BIOLOGY Form 5 Chapter 2 PDF

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Chapter 2: Locomotion and support 2014
2.1 Support and locomotion in human and animals

No Marking scheme Marks
(a) What is the difference between locomotion and movement?
Locomotion: Locomotion refers to the ability of a whole organism to move from one place to
another 1
Movement: Movement refers to a change in the position of any part of an organisms body but
it does not necessarily involve locomotion 1 2
(b) Diagram shows three organism P,Q,and R
Describe the type of skeleton in P and Q 4

Organism P
F1-Hydrostatic skeleton 1
E1-The support is derived from body fluid contained within the body cavity 1
Organism Q
F2-endoskeleton 1
E2-the support is derived from hard skeleton of bones inside the body 1 4
Explain one similarity and two differences between the skeleton Q and R
Similarity:
P1-the skeleton support important body organ 1
P2-It protect the organ form damage 1
Differences:
Exoskeleton Endoskeleton
D1-Found in the bodies of invertebrate such D2-Found in the bodies of all vertebrate 2
as arthropods including fish amphibian ,bird, reptiles and
mammals
D3-Are non living D4Are living structure 2
D5-Made up of chitin, whereas in crap it D6-Made up of calcium and phosphate
contains lime 2 6
Module biology Trial Paper Collection

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Support and locomotion with an endoskeleton

Label all the structures:
Strenum
ribs
ilium
sacrum
obturator
coccyx
iscium
Pubic symphysis
Suture
Canial bone
Facial bone
Femur
Synovial Humerus Patela

fluid
Synovial Tibia
membrane
fibula
Metatarsals
Tendon Tarsals
phalanges

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The Vertebral Column

Aspect Marking scheme
Knowledge
Diagram shows two vertebrae. Structure S is located between the vertebrae

Name structure S and state the importance of structure S?2
Name: Cartilagenous disc
Importance: Absorb shock/reduce friction
Labelling Label the part of the vertebra as shows P: Spinous processes
S: Transverse process
R: vertebral foramen
T:Vertebral process
U: Centrum
Function State the function of P and Q.

P : muscle attachment
Q : the placing of spinal cord
Vertebrae Name vertebra, State their special structural characteristic
Type of vertebrae Name & Characteristic

Name:
Cervical (vertebra)
Characteristic:
Have (a pair of )transverse forearm
Name:
Lumbar (vertebra)
Characteristic:
Processes short/thick//large centrum

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Name vertebra, State their special structural characteristic
Type of vertebrae Name & Characteristic

Name: Thoracic Vertebrae
Charactersitic:
Have spinous processes that are long and
serve as points of attachment for muscles and
ligaments
State two main characteristic of P

F1-Have long process
F2-Have two facet/zygophophysis
Name: Sacrum
Characteristic:
- Formed through fusion of 5 bones
coccyx - Coccyx triangular in shape and formed
through the fusion of 4 bones
Name the bones

Q:Rib
State one function of Q in respiration 1
Protect the lungs in the thoracic cavity//move upward and downward /to change the volume
/pressure of thoracic cavity
Differences Diagram shows two types of vertebrae inhuman backbone
State two differences in structure between the vertebra P and vertebra Q

P Q
Smaller Centrum Larger Centrum
Has vertebratrial canal Has no vertebratrial canal
Has no zygapophysis at the transerverse Has zygapophysis at the transverse
process and side of centrum process and side of centrum
Has short transverse process and Has long transverse process
Has large neutral canal Has small neutral canal

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Differences Diagram11.2.3 shows two vertebrae.
Compare and contrast between the two vertebrae.

Similarities:
Similarity Explanation
S1 Both have centrum E1 Gives support and able to withstand
compression force
S2 Both have neural canal E2 to contain spinal nerve
S3 Both have neural spine E3 For muscle attachment
S4 Both have transverse process E4 For muscle attachment
S5 Both have neural arch E5 Form neural canal which protect the spinal cord
E6 Both have zygapofisis
E7 To articulate with another vertebra
Differences:
Vertebra cervical Vertebra lumbar
D1: Flat (small) centrum Large and thick centrum
E1: Give more support
D2: Short neural spine Long neural spine
E2: Attachment more muscles
D3: Broad transverse Well develop transverse process
prosess
E3: For attachment more muscles
E4: Enable blood supply to head

D5: Bigger neural canal Small neural canal
E5: Contain bigger spinal cord/ brain trunk
D4: Has to vertebrarterial No vertebrarterial canal
canals

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Appendicular Skeleton
Label all of the appendicular parts.
Head of
humerus
Pelvic girdle
Head of
femur
Humerus
Femur
Patella
Ulna
Tibia Radius
Fibula Carpals
Tarsals Metacarpa
ls
metatarsals
phalanges
Phalanges
The Upper Limb

