REVIEWER

SCIENCE VI

ASTRONOMY- the study of stars and other bodies in space.

ASTRONOMERS- scientists who study astronomy.
TELESCOPE- a tool that magnifies distant objects.
GALILEO GALILEI- the first man, an Italian astronomer who to use a telescope to study the stars.
REFRACTING TELESCOPE- kind of telescope which uses glass lenses, used by Galileo in
discovering craters of earths moon and four of Jupiters moon.
SIR ISAAC NEWTON- an English Scientist who invented telescope which used mirrors instead of
lenses.
REFLECTING TELESCOPE- a telescope which uses a mirror.
SPECTROSCOPE- a tool that separates light into its different wavelengths arranged from longest to
shortest.
SUPERGIANTS- largest known stars.
ANTARES- red supergiant, the brightest star in the Scorpio constellation, has a diameter 330 times
that of the sun.
SUN-nearest star to earth, has a diameter of 1, 392, 000 km, it gives a yellow light, about 93,000,000
miles away from the earth, its light will take about 8 minutes to reach the earth.
PROXIMA CENTAURI- second star nearest to earth.
GIANTS- stars with diameters from 10-100 times that of the sun.
ALDEBARAN- a giant star with a diameter about 45 times that of the sun.
MEDIUM- SIZED STARS- about the size of the sun.
SIRIUS- a medium-sized star.
WHITE DWARFS-small stars with diameters of less than 10,000 km.
VAN MAANEN- smallest white dwarf star with a diameter of 8,370 km.
NEUTRON STARS- also called as PULSARS, are the smallest stars, with diameters of 20km only.
LIGHT-YEAR- the distance travelled by light in one year.
RIGEL- bluish-white star, the hottest star.
ANTARES, BETELGEUSE- red stars, the coolest stars, supergiant stars.
YELLOW STAR- moderately hot star ( sun, capella), medium-sized stars.
DWARFS- smallest stars, SIRIUS(white) and RIGEL(bluish-white)
ARCTURUS- an orange star, second largest/ giant-size star.
ONE LIGHT YEAR is equal to 9.5 trillion km.
CONSTELLATIONS- group of stars forming some patterns. There are 88 known constellations.
ZODIAC- a band of 12 constellations which circles the sky.
BIG DIPPER- is within the Big Bear.It has 7 bright stars. 4 makes the bowl and 3 makes thehandle.
POINTERS- the 2 bright stars at the end of the bowl of the Big Dipper. They point toward the bright
star called the NORTH STAR or POLARIS found in the LITTLE DIPPER.
LITTLE DIPPER- part of the constellation Ursa Minor.
BIG DIPPER- part of the constellation Ursa Major.
POLARIS- the last star in the handle of the Little Dipper. Also called as the NORTH STAR. It is very
important to navigators in determining directions.
CASSIOPEIA- a queen who had a beautiful daughter named Andromeda.
- It forms a letter W. It is always near the North Star.
ORION- a great hunter. At its right is the BETELGEUSE, a red star, a supergiant star.
TRES MARIAS- 3 bright stars at the belt of Orion arranged in a row.
RIGEL- a bright star at the left knee of Orion.
12 CONSTELLATIONS IN THE ZODIAC- Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio,
Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius, Pisces.
ASTROLOGY- the telling if fortunes by the stars.
GALAXY- a group of billions of stars, dust and gas that are close to one another.
- Considered as the building block of the universe.
KINDS OF GALAXIES IN THE UNIVERSE- Milky Way, Andromda, Large Magellanic Cloud, Small
Magellanic Cloud, and Whirlpool Galaxies.
1. MILKY WAY GALAXY- a band of 100 bilion stars that appears as a wide, bright arc across the
night sky.
- Form a flattened disk with abulge at the center.
- The earth,sun and other planets are part of it.
- Rotates counter clockwise.
- A spiral galaxy.
- Our home in the universe.
Why is it called Milky Way?
- Because the light of the stars that are mixed with patches of nebulae appears like drops of
milk splashed across the sky.
2. GREAT NEBULA/ ANDROMEDA GALAXY- the nearest galaxy to the Milky Way.
- Lati word which means CLOUD.
- It was called Nebula because it appears like a band of white clouds but actually made up of
million of stars.
- It lies in the constellation Andromeda.
- Located between Cassiopeia and Pegasus.
- Bigger than the Milky Way bus has the same shape.
3. MAGELLANIC CLOUD- 2 GALAXIES IN THE Southern Hemisphere- Large Magellanic and
Small Magellanic Cloud.
- The closest galaxies to the Milky Way.
- Irregular galaxies or no definite shape.
4. WHIRLPOOL GALAXY- 10 million light-years away from us.

QUASARS- bright objects in space which give off strong radio signals.
BLACK HOLE- a region in space with very strong gravity that even light cannot escape it.
UNIVERSE- an immense space, an endless space that contains everything.
 THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSE
1. Big Bang Theory- states that the universe began as huge explosion from which all matter
in the universe was created.
2. Steady State Theory- states that the universe is constant in size and uniform throughout.
3. Pulsating Theory- states that the universe expanded from a ball of matter and still
expanding but time would come when it would stop expanding.
EDWIN HUBBLE- American Astronomer, who, with his powerful telescope, confirmed that the
galaxies were indeed moving very fast.
SPACE PROBE- a vehicle which goes to space to collect scientific information and sends data back
to earth.
- A robot space craft sent to other planets beyond the solar system.
SPUTNIK 1- first artificial man-made satellite to orbit earth, the Soviets launched it on October 4,
1957.
NEIL ARMSTRONG- first astronomer to land on the moon aboard Apollo 11 on July 16, 1969.
YURI GAGARIN- a Russian Cosmonaut who became the first man on space ( April 12, 1961) using a
Soviet space vehicle named Vostok 1.
COMMANDER ALAN B. SHEPARD, JR.- Americas first astronaut was blasted into space on May 5,
1961 using a Mercury capsule.
VIRGIL GRISSOM- Americas second astronaut on a higher altitude flight but nearly lost his life when
he landed.
JOHN GLENN- first American to orbit the earth using the Friendship 7 on Feb. 20, 1962. He made 3
revolutions and a total flight time of 4 hours and 55mins.
VALENTINA TERESHKOVA- the first woman in space aboard Vostok 6 on June 1963.
SKYLAB 1- the first American space station launched in space on May 14, 1973.
AGILA II- first Philippine orbiting satellite.
METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITES (METSAT)- a weather satellite that can spot typhoons and other
natural disturbances.

PROBLEMS MET IN SPACE EXPLORATION- weightlessness, food, lack of oxygen, temperature

and pressure, harmful radiation and waste disposal.