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Scratch is a free visual programming language developed by the MIT (Massachusetts Institute of

Technology) Media Lab.[1] Scratch is used by students, scholars, teachers, and parents to easily
create animations, games, etc. It provides a stepping stone to the more advanced world of
computer programming. It can also be used for a range of educational and
entertainment constructionist purposes from math and science projects, including simulations
and visualizations of experiments, recording lectures with animated presentations, to social
sciences animated stories, and interactive art and music.[2] Viewing the existing projects available
on the Scratch website, or modifying and testing any modification without saving requires no
online registration.
Scratch allows users to use event-driven programming with multiple active objects called sprites.
[1]
Sprites can be drawn, as vector or bitmap graphics, from scratch in a simple editor that is part
of Scratch, or can be imported from external sources, including webcams.
As of 2013, Scratch 2 is available online and as an application for Windows, macOS,
and Linux (Adobe Air Required).[3][4] The source code of Scratch 1.x is released
under GPLv2 license and Scratch Source Code License.[5]

Contents
[hide]

1Origin of name

2Educational use

3User interface

4Community of users

o 4.1Online community

5Features and derivatives

6See also

7References

8External links

Origin of name[edit]
"Scratching" in the language of computer science means to reuse code that can be beneficial
and effectively used for other purposes and easily combined, shared and adapted to new
scenarios, which is a key feature in Scratch "remix", in which users can download and build
upon public projects uploaded and developed by other users. It also gives credit to the
participant who built on the original work and to the participant who created the original program.
[6]
The name was derived from turntablism's technique of scratching[6][7](i.e., mixing sounds),
relating the ease of mixing sounds to the ease of mixing projects made with Scratch.
This research advanced understanding of the effective and innovative design of new
technologies to enhance learning in after-school centers and other informal education settings,
and broadened opportunities for youth from under-represented groups who became designers
and inventors with new technologies. Scratch was iteratively developed based on ongoing
interaction with youth and staff at Computer Clubhouses. The use of Scratch at Computer
Clubhouses served as a model for other after-school centers demonstrating how informal
learning settings can support the development of technological fluency, enabling young people to
design and program projects that are meaningful to themselves and their communities. [8]
The MIT Media Lab's Lifelong Kindergarten group, led by Mitchel Resnick, and its Montreal-
based consulting company Playful Invention Company, co-funded by the latter with Brian
Silverman and Paula Bonta, together developed the first desktop-only version of Scratch in 2003.
Its purpose was to aid young people, mainly for ages 8 and up, to learn programming. [9]

The new Scratch homepage skin

Scratch 2 was released on May 9, 2013.[1] With its introduction, custom blocks can be defined
within projects.[10]

Educational use[edit]
Scratch was made popular in the UK through Code Clubs. Scratch is used as the introductory
language because creation of interesting programs is relatively easy, and skills learnt can be
applied to other basic programming languages such as Python and Java.
Scratch is not exclusively for creating games. With the provided visuals, programmers can create
animated stories, informational texts, and more. There are already many programs which
students can use to learn topics in math, history, and even photography. Scratch flexibility allows
teachers to create conceptual and visual lessons and science lab assignments, as Scratch is a
useful tool to create animations that help visualize difficult concepts such as plant cell mitosis,
the water cycle, Galileo Thermometer or Hooke's Law Experiment. Within the social sciences,
instructors can create quizzes, games, and tutorials that stimulate the mind and interact with the
student.[11] Using Scratch allows young people to understand the logic of programming and how
to creatively build and collaborate.[12]Scratch lets students create "meaningful personal as well as
educational projects" which gives students a "practical tool" to express themselves after learning
to use the language.[6]
Harvard University lecturer Dr. David J. Malan prefers using Scratch over commonly used
introductory programming languages, such as Java or C, in his introductory computer science
course. However, there is a limited benefit in a college level education. Malan switches his
course's language to C after the first week.[13][14]