The Lower Limb

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The structure of a joint

Aspect Marking scheme Marks
Ligament
Name the tissue that holds bones P and Q

Ligament 1 1
State the characteristic of the tissue names in (b)
Tough fibrous connective tissue //elastic 1 1
Diagram shows a joint in human pelvic girdle
Describe briefly the importance of L for movement

P1-L/Ligament is elastic /tough 1
P2-Connect between pelvic girdle and femur 1
P3-Prevent dislocation (of joint during movement)\ 1 3
A synovial
joint
Name the structure that produces liquid W

Synovial membrane 1 1
Name and state the function Liquid W

Liquid S: synovial fluid 1
Function :Acts as a lubricant ( which reduces friction between the ends of bones ) 1 2
The ends of the two bones are covered by X. What is the main function of X?
F1-X is the cartilage which 1
F2- cushions the joints// absorbs shock// reduces the friction between the end of 1 2

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A synovial What is the function of the structure labelled V?
joint To hold the two bones together and facilitate movements 1 1
Give one example of a pair of bones that has this type of joint.
The hip joint between the femur and the pelvic girdle (or the shoulder joint between the
humerus and the pectoral girdle) 1 1
Knee joint
Name the type of joint at X

Hinge joint 1 1
State the characteristic of the type of joint named in (c)
Allow movement in one direction /axis/at 180 o 1 1
Ball-and-
socket-
joints
Name the type of joint

F-Shoulder joint 1 1
State the characteristic of the type of joint named
F-allow rotational movement in all direction 1 1
Differences What is the different between the knee joint and the joints on the shoulder/
P1-Joints in allow movement t in one plane 1
P2-Joints on the shoulder allow rotational movement in all direction 1 2
Diagram shows a forearm of humans
Explain the similarity and difference between joint S and T

Similarities:
F1-Both Joint s and Joint T has a cavity filled with synovial fluid acts as lubricants to
reduce friction between bones absorbs shock of the movement 1

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E1--the end surface of humerus bone of Joints S and Joint T are covered with cartilage 1
F2-the end surface of the humerus bone of Joint S and Joint T are covered with cartilage 1
E2-To protect the bone /reduce friction between the bones 1
1
F3-Both Joints and T are connected with ligaments
1
E3-to absorb shock //strengthen the articulation of bines /joints
Differences:
1
D1-joint s is hinge joint 1
E4-Joint s allow the movement of bones in one plane direction
D2-Joints T is ball-and socket joint 1
E5-Joint T allows rotation movement of bones in all direction 1 8
Differences Diagram 7 shows a forearm of humans
Compare joint S and joint T in diagram5

Criteria
C1-Name of joint
C2-Characteristic of the joints
Similarities:
F1-Both joints and joints T has a cavity filled with synovial fluid //lined with synovial
membrane
E1-Which acts lubricant to reduce friction between bones//which secretes synovial fluid
into the synovial cavity
F2-the end surface of humerus bone of Joint S and Joint T atr covered with cartilage
//strengthened with ligaments
E2-To absorbs shock//reinforce the articulation of bones
Differences:
F3-Joint S is hinge joint while Joint T is ball-and socket joint
E3-Joints S allows the movement of bones in one plane while Joint T allow rotational
movement of bones in all directions
E4-Joints S is the point where the distal end of humerous articulates with the ulna and
the ulna radius while Joint T is the point where proximal end of humerous articulates
with the scapula

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The action of antagonistic muscles

Fill in the blanks with correct answers.
B) Biceps muscle, B: B- contracts,

A: radius while
Triceps muscle, C- relaxes
C: ulna B D: scapula
E: Humerus
G)Biceps muscle, B relaxes
while
Triceps muscle, C - contracts
F: Ulna
B
C
H: radius

Name the muscle involved in the movement in the
F1-Biceps muscle
F2-triceps muscle
Describe the muscle actions that allow movement in the
P1-The biceps muscle and triceps muscle act antagonistically
P2-to pull the radius bone or ulna bone, and enable the arm to be bent or straightened

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(a) Figure shows a human forearm which consist of muscle .bones .tendons and joints
Based on diagram, explain the meaning of antagonistic muscle2

F1-A pair of muscle that work together in opposite direction to allow movement 1
E1-when triceps muscle contract, biceps muscle relaxes at same time, and the arm is straighten 1 2
(b) Describe the action of muscle, bones tendon and joint which enable the movement of the
forearm to bend and to straighten efficiently
P1-When triceps muscle contract, biceps muscle relaxes 1
P2-Ulna is pull down, the arm is straightened 1
P3-When biceps muscle contract, triceps muscle relaxes 1
1
P4-Ulna is pull up ,the arm is bent at the elbow joint
1
P5-Tendons which are strong and inelastic fibers attached muscle to the bones
P6-Synovial fluid which fills the space in the joint lubricates the joint to prevent friction when 1
bones move
P7-The cartilage at the articulating surfaces of the serves as a shock absorber to prevent the 1 6
bones form damage
(c) Diagram 7 shows a forearm of humans
Describe the straightening and bending of the forearm brought about by the antagonistic action
of the muscle labelled as M and N
C1-state the Name of muscle M and N correctly
C2-the action of muscle and the resulting movement sample
F1-M is the biseps and n is the triseps 1
E1-When the M/biseps contracts,the tendons transmit the pulling force produce by contraction
to the radius 1

