, tomando como referencia
positive (non pregnant), while the non pregnant sow el diagnstico a los 35 das. La sensibilidad fue deter-
was in deed a false negative. Results on sensitivity, spec- minada como a/(a + c), la especificidad como d/(b +
ificity and accuracy according to day of diagnosis are d) y la exactitud como (a + d)/(a + b + c + d).4 El efecto
shown in Table 1. Diagnosis sensitivity and accuracy del da de diagnstico o el tiempo de diagnstico (28
using RTU for 117 sec on day 17 PI were 97.4% and y 177 seg) sobre la sensibilidad, especificidad y exacti-
92.5%, respectively; specificity could not be assessed tud de la prueba diagnstica se hizo mediante la com-
because true negative sows were not detected. Sensi- paracin de las proporciones para dos muestras.5
tivity, specificity and accuracy using RTU on day 17
PI for 28 sec were 81.3%, 25% and 70%, respectively. Resultados
Significant difference was not found for sensitivity
between diagnosis times on day 17 PI (P > 0.05); how- A los 17 das PI, utilizando un tiempo de diagnstico
ever, a difference was found for accuracy on the same de 177 seg, se diagnosticaron 39 cerdas gestantes y una
day (P < 0.05). Accuracy was higher when 117 sec were hembra vaca. De las cerdas diagnosticadas gestantes,
used instead of 28 sec (Table 1). Sensitivity, specificity
and accuracy were 100% on days 24 and 35 PI. Com- *Modelo 50S Tringa Vet de Pie Medical Equipment; de 3.5 y
paring accuracy on days 17 vs. 24 yield no significant 5.0 Mhz, Holanda.
Cuadro 1
SENSIBILIDAD, ESPECIFICIDAD Y EXACTITUD DEL DIAGNSTICO DE PREEZ UTILIZANDO
ULTRASONOGRAFA DE TIEMPO REAL, SEGN EL DA POSINSEMINACIN Y DURACIN DEL
DIAGNSTICO DE GESTACIN EN CERDAS
SENSITIVITY, SPECIFICITY AND ACCURACY FOR PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS BY REAL TIME
ULTRASONOGRAPHY, ACCORDING TO POST-INSEMINATION DAY AND
SCANNING DURATION IN SOWS
Diagnosis day Sensitivity (%) Specificity (%) Accuracy (%)
177 sec 28 sec 177 sec 28 sec 177 sec 28 sec
a a b
17 97.4(37/38) 81.2(13/16) --------- 25.0(1/4) 92.5(37/40) 70.0(14/20)a
24 100.0(38/38)a 100.0(16/16)a 100.0(2/2)a 100.0(40/40)a 100.0(20/20)a
NS NS 100.0(4/4)a NS NS *
a,b
Percentages between columns with different letters are statistically significant (P < 0.05).
NS = Percentages between rows are not different (P < 0.05);
* Percentages between rows are not different (P < 0.05).
288
diagnosis using the transrectal method with a 5.0 Mhz a los 24 das PI. El hecho de no haber podido calcular
frequency since days 16-17 PI. la especificidad pudo deberse al nmero de animales
Differences among studies can be attributable to utilizados, la fertilidad en la granja y el tiempo utili-
several factors. The influence of technician, trans- zado para el diagnstico. Tambin pueden intervenir
ductor frequency and type of transductor (3.5 or 5.0 factores como el cambio de tcnico, la experiencia de
Mhz; lineal o sectorial) on sensitivity, specificity and ste, el tipo de transductor y la frecuencia utilizada.8
accuracy using RTU on days 18 to 21 is notified by La sensibilidad del diagnstico de gestacin
Armstrong et al.11 Results obtained on day 17 PI are con tiempo de 177 seg, aunque no fue significativa,
acceptable for commercial conditions, when enough aument de 97.4% a los 17 das, 100% a los 24 das de
time for scanning is given. The way of making diagno- diagnstico PI. Williams et al.9 mencionan que el UTR
sis (transrectal or transabdominal) influence results es un instrumento para el diagnstico de gestacin
as well. Knox10 obtained a 100% accuracy making con alto ndice de sensibilidad y especificidad, pues
transrectal diagnosis with a 5.0 Mhz frequency. This permite obtener excelentes resultados a partir de los
concurs with the early diagnosis done in this study on 21 das posteriores al servicio. Meja et al.7 notificaron
day 17 with a 5.0 Mhz frequency, but through trans- sensibilidades de 93%-95% a los 17-19 das PI, y de
abdominal via. Working conditions, such as animal 98%-100% a los 20-23 das; mientras que Miller et al.6
filth, schedule and low-light places and environmental obtuvieron porcentajes de 100 puntos los das 20, 22
conditions have an impact on results as well. The best y 24 PI.