User interface[edit]

Scratch 2.0 development environment and its different areas at startup

From left to right, in the upper left area of the screen, there is a stage area, featuring the results
(i.e., animations, turtle graphics, etc., everything either in small or normal size, full-screen also
available) and all sprites thumbnails listed in the bottom area. The stage uses x and
y coordinates, with 0,0 being the stage center.[1]
There are many ways to create personal sprites and backgrounds. First, users can draw their
own sprite manually with "Paint Editor" provided by Scratch. [1] Second, users can choose a Sprite
from the Scratch library that contains default sprite, user's past creations, a picture using a
camera, or clip art.[15]
With a sprite selected in the bottom-left area of the screen, blocks of commands can be applied
to it by dragging them from the Blocks Palette onto the right area of the screen, containing all the
scripts associated with the selected sprite. Under the Scripts tab, all available blocks are listed
and categorized as the Motion, Looks, Sound, Pen, Data, Events, Control, Sensing, Operators,
and More blocks as shown in the table below. Each can also be individually tested under different
conditions and parameters via double-click.

Categor
Notes Category Notes
y

Motion Moves sprites and changes Events Contains event handlers


angles and change X and Y placed on the top of each
values group of blocks

Looks Controls the visuals of the sprite; Control Conditional if-else statement,
attach speech or thought bubble, "forever", "repeat", and "stop"
change of background, enlarge
or shrink, transparency, shade

Sound Plays audio files and Sensing Sprites can interact with the
programmable sequences surroundings the user has
created and can import from
PicoBoard or Lego WeDo

Pen Draw on the portrait by Operators Mathematical operators,


controlling pen width, color, and random number generator,
shade. Allows for turtle graphics. and-or statement that
compares sprite positions

Data Variable and List usage and More Custom procedures (blocks)
assignment Blocks and external devices control

Hello, World! in Scratch


Besides the Scripts tab, there are two additional tabs, the Costumes tab and the Sounds tab. An
expandable bar at the right is Help area.
Next to the Scripts tab, there is the Costumes tab, where users can change the look of the sprite
in order to create various effects, including animation.[1] And the last tab is the Sounds tab, where
users insert sounds and music to a sprite.[15]
In comparison to the previous versions of Scratch, the areas have been rearranged in version
2.0, as previously the blocks palette was in the left area, the selected sprite area and scripts area
associated with a selected sprite were in the middle of the screen, and the stage area with
sprites thumbnails listed below it were in the right area of the screen. [16]

Community of users[edit]

The Scratch website after the release of public project sharing in late 2007

Scratch is used in many different settings: schools, [17] museums,[18] libraries,[6] community centers,
and homes. Its users are mostly kids aged 916.[19] Scratch is also used in some
introductory computer science classes (including Harvard's introductory computer class).[20][21]
There is an annual "Scratch Day" declared in May each year. Community members are
encouraged to host an event on or around this day, large or small, that celebrates Scratch. These
events are held worldwide, and a listing can be found on the Scratch Day website. [22]
Via localization files downloaded with Scratch its interface language can be changed to a
language of choice since Scratch is used in different parts of the world.
The Johns Hopkins University Center for Talented Youth offers an online course on Scratch
programming for students in grade 6 and up through the CTYOnline program.[23]
Empirical studies were made of various features[citation needed]those that interfered with intuitive
learning were discarded, while those that encouraged beginners and made it easy for them to
explore and learn were kept. Some of the results are surprising, making Scratch quite different
from other teaching languages (such as BASIC, Logo, or Alice).