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E2-at the same time the N .triceps relaxes resulting in the bending of elbow joint//the forearm 1
moves upwards 1
E3-When the triceps contracts the tendons transmit the pulling force to ulna
E4-At the same time the biceps relaxes, the forearm is straightened /extended 1 4
(d) Diagram 11.1.3 shows the movement of a human forearm.
Diagram 11.1.3(i) Diagram 11.1.3(ii)

Based on Diagram 11.1.3(i) and Diagram 11.1.3(ii), explain the roles of the muscle, tendons,
bones and ligaments in the movement of the forearm.10 1
P1 Forearm has two sets of muscles; biceps and triceps 1
P2 acts antagonistically 1
P3 muscles connected to bone by tendons. 1
1
P4 Bones are held together by ligaments.
1
P5 When the biceps contracts, the triceps relaxes.
P6 Biceps becomes shorter (and thicker), triceps becomes longer (and thinner). 1
P7 This exerts a pulling force which transmitted to the radius through the tendons. 1
P8 The radius is pulled upward and the fore arm is bent. 1
P9 When the triceps contracts, the biceps relaxes. 1
P10 The triceps becomes shorter and thicker while the biceps becomes longer and thinner. 1
P11 This exerts a pulling force on ulna through tendons. 1 10
P12 The ulna and radius pulled downward, causing the forearm to straighten.

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Muscles Involved in Walking

(a) Figure shows movement activities in a human
Based on figure (i) and (ii) explain how the above movement takes place which involves
muscle tendons, bones, ligament, and joint
P1-Tendons ,ligament ,bones muscle and joints are important feature in a movement
P2-Tendons connect muscle to bones 1
P3-Tendons are strong and non elastic 1
P4-Force is transfers to bones through tendons 1
P5-Ligament connect two bones together 1
P7-to give support and strength to the joint 1
P8-Ligament is string and elastic 1
1
P9-The quadriceps/extensor muscle contract while the biceps femoris muscle relax and the leg
is bent
1
P11-Calf muscle contract to lift up the heels
1
P12-feet push downward and backward
1
P13-Repeated contraction and relaxation muscle results in the running movement 10
Max 10

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Consequence of impaired musculoskeletal system on support and locomotion

Type of impairment Marking Scheme
Osteoporosis A boy has broken his femur during a sport practice .the doctor suggest to take
plenty of dairy product and vitamin .Explain why2
F1-Contains more calcium
E1-for bone formation
F2-Viatmin D
E2-For the absorption of calcium and phosphorus
State one type of mineral that is essential for the strength of this vertebra
calcium/ phosphorus
Explain how the lack of mineral stated in (c)(i) leads to osteoporosis.
osteoporosis // Porous / brittle bone
Suggest one way on how to reduce the risk of this disease.
taking a diet rich in calcium/phosphorus and vitamin D // drink milk, regular
exercise (any one)
Arthritis When structure T (cartilage) wear and tear at certain joints. it may cause a person
suffer form a painful and stiff knee which restrict daily activities like walking
Name the disease describe in above statement1
Arthritis//osteoarthritis
Name the disease related to the condition in diagram 4.1

Osteoarthritis
Explain the disease you named in (e) (i) 2
F-Caritilage wears off and tears off
E1-Friciton takes place
E2-Individual feels pain during movement
State one factor that increase the chances an individual to get this disease
Age/dief
Suggest one method that can be used to treat the disease in (e)
Medication /surgery to replace the damage joints with the artificial ones made of
plastic or metal

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(a) Diagram, 4.1 and 4.2 shows two conditions that may occur at joint
Differentiate the condition in Diagram 4.1 and 4.2