frequency for precocious ages (days 17 to 21 after ser- Belstra 8 menciona que el UTR tiene alta exactitud
vice) is 5.0 Mhz, while, as pregnancy advances, the 3.5 que vara de 93% a 98% y puede llegar a 100% con
Mhz probe is sufficient to get excellent results. Similar tcnicos con experiencia, al da 22 posterior al ser-
results were found in this study since for diagnosis on vicio. Los das 20, 22 y 24 PI, Miller et al.6 obtuvieron
day 17 a 5.0 Mhz frequency was used, while on days 24 exactitudes de 50%, 90% y 99%. Knox10 menciona
and 35 the frequency used was 3.5 Mhz. que es posible tener 100% de exactitud en el diagns-
Time spent by the technician for pregnancy diag- tico de preez utilizando el mtodo transrectal con
nosis affects the assessment of ssensitivity, specificity frecuencia de 5.0 Mhz a partir de los das 16-17 PI.
and accuracy. In this study, sensitivity and accuracy on Las diferencias entre los estudios pueden deberse
day 17 PI improved when a scanning time of 177 sec a diversos factores. Armstrong et al.11 notifican la
was used, when comparing to the 28 sec time; how- influencia del tcnico, frecuencia del transductor y
ever, significant difference was only found for accu- tipo de transductor (3.5 o 5.0 Mhz; lineal o sectorial)
racy (P < 0.05). Miller et al.6 point out that 120 seconds sobre la sensibilidad, especificidad y exactitud, utili-
are needed on day 22, and even longer periods for zando UTR de los 18 a 21 das. Los resultados obte-
diagnosis on day 21, because of the vesicle size in the nidos a los 17 das PI muestran resultados aceptables
uterus. The earlier the pregnancy age, the longer the para condiciones comerciales, cuando se proporciona
time needed for diagnosis, since more mistakes can el tiempo suficiente. La forma de realizar el diagns-
be made if time and experience are not enough. This tico (transrectal o transabdominal) tambin influye
might be caused by the fact that pregnancy traces are en el resultado. Knox10 obtuvo 100% de exactitud
more difficult to find in the early stages. When embryo en el diagnstico realizado por va transrectal y con
is older, finding it is easier because calcified structures frecuencia de 5.0 Mhz. Este resultado concuerda con
start to form. el diagnstico precoz realizado en este estudio al da
Sow housing conditions can also affect and 17, con frecuencia de 5.0 Mhz, aunque por va trans-
increase scanning time, because if the sow is filthy it abdominal. Asimismo, las condiciones en las que se
can impede searching for the product. Abnormalities trabaje, como la suciedad del animal, horarios y luga-
in the diagnostic area also affect diagnosis, as well res con poca luz y condiciones ambientales desfavora-
as environmental conditions, since scanning is more bles, inciden en la obtencin de buenos resultados. A
reliable when done in places with low light. Viana et edades precoces (17 a 21 das posteriores al servicio),
al.1 found that scanning time with RTU is inversely la mejor frecuencia para realizar el diagnstico es 5.0
proportional to embryo age, that is, the younger the Mhz, mientras que conforme transcurre el tiempo
embryo, the longer the diagnosis time (20 to 60 sec). de gestacin, la sonda con frecuencia de 3.5 Mhz es
RTU is an effective tool for pregnancy diagnosis suficiente para obtener excelentes resultados. Simila-
on day 17 of gestation. Sensitivity, specificity and accu- res conclusiones se obtuvieron en este estudio, ya que
racy increase when more time is spent for scanning on para el diagnstico a 17 das se utiliz la frecuencia de
day 17 PI. 5.0 Mhz, y los das 24 y 35 se utiliz la frecuencia de
3.5 Mhz.
Un factor que afecta las medidas de sensibilidad,
290