Online community[edit]
The Scratch online community's slogan "Imagine, Program, Share" indicates that sharing and the
social aspects of creativity are important parts of the philosophy behind Scratch. [24] A few
influential members of the Scratch online community made great personal strides in innovative
methods with scratch programming.
Scratch projects are not seen as "black boxes", but as objects for remixing to make new projects.
Projects can be uploaded directly from the development environment to the Scratch website and
any member of the community can download their full source code to study or to remix into new
projects.[25][26] Members can also create project studios, comment, tag, favorite and "love" others'
projects, follow other members to see their projects and activity, and share ideas. Projects range
from games to animations to practical tools. Chat rooms are not allowed. All projects on the
website are shared under a Creative Commons attribution and share-alike license and can be
played in a web browser using the Flash Player.
The website receives over 125 million page views per month [27] and as of July 12, 2016, it had
12,561,189 registered members (however, only 180,000 users created a project within the last
month), and over 15,700,000 projects and growing rapidly.[27] A longitudinal dataset of the five
years of public activity in the community were made available in 2017 [28]
The website frequently establishes "Scratch Design Studio" challenges to encourage creation
and sharing by providing users with a basic design concept. There are custom home pages
for Mexico and Israel that display local content in some sections of the home page. Scratch has
participated in Hour of Code several times. There are also local independent Scratch websites in
countries such as Portugal[29] and the United Arab Emirates.[30] In 2008, the Scratch online
community platform (named "ScratchR") received an honorary mention in the Ars Electronica
Prix.[31] There is also an online community for educators, called ScratchEd.[32] This community
exchanges resources, coordinates group meetups, and allows educators to connect with each
other.[33]
Scratch features many different ways of getting your project noticed by the community, such as
featured projects (selected by the Scratch Team), studios, a forum, tags, etc. Recently, the
website reached 10 million users- and with it came a new comment-able emoji - _10mil_, or a
cone that shoots confetti when you hover over it. Here is an example of a
user: https://scratch.mit.edu/users/nilbert/

Features and derivatives[edit]


The current version of Scratch does not treat procedures as first class structures and has
limited file I/O options with Scratch 2.0 Extension Protocol; an experimental extension feature
that allows interaction between Scratch 2.0 and other programs.[34] The Extension protocol allows
interfacing with hardware boards such as Lego Mindstorms[35] or Arduino.[36] In addition Scratch 2
only supports one-dimensional arrays, known as "lists". Floating point scalars and strings are
supported as of version 1.4, but with limited string manipulation ability. There is a strong contrast
between the powerful multimedia functions and multi-threaded programming style and the rather
limited scope of the Scratch programming language. On May 6, 2013, Scratch closed for 3 days
to update to Scratch 2.0. The update changed the look of the site and included an online project
editor. A new beta version of the Scratch 2 Offline Editor is currently available. This version
replaces the old Scratch 2.0.[37]
A number of Scratch derivatives[38] called Scratch Modifications have been created using the
source code of Scratch version 1.4. These programs are a variant of Scratch that normally
include a few extra blocks[39] or changes to the GUI.
In July 2014, a program called ScratchJr was released for iPad. Although it was heavily inspired
by Scratch and co-led by Mitch Resnik, the original creator of Scratch, it is nonetheless a
complete rewrite designed for younger children.[40]
Some of them additionally introduce shifts in underlying approach to computing, such as the
language Snap!, featuring first class procedures (their mathematical foundations are called
also lambda calculus), first class lists (including lists of lists), and first class truly object oriented
sprites with prototyping inheritance, and nestable sprites, which are not part of Scratch. [41] Snap!
(its previous version was called BYOB) was developed by Jens Mnig [42][43] with documentation
provided by Brian Harvey[44][45] from University of California, Berkeley and has been used to teach
"The Beauty and Joy of Computing" introductory course in CS for non-CS-major students. [46]
The source-code of Scratch and its derivatives are based on Squeak, which is based
on Smalltalk-80. Version 2 of Scratch is implemented in ActionScript, with an
experimental JavaScript-based interpreter being developed in parallel.[47]
Catrobat is a visual programming language for smartphones and tablets inspired by Scratch.
Pocket Code is an app which you can create, download and upload programs created in
Catrobat. Catrobat and Pocket Code are released under open source licenses. [48][49]
Scratch is a free visual programming language developed by the MIT (Massachusetts Institute of
Technology) Media Lab.[1] Scratch is used by students, scholars, teachers, and parents to easily
create animations, games, etc. It provides a stepping stone to the more advanced world of
computer programming. It can also be used for a range of educational and
entertainment constructionist purposes from math and science projects, including simulations
and visualizations of experiments, recording lectures with animated presentations, to social
sciences animated stories, and interactive art and music.[2] Viewing the existing projects available
on the Scratch website, or modifying and testing any modification without saving requires no
online registration.
Scratch allows users to use event-driven programming with multiple active objects called sprites.
[1]
Sprites can be drawn, as vector or bitmap graphics, from scratch in a simple editor that is part
of Scratch, or can be imported from external sources, including webcams.
As of 2013, Scratch 2 is available online and as an application for Windows, macOS,
and Linux (Adobe Air Required).[3][4] The source code of Scratch 1.x is released
under GPLv2 license and Scratch Source Code License.[5]