the cartilage in diagram 4.1 wear off whereas cartilage in diagram 4.2 is not wear off /synovial 1
membrane in diagram4.2wear off//synovial membrane in diagram 4.2 swollen whereas synovial 1
membrane in diagram 4.1 not swollen
(b) Joints and the contraction of muscle are very important to allow the movement of organism
occurs. Explain why the contraction of muscle needs sufficient blood2
P1-Contraction of muscle need more energy form cell respiration 1
P2-Need more oxygen and more glucose that transported through blood 1 2
Muscle cramp, muscular dystrophy, osteoporosis and arthritis are four health problems
related to the musculoskeletal system
Muscle F1-caused by involuntary and painful contraction which develop when there is lack of 1
cramp stretching during an exercise
E1-Heat,massage ,rubbing and rest can reduce cramps 1
Muscular F2-Caused by mutation in a gene on the X chromosome 1
dystrophy E2.1-the mutated gene makes the body unable to produce he protein needed to build 1
and maintain healthy muscle
E2.2Medicine and therapy are provided to show the course of the disease 1
Osteoporosis F3-Caused by the reabsorption of calcium and phosphorus into the blood stream si 1
more than the withdrawing of calcium during the formation of bones
E3.1-Prevention beginning form childhood ,with good nutrition and exercise 1
E3.2-A balance diet including and adequate calcium intake 1
E3.3-Fall prevention in elderly people 1
Arthritis F4-Cause by the exhaustion if cartilage /depletion of synovial fluid and degeneration of 1
synovial membrane at the joint
E4-Certain drug such as colchicines and non steroidal anti flammatory drugs are used 1 10
to reduce the pain.

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(a) Diagram 6.3 9a) and 6.3 (b) show two disease that are related to musculoskeletal system
Describe both disease 4 in diagram 6.3 (a)

diagram 6.3 (a)
F1-Type of disease is osteoroposis 1
E2-Caused by gradual loss of bone density/bone m,ass is reduced
E2-Bone become porous and lighter/easily break /brittle 1
E3-Occur most often in old people /particulary women who have gone meno pause 1
E4-This disease can prevented by taking a diet rich in calcium ,phoporous and vitamin D /doing 1
weight bearing exercise
Diagram 6.3 (b)
F1-The disease is arthritis /rheumatoid arthritis
1
E1-It caused by an inflammation or degeneration of the synovial membrane, bones and
1
cartilage at the joints
E2-cause joint pain /stuffiness and swelling of joints/loss of joint function 1 6
(b) Osteoporosis is a bone disorder. Arthritis cause painful joint
Explain the condition of osteoporosis and arthritis respectively
Osteoporosis
1
P1-the bone become thinner /more brittle /porous /fragile
1
P2-Loss of bone mass
P3-Lack of calcium /phosphorous/vitamin D
1
Arthritis
P4-Cartilage between bones becomes thinner 1
P5-Ligaments become shorter/loss elasticity 1
P6-Less production of synovial fluid 1
P7-The joints become swollen stiff/painful any 4 1 4

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The mechanism of locomotion in an earthworm

Knowledge Diagram 2.1 shows the movement of an earthworm
Name two types of muscle that are involved in the movement of an earthworm
P1-Cicular muscle 1
P2-Longtitudinal muscle 1 2
Explain the function of the liquid found in the worms body that allow it to move
forward
P1-The fluid in the body acts as a hydrostatic skeleton 1
P2-to propel its body forward 1 2
Adaptation How these organisms support it? Explain. 4
P1 Has hydrostatic skeleton 1
P2 Body wall consist of outer circular muscle 1
1
P3 (and) inner longitudinal muscle.
1
P4 Body cavity is filled with a fluid which is held in compartments.
1 4
P5 The muscles act antagonistically
Describe the muscle actions that allow movement in the Worm
P1-Longitudinal muscles and circular muscles act antagonistically 1
P2-to enable its body to shorten and lenghten (alternately) 1 2
Mechanism Explain the muscle action for the forward movement of an earthworm 3
P1-Cicular muscles and longtidinal muscle /both muscle act antagonistically// apair of 1
antagonistic muscle
P2-The contraction of contraction of circular muscles//relaxation of longitudinal 1
muscle
P3-Cause the segment (of the earthworm ) to extend /be longer relaxation of circular 1
muscles
P4-the contraction of longitudinal muscle //the relaxation of circular muscles
1
P5-Cause the segment (of the earthworm )to shorten /shorter
1
Any 3
3

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Mechanism Diagram 11.1.2 shows the locomotion of earthworm in habitats.
(Essay)
Explain how locomotion in earthworm occurs. 6

P1 (When earthworm is crawling over a surface), the chaetae in posterior end 1
of the body pushed into the ground to anchor it.
P2 The muscle in the anterior end of the body contracts, while the longitudinal 1
muscle relaxes.
P3 (Hence) the anterior end of the body elongates 1
P4 The hydrostatic pressure builds up in the body 1
P5 The body fluid is pushed backward. 1
P6 The chaetae in the posterior end of the body are withdrawn while the chaetae in
the anterior end of the body are push into the ground. 1
P7 The longitudinal muscle in the anterior end of the body contract, while the
1
circular muscle relax.
P8 causes the anterior end of the body become short and thick.
1
P9 The body fluid flows into the anterior end of the body
1
P10 causing the posterior end of the body pulled forward. 1
P11 The earthworm moves on the ground by alternately lengthening 1
and shortening its body, assisted by chaetae. 10

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C. The mechanism of locomotion in a bird