Contents
[hide]

1Origin of name

2Educational use

3User interface

4Community of users

o 4.1Online community

5Features and derivatives

6See also

7References

8External links

Origin of name[edit]
"Scratching" in the language of computer science means to reuse code that can be beneficial
and effectively used for other purposes and easily combined, shared and adapted to new
scenarios, which is a key feature in Scratch "remix", in which users can download and build
upon public projects uploaded and developed by other users. It also gives credit to the
participant who built on the original work and to the participant who created the original program.
[6]
The name was derived from turntablism's technique of scratching[6][7](i.e., mixing sounds),
relating the ease of mixing sounds to the ease of mixing projects made with Scratch.
This research advanced understanding of the effective and innovative design of new
technologies to enhance learning in after-school centers and other informal education settings,
and broadened opportunities for youth from under-represented groups who became designers
and inventors with new technologies. Scratch was iteratively developed based on ongoing
interaction with youth and staff at Computer Clubhouses. The use of Scratch at Computer
Clubhouses served as a model for other after-school centers demonstrating how informal
learning settings can support the development of technological fluency, enabling young people to
design and program projects that are meaningful to themselves and their communities. [8]
The MIT Media Lab's Lifelong Kindergarten group, led by Mitchel Resnick, and its Montreal-
based consulting company Playful Invention Company, co-funded by the latter with Brian
Silverman and Paula Bonta, together developed the first desktop-only version of Scratch in 2003.
Its purpose was to aid young people, mainly for ages 8 and up, to learn programming. [9]

The new Scratch homepage skin

Scratch 2 was released on May 9, 2013.[1] With its introduction, custom blocks can be defined
within projects.[10]

Educational use[edit]
Scratch was made popular in the UK through Code Clubs. Scratch is used as the introductory
language because creation of interesting programs is relatively easy, and skills learnt can be
applied to other basic programming languages such as Python and Java.
Scratch is not exclusively for creating games. With the provided visuals, programmers can create
animated stories, informational texts, and more. There are already many programs which
students can use to learn topics in math, history, and even photography. Scratch flexibility allows
teachers to create conceptual and visual lessons and science lab assignments, as Scratch is a
useful tool to create animations that help visualize difficult concepts such as plant cell mitosis,
the water cycle, Galileo Thermometer or Hooke's Law Experiment. Within the social sciences,
instructors can create quizzes, games, and tutorials that stimulate the mind and interact with the
student.[11] Using Scratch allows young people to understand the logic of programming and how
to creatively build and collaborate.[12]Scratch lets students create "meaningful personal as well as
educational projects" which gives students a "practical tool" to express themselves after learning
to use the language.[6]
Harvard University lecturer Dr. David J. Malan prefers using Scratch over commonly used
introductory programming languages, such as Java or C, in his introductory computer science
course. However, there is a limited benefit in a college level education. Malan switches his
course's language to C after the first week.[13][14]

User interface[edit]

Scratch 2.0 development environment and its different areas at startup

From left to right, in the upper left area of the screen, there is a stage area, featuring the results
(i.e., animations, turtle graphics, etc., everything either in small or normal size, full-screen also
available) and all sprites thumbnails listed in the bottom area. The stage uses x and
y coordinates, with 0,0 being the stage center.[1]
There are many ways to create personal sprites and backgrounds. First, users can draw their
own sprite manually with "Paint Editor" provided by Scratch. [1] Second, users can choose a Sprite
from the Scratch library that contains default sprite, user's past creations, a picture using a
camera, or clip art.[15]
With a sprite selected in the bottom-left area of the screen, blocks of commands can be applied
to it by dragging them from the Blocks Palette onto the right area of the screen, containing all the
scripts associated with the selected sprite. Under the Scripts tab, all available blocks are listed
and categorized as the Motion, Looks, Sound, Pen, Data, Events, Control, Sensing, Operators,
and More blocks as shown in the table below. Each can also be individually tested under different
conditions and parameters via double-click.

Categor
Notes Category Notes
y

Motion Moves sprites and changes Events Contains event handlers


angles and change X and Y placed on the top of each
values group of blocks

Looks Controls the visuals of the sprite; Control Conditional if-else statement,
attach speech or thought bubble, "forever", "repeat", and "stop"
change of background, enlarge
or shrink, transparency, shade

Sound Plays audio files and Sensing Sprites can interact with the
programmable sequences surroundings the user has
created and can import from
PicoBoard or Lego WeDo

Pen Draw on the portrait by Operators Mathematical operators,


controlling pen width, color, and random number generator,
shade. Allows for turtle graphics. and-or statement that
compares sprite positions

Data Variable and List usage and More Custom procedures (blocks)
assignment Blocks and external devices control

Hello, World! in Scratch

Besides the Scripts tab, there are two additional tabs, the Costumes tab and the Sounds tab. An
expandable bar at the right is Help area.
Next to the Scripts tab, there is the Costumes tab, where users can change the look of the sprite
in order to create various effects, including animation.[1] And the last tab is the Sounds tab, where
users insert sounds and music to a sprite.[15]
In comparison to the previous versions of Scratch, the areas have been rearranged in version
2.0, as previously the blocks palette was in the left area, the selected sprite area and scripts area
associated with a selected sprite were in the middle of the screen, and the stage area with
sprites thumbnails listed below it were in the right area of the screen. [16]

Community of users[edit]

The Scratch website after the release of public project sharing in late 2007

Scratch is used in many different settings: schools, [17] museums,[18] libraries,[6] community centers,
and homes. Its users are mostly kids aged 916.[19] Scratch is also used in some
introductory computer science classes (including Harvard's introductory computer class).[20][21]
There is an annual "Scratch Day" declared in May each year. Community members are
encouraged to host an event on or around this day, large or small, that celebrates Scratch. These
events are held worldwide, and a listing can be found on the Scratch Day website. [22]
Via localization files downloaded with Scratch its interface language can be changed to a
language of choice since Scratch is used in different parts of the world.
The Johns Hopkins University Center for Talented Youth offers an online course on Scratch
programming for students in grade 6 and up through the CTYOnline program.[23]
Empirical studies were made of various features[citation needed]those that interfered with intuitive
learning were discarded, while those that encouraged beginners and made it easy for them to
explore and learn were kept. Some of the results are surprising, making Scratch quite different
from other teaching languages (such as BASIC, Logo, or Alice).