(a) Diagram 7.2 shows one of the adaptive characteristic found in birds which help in their in
locomotion
Based on the diagram 7.2 and on your biological knowledge i how birds are adapted to fly
C1-Name the adaptive characteristic
C2-Explain its function
Adaptive characteristic Function

F1-Bird have hollow bones /small head E1-To achieve light weight
2
/no fat in the body
F2-The body is streamlined E2-To reduce air resistance/drag (while 2
flying in the air)
F3-Having feather in their tails and E3-To increase the surface area which 2
wings enables the bird to fly over a long period
of time
F4-Having aerofoil wings E4-Which generate the lift for flying 2
though air
F4-Having a pair of antagonistic muscle E5-Which enable the bird to flap their 2
//pectoralis major and pectoralis wings up and down
10

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The mechanism of locomotion in a fish

Adaptation diagram shows a fish
State two adaptation of the fish on how to reduce the resistance in water 2
P1-Fish have stream line shapes //the anterior of fish is smooth and rounded/the body is
1
long and tapers towards the end
P2-the body of fish is covered with scales that have a slimy coating
1 2
Diagram 7.1 shows the structure of fish. Diagram 7.1 is a cross section of fish showing
Myotomes
Based on both diagram ,Explain how these structures help the fish to move6
P1 Has flexible endoskeleton 1
P2 Has W shaped muscle block ie myotomes 1
P3 Contract and relax antagonistically // one side contracts, another side relaxes 1
P4 Make the tail/ caudal fin to move side by side alternatively 1
P5 To push the fish forward // control the fish direction
1
P6 Has sleek and streamlined body shape
1
P7 Overlapping scale facing backward
1
P8 To reduce water resistance 1
P9 Yawing is prevented by having dorsal and ventral fin 1
P10 Pitching is prevented by having pelvic and pectoral fin 1
P11 Rolling is prevented by having dorsal and ventral fin 1 10

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Adaptation Diagram shows the movement of a fish in water
Explain the adaptation of fish to enable them to move in water

Adaptation Explanation
F1-Fish have streamlined E1-This will help the fish to reduce water
2
shapes(where the anterior of fish is resistance
smooth and rounded .and . the body is
long and tapers towards the end)
F2-The skin is covered with scales that E2-This will help the fish to reduce
2
have a slimy coating friction
F3-Fish have fins E3-helps fish to stabilize and help to 2 6
move efficient in water
Mechanism Describe the mechanism of locomotion of fish
P1-The muscles of the fish called myotomes 1
P2-Myotomes are arranged p\on both sides of the body /anchored to both side of the 1
vertebral
P3-The muscle act antagonistically 1
1
P4-When one side of myotomes cantract,the other side of myotomes relax
1 4
P5-This causes the body to bend in the direction of the contraction
Explain the role of body muscle in the mechanism of locomotion 6
P1-Myotomes muscles are arranged on both side of the body 1
P2-The vertebral column of fish is flexible and can bent form side to sode 1
1
P3-Myotomes muscle act antagonistically in fish/carry out opposite action in a fish
1
P4-when the muscle on right side contract, the muscle on the left side relax
1
P5-the tail /body will be bent to the right
1
P6-when the muscle on the left side contract, the muscle on the right side relax 1
P7-the tail /body will be bent to the leaf 1
P8-alternate contraction of the right and left myotome back block enables its tails to 1
move left and right
P9-to produce a force that propel the fish forward 1 6

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Mechanism Diagram 11.4.1 shows a body structure of a fish.
Explain how coordination of a myotome and fins of a fish contributes to swimming

activities in the aquatic habitat.
P1: Myotomes are muscle block 1
P2: arranged in segments on both sides of the body / vertebral column. 1
P3: The muscles acts antagonistically / contraction of myotomes on 1
one side of vertebral column and relaxation of the myotomes on
the other side.
P4: the contraction of myotomes on the right side of the body will bend
1
the tail to the right // the contraction of myotomes on the left side of
the body will bend the tail to the left.
P5: Alternate contraction of the right and left myotome block causes 1
the body to bend side to side.
P6: This produces the forward thrust which propel the fish forward 1
P7: The paired fins and unpaired fin used to maintain the balanced of
body during swimming. 1
1
P8: The pectoral fins used to steering and brake.
P9: The pelvic fin are used to prevent diving and rolling movements
1
P10: Dorsal and ventral fins used to stay on course without yawing. 1
P11: Tail/caudal fin used to propel the fish. 1 10

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The mechanism of locomotion in a bird

Knowledge Diagram shows flight muscle of a bird
Name X and Y
Structure X Pectoralis major muscle 1
Structure Y Tendon 1 2
Name two other groups of animal that can fly.
Bats, Insects 1 1
Adaptation Explain why structure X has an abundance of mitochondria 2
F1-Mitochondria generate / produce energy / ATP // Structure X needs a lot of energy 1
E1-For contraction 1 2
State three body characteristics that enable a bird to fly in air.

P1- Insects have wings without bones while birds have wings with bones 1
P2- The muscles of insects are attached to the exoskeleton 1
P3- The muscle of birds are attached to the endoskeleton 1 3
How does the arrangement of feathers on a bird help it fly in the air?
The feathers are parallel and overlap one another to reduce wind resistance 1 1
Describe the characteristics of birds bones that allow the bird to gain elevation in
the air.
The bones are hollow; the body is small; the body is shaped like an aerofoil 1 1
State one more feature of the bird that helps it to fly in the air.
very light body 1 1
Function Explain the function of X in locomotion of bird2
P1-X contracts 1
P2- Create pulling force 1
1 2
P3-To pull the wing downward/down stroke
Predicting Explain the effect to the locomotion of bird if structure Y is torn 2
P1-(Pulling) force (that created by contraction of muscle) cannot be transferred to the 1
bone.
P2-Bone cannot be pulled downward 1 2

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Predicting Explain why the bones of a female bird that lays eggs are more brittle as its age
increase
F1-(birds) bones mass decrease 1
E1-As the bones are more porous /lighter 1
E2-(since it had) lay many eggs 1
1
E3-Much calcium /phosphorus /phosphate used in forming the shells of the eggs
1 3
E4-Leaving less /little calcium /phosphorus /phosphate used to form (strong )bones
//more bone minerals to be lost than deposited //re-absorption of calcium. phosphorus
/phosphate into blood stream is more than the withdrawing of calcium (during the
formation of bones
Mechanism Diagram 2.2 shows the arrangement of flight muscle in a bird
A bird can fly with its wings.
Describe the mechanism of locomotion of a bird flying in the air.

P1 Bird fly by flapping their wings / gliding
1
P2 The wings of bird is in the shape of aerofoil
1
During flying:
P3 (To fly) the pectoralis major contract 1
P4 The pectoralis minor relax 1
P5 The pectoralis muscles are antagonistic muscles 1
1
P6 The wings moving downward and backward
P7 The air resistance produced as a result of moving wing downward
1
P8 provide an upthrust on the wings 1
P9 The thrust is transmitted from wings to the coracoids until sternum 1
P10 (As result) the whole body is lifted up 1
P11 (then) the pectoralis minor contract 1
P12 The wings are pulled up 1
P13 The air resistance is very low 1
1
P14 The wings are ready to move downward.
During gliding:
P15 The wings spread (to act as aerofoil) 1
P16 The air move faster on the upper of the wings compared to the lower of the 1
wings
P17 The air pressure is lower in the upper surface than below the wings 1
P18 Upward thrust produced enable the birds to glide. 1 10

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Appreciating A Healthy Muscoskeletal System

(a) Impaired musculoskeletal system could cause diseases such as osteoporosis, muscular
dystrophy and arthritis.
Discuss how someone could have a healthy musculoskeletal system.
Facts Explanation 4
F1: Having a well- E1-contain sufficient calcium and phosphorus
balanced diet E2-Contain sufficient vitamin D
E3-To build strong bones / prevent osteoporosis
6
F2: Having a good E4-While standing, our body should be erect straight, so that the
posture weight of our body is supported by both our feet.
E5-While sitting, the thorax is vertical/the thigh is comfortable/
almost all muscle relaxed
E6-While walking, our body should be upright and straight
E7-While lying down, use a mattress that is firm so that the body is
evenly supported
E8-Bend both knees when lifting heavy object from the floor.
F3: Using proper E9-Wearing tight could restrict the movement
attire for daily E10: Wearing high-heeled shoes could injure the back bone. 3
activities
F4-Taking appropriate E15: Consistent and moderate exercise can increase the bone mass
precautions during and prevent osteoporosis
vigorous activities E16: Very vigorous activity could results in pain/strain/ 3
dislocation/ Fractures.
F5: practicing E17: Warming up before exercise can raise the temperature of our 2
correct and safe muscle to enabling them to make more efficient use of energy/
exercise techniques Preventing injuries
10

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(b) Table shows the lifestyle of two adults X and Y
Individual X Individual Y
Taking too much carbohydrate in his diet Taking a diet rich in
calcium ,phosphate,carbohydrate,protein and
vitamin D
While sitting backbone and hip are not Sit upright with the backbone against the back
supported by the back of the chair of the chair
Always wear high heels Always ware flat shoes
Wear tight clothes at all times Wear loose and comfortable clothing at all
times
Practising extreme sports for long period Always warm up before doing vigorous
of time activities
Based on table:
Which individual practice good life style which leads to a healthy musculoskeletal system
State the factors that affect the musculoskeletal system of the individual chosen and give your
reasons 10
Facts Explanation
F1-Having a balance diet is important E1-Because taking a diet rich in 2
in maintaining a healthy calcium ,phosphate and vitamin D can build
musculoskeletal system up strong bone
//can prevent osteoporosis
F2-Having a good posture when sitting E2-Having a good posture will enhance good
musculoskeletal system and blood circulatory
system 2
F3-Wearing proper shoes E3-Shoes that fits allow freedom of movement
of feet //wearing high heeled shoes may
inhibits proper walking posture as the
//body weight is exerted on the front part of 2
the feet
F4-Wearing proper clothes /attire E4-Clothes should not be too tight because
tight clothes will restrict our body movement 2
F5-Taking the appropriate precautions E5-shoulds take warm-up exercised and to