Online community[edit]
The Scratch online community's slogan "Imagine, Program, Share" indicates that sharing and the
social aspects of creativity are important parts of the philosophy behind Scratch. [24] A few
influential members of the Scratch online community made great personal strides in innovative
methods with scratch programming.
Scratch projects are not seen as "black boxes", but as objects for remixing to make new projects.
Projects can be uploaded directly from the development environment to the Scratch website and
any member of the community can download their full source code to study or to remix into new
projects.[25][26] Members can also create project studios, comment, tag, favorite and "love" others'
projects, follow other members to see their projects and activity, and share ideas. Projects range
from games to animations to practical tools. Chat rooms are not allowed. All projects on the
website are shared under a Creative Commons attribution and share-alike license and can be
played in a web browser using the Flash Player.
The website receives over 125 million page views per month [27] and as of July 12, 2016, it had
12,561,189 registered members (however, only 180,000 users created a project within the last
month), and over 15,700,000 projects and growing rapidly.[27] A longitudinal dataset of the five
years of public activity in the community were made available in 2017 [28]
The website frequently establishes "Scratch Design Studio" challenges to encourage creation
and sharing by providing users with a basic design concept. There are custom home pages
for Mexico and Israel that display local content in some sections of the home page. Scratch has
participated in Hour of Code several times. There are also local independent Scratch websites in
countries such as Portugal[29] and the United Arab Emirates.[30] In 2008, the Scratch online
community platform (named "ScratchR") received an honorary mention in the Ars Electronica
Prix.[31] There is also an online community for educators, called ScratchEd.[32] This community
exchanges resources, coordinates group meetups, and allows educators to connect with each
other.[33]
Scratch features many different ways of getting your project noticed by the community, such as
featured projects (selected by the Scratch Team), studios, a forum, tags, etc. Recently, the
website reached 10 million users- and with it came a new comment-able emoji - _10mil_, or a
cone that shoots confetti when you hover over it. Here is an example of a
user: https://scratch.mit.edu/users/nilbert/

Features and derivatives[edit]


The current version of Scratch does not treat procedures as first class structures and has
limited file I/O options with Scratch 2.0 Extension Protocol; an experimental extension feature
that allows interaction between Scratch 2.0 and other programs.[34] The Extension protocol allows
interfacing with hardware boards such as Lego Mindstorms[35] or Arduino.[36] In addition Scratch 2
only supports one-dimensional arrays, known as "lists". Floating point scalars and strings are
supported as of version 1.4, but with limited string manipulation ability. There is a strong contrast
between the powerful multimedia functions and multi-threaded programming style and the rather
limited scope of the Scratch programming language. On May 6, 2013, Scratch closed for 3 days
to update to Scratch 2.0. The update changed the look of the site and included an online project
editor. A new beta version of the Scratch 2 Offline Editor is currently available. This version
replaces the old Scratch 2.0.[37]
A number of Scratch derivatives[38] called Scratch Modifications have been created using the
source code of Scratch version 1.4. These programs are a variant of Scratch that normally
include a few extra blocks[39] or changes to the GUI.
In July 2014, a program called ScratchJr was released for iPad. Although it was heavily inspired
by Scratch and co-led by Mitch Resnik, the original creator of Scratch, it is nonetheless a
complete rewrite designed for younger children.[40]
Some of them additionally introduce shifts in underlying approach to computing, such as the
language Snap!, featuring first class procedures (their mathematical foundations are called
also lambda calculus), first class lists (including lists of lists), and first class truly object oriented
sprites with prototyping inheritance, and nestable sprites, which are not part of Scratch. [41] Snap!
(its previous version was called BYOB) was developed by Jens Mnig [42][43] with documentation
provided by Brian Harvey[44][45] from University of California, Berkeley and has been used to teach
"The Beauty and Joy of Computing" introductory course in CS for non-CS-major students. [46]
The source-code of Scratch and its derivatives are based on Squeak, which is based
on Smalltalk-80. Version 2 of Scratch is implemented in ActionScript, with an
experimental JavaScript-based interpreter being developed in parallel.[47]
Catrobat is a visual programming language for smartphones and tablets inspired by Scratch.
Pocket Code is an app which you can create, download and upload programs created in
Catrobat. Catrobat and Pocket Code are released under open source licenses. [48][49]

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