2
during vigorous activities prevent injuring our muscles
10

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(c) The musculoskeletal system is important to us to give us support and movement.
Give two ways to maintain a healthy musculoskeletal system2
P1-Have a balanced diet//taking a diet rich in calcium 1
1 2
P2-Have a good posture (when standing,sitting and walking)
(d)
Unbalanced diet, an unhealthy lifestyle and the process of ageing may cause diseases
such as osteoporosis and arthritis.
Justify the above statement and explain how such diseases can be avoided.
P1: (unbalanced diet) such as diet less in calcium / 1
P2: less in phosphorus could lead 1
P3: less in vitamin D 1
P4: unhealthy lifestyle such as consume liquor 1
P5: Process of ageing such as life after menopause 1
1
P6: (could) cause osteoporosis / bone becomes porous/ soft and brittle
P7: (could) cause arthritis / inflammation of the joints.
1
Way to overcome osteoporosis:

P8: Optimize calcium intake to increase the bone mass 1
P9: Optimize vitamin D intake to enhance calcium absorption 1
P10: Exercise regularly to help strengthened the muscle and bone 1
P11: undergo hormone replacement therapy during menopause to 1
prevent osteoporosis
Way to overcome gouts:

P12: Reduction of offal and protein in diet 1
P13: Taking medication to lessen the joint inflammation and to reduce 1
the level of uric acid in the body.
P14: Less/stop consumption of liquor. 1
P15: Massage on the surrounding muscles using heat therapy.
1
10

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(a) Figure 3 shows Ramu (A) and Johari (B) adopting two different postures. Examine
Figure 3 carefully and then answer the following questions
Define the term posture.

Posture is defined as a way a body is positioned 1 1
(b) What is meant by a correct posture?
P1- body shape is in a correction position 1
P2-the muscles are minimally strectched 1 2
(c) Which student is adopting the correct posture, student A or B

Student A 1 1
(d) How can you adopt the correct posture while standing?
P1-When standing, the head must be aligned with the backbone and backside 1
P2-the shoulder should be arched slightly to the back of the head 1
P3-the body and the sole of the feet should form a straight line 1 2
(e) What is the effect of a bad posture on the human body? Answer this question in terms of:
(i) Energy
causes a lot of energy to be wasted when the muscles are working
1 1
(ii) Breathing mechanism

P1-prevents proper movement of the chest area and 1
P2makes breathing difficult 1 2
(f) How can physical exercise help you to adopt the correct posture?
P1-helps to maintain muscle strength
1
P2-produces good movement and support
1 2

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Supports in Aquatic and Terrestrial Plants

Type of plant Marking scheme Marks
Floating Diagram shows a plants ,water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes ) on the surface of the
plant pond
Figure 4.2(a) shows the cross section of a water hyacinth stem and figure 4.2 (b)
shows the cross section of a woody plant.
What is structure P?
1 1
P: air sac
Explain how structure P helps the plant in support.
P: to reduce the density of aquatic plant // to keep aquatic plant light 1 1
Describe how woody plant is supported by structure Q in figure 4.2 (b).
P1-able to float 1
P2-get enough sun light 1
1 2
P3--carry out photosynthesis
Explain the adaptation of the plants which enables to float water surface // Explain
the adaptation of the plant which enable it to float on water surface.
Adaptation Explanation
F1-Large air sacs in the roots /leaves E1-Keep the plant floating on the water
surface buoyancy/plant is light /low density 2
2
F2-Aerenchyma tissue in the stem E2-Keep the plant is light /low intensity
/root/leaf
F3-Broad leaves which firm and E3-Resist tearing by wave action 2
flexible
F4-Few vascular tissue found in the E4-Enable the stem to bend without 2
middle of the stem breaking //xylem tissue are not lignified
F5-stem are large and swollen E5-Increase the air content to help plant to 2
float
F6-Small and fibrous root E6-To trap the air bubbles /gases (help 2 4
plant to float)
any 2F with 2E

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Woody
plants
Name one tissue that provided support to plant in diagram 4.2

Schlerenchyma tissue/xylem tissue 1 1
Like humans and animal, plants also need support. Give one necessity for support in
plant
P1-to be in an upright position so their leaves can absorb maximum sunlight 1
P2for photosynthesis//flower need to be lift for pollination 1 2
Terrestrial plants need support for one main purpose. State the main purpose.
To absorb maximum sun light energy for photosynthesis 1 1
Explain how turgidity provides support to in plant in diagram
P1-Turgor pressure of liquid content in the vacuole 1
P2-Pushes the cell membrane against the cell wall 1
1 2
P3-Creating support for the stem .leaves and roots Any 2P
Diagram 11.2.2 shows a cross-section of a woody plant stem.
Explain what modifications are found in the tissues of woody plants which giving
support to the plants.
Type of tissue Explanation
P1 Xylem tissues E2 Xylem vessels and tracheids are strengthened with
lignin 2
P2 Parenchyma tissues E3 Store starch and sugar and water. 2
E4 Turgid cells give support to the plant.
P2 Collenchyma tissues E5 Walls thickened with cellulose and pectin 2
P3Schlerenchyma E5 Wall thickened with lignin to provide support
tissues 2 6

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Woody
plants
How plant Q obtain support?

Q: it obtains support from the xylem vessels and tracheid (lignin) 1 1
Draw the cross section of area XY and label all parts that give support to Qs stem.
2 2
Compare
Explain the differences between P and Q and R referring to the stem condition.
P stem is soft because it has no lignin but the stems of Q and R is hard 1 1
By giving one example woody plant and non woody ,explain how the support system
in woody plant differ from that of non woody plant
Non-woody plants (herbaceous plants)
Example: Balsam plants
P1-(support in herbaceous plants is ) Provided by the turgidity of the parenchyma 1
/collenchymas cells
P2-(when there is enough warm in the ground),the cell take in water by osmosis and 1
become turgid
P3-the turgid pressure of the fluid in the vacuole pushes the cell contents/plasma 1
membrane against the cell wall
P4-Creating support for it stem /root /leaves 1
P5-the thin thickening die cell walls with cellulose/collenchymas cells gives support 1
to herbaceous plants

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Woody plants:
example :Rambutan tree/hibiscus/any suitable example 1
P6-woody plants have specialized tissues /scerenchyma tissues/xylem vessels
/tracheid.ti gove tehn support 1
P7-These tissue have cellulose walls which jave deposits of ligin for added strength
1
P8-Sclerenchyma cells have very thick walls 9which do not provide water to pass
through) 1
1
P9-(these cells are dead cells and )their function is provide support for the plant
1
P10-xylem vesels from he woody tissues of the stem
P12-This makes the plant stronger and also provides support for then plant 1
P13-Tracheid are also dead cells with thick walls and very small 1
P1-they are found with the xylem vessel and together they support the plants Max10
1 10
TIPS:
Word Classify the plant give answer in aquatic plant//Terrestrial plant

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SULIT 4551/2

Chapter 2: Locomotion and support 2014

2.1 Support and locomotion in human and animals

Describe the type of skeleton in P and Q 4

Module biology Trial Paper Collection

Support and locomotion with an endoskeleton

Synovial Humerus Patela

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The Vertebral Column

Diagram shows two vertebrae. Structure S is located between the vertebrae

Function State the function of P and Q.

Type of vertebrae Name & Characteristic

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Name vertebra, State their special structural characteristic

Type of vertebrae Name & Characteristic

State two main characteristic of P

Name the bones

State two differences in structure between the vertebra P and vertebra Q

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Differences Diagram11.2.3 shows two vertebrae.

Compare and contrast between the two vertebrae.

E4: Enable blood supply to head

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The Upper Limb

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The structure of a joint

Name the tissue that holds bones P and Q

Describe briefly the importance of L for movement

Name the structure that produces liquid W

Name and state the function Liquid W

Module biology Trial Paper Collection

Aspect Marking scheme Marks

Name the type of joint at X

Name the type of joint

Explain the similarity and difference between joint S and T

Module biology Trial Paper Collection

Compare joint S and joint T in diagram5

Module biology Trial Paper Collection

The action of antagonistic muscles

B) Biceps muscle, B: B- contracts,

Triceps muscle, C - contracts

No Marking scheme Marks

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No Marking scheme Marks

Based on diagram, explain the meaning of antagonistic muscle2

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Diagram 11.1.3(i) Diagram 11.1.3(ii)

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Muscles Involved in Walking

Module biology Trial Paper Collection

Consequence of impaired musculoskeletal system on support and locomotion

Name the disease related to the condition in diagram 4.1

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No Marking scheme Marks

Differentiate the condition in Diagram 4.1 and 4.2

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No Marking scheme Marks

Describe both disease 4 in diagram 6.3 (a)

Module biology Trial Paper Collection

The mechanism of locomotion in an earthworm

Module biology Trial Paper Collection

Aspect Marking scheme Marks

Explain how locomotion in earthworm occurs. 6