Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
BY KATHRYN CRAIL
FALL 2008
Psychology Notes:
*Edward Titchner
*William James
-Functionalism: how behavior and mental abilities help people
adept to their environments.
Behaviorism
Gestalt Psychology
Psychoanalysis
*Sigmund Freud
>ID
>Ego
>Super ego
Humanistic Psychology
Critical thinking
*6 Steps:
1. Observe
5. Publish results
6. Build theories
*Creating a Hypothesis
*The Control Group: those exposed to all the same conditions but NOT
the Independent variable.
Naturalistic Observation
-Limitations:
>Observer effect
>Observer bias
-If the amount is closer to zero, the association between the two
measures is weak or nonexistent.
Clinical Method
*Case Studies
-Limitations
Survey Method
-Limitations
Chapter 2
-Forebrain
>Hypothalamus: controls basic motives such as sex,
eating, drinking, sleep.
-Midbrain (connector)
-Hindbrain
Endocrine System
Chapter 3
Human Development
*Heredity (nature): What you inherit from your parents (eye color and
hair color)
*Environment (nurture): What you obtain from the world around you
-Congenital Problems (birth defects not disorders)
Babies (Neonates)
Baby Facts
*At 6 months, babies can recognize categories of objects that differ in
shape and color.
*By 9 months, babies can tell the difference between different animals
(bird vs. dog).
>Secure attachment
>Insecure attachment
*Parenting styles
affection)
Cognitive Development
*Preconventional Level
>Avoiding punishment
>Self-interest
*Conventional Level
>Avoiding disapproval
*Anger
-Why me?
*Bargaining
-Making a deal with God- Just let me live a little while longer.
*Depression
*Acceptance
Psychophysics
Sensation
Absolute Threshold
*The absolute threshold is the point where something becomes
noticeable to our senses.
Difference Threshold
*The visual system works on sensing and perceiving light waves. Light
waves vary in their length and amplitude.
-Wave length (also referred to as frequency, since the longer a
wave, the less often/quickly it occurs) affects color perception
(ex: red=approx 700, yellow=approx 600).
Cornea-Light
pass through
eye
Retina- receives
Pupil-controls the info about
amount of light light using rods
that enters the and cones
eye (Contains rods
Lens- focuses
Iris- gives your light onto the
eye color retina
Optic nerve-
transfer info to
brain
3 Visual Problems
*Astigmatism
*We can see many colors, but only have 3 types of cones that receive
information about color. We have cones that pick up light waves for
red, green, and blue.
-After images
Structure of the Ear-pg 164, 166
-Monocular Cues: those cues that can be seen using only one
eye. They include size, texture, overlapping, shading, height, and
clarity.
-Binocular Cues: those depth cues in which both eyes are needed
to perceive. There are two important binocular cues,
convergence and retinal disparity.
*Monocular cues:
-Objects that are closer to the bottom of our visual field are seen
as closer to us due to our perception of the horizon, where higher
(height) means farther away, therefore, cleaner or crisper
images tend to be perceived as closer (clarity).
*Binocular cues:
-Since our eyes see two images that are then sent to our brains
for interpretation, the distance between these two images, or
their retinal disparity, provides another cue regarding the
distance of the object.
Perceptual Learning
-Muller-Layer Illusion
-Walking consciousness
*NREM Stage 1:
*NREM Stage 2:
-Sleep deepens, body temperature drops.
*NREM Stage 3:
*NREM Stage 4:
*Dreaming
*Addiction:
*Unconditioned simply means that the stimulus and the response are
naturally connected. They just came that way, hard wired
-stimulus simply means the thing that starts it while
response means the thing that ends it. A stimulus elictts and a
response is elicited.
*Summary:
Operant conditioning-
Reinforcement/Punishment
*Anything that increases a behavior- makes it occur more frequently,
makes it stronger, or makes it more likely to occur- is termed a
reinforce.
BF SKINNER
Reinforcement Punishment
Positive Positive Positive punishment
Reinforcement
Negative Negative Negative Punishment
Reinforcement
Chapter 7:Memory
Memory Systems
-Iconic Memory: an exact copy of what you see (less than 1 sec)
-A working of sorts
-Declarative memory
Measuring Memory
-Implicit: Priming
Forgetting
Chapter 8: Intelligence
-Reasoning
-Problem-solving
-Knowledge
-Memory
G-actor
Intelligence Test
*Mean (Average)
Intelligence Test
*Weschler Scales
-Verbal IQ
-Performance IQ
-Full-scale IQ
-Verbal comprehension
-Perceptual organization
-Working memory
-Processing standard
Thinking
*Syntax- are the rules used when forming words into sentences
*Problem Solving
Creative Thinking
* Convergent thinking: thinking directed toward discovery of a single
established correct answer; conventional thinking
*Orientation
*Preparation
*Incubation
*Illumination
*Verification
Chapter 9: Motivation
*A model of motivation
*Primary Motives- Based on biological needs for food, water, air, etc.
to ensure survival of the individual.
-As the brain receives signals (via the hypothalamus) that the
body needs nourishment.
*Thirst- 2 types
-Extracellular. Thirst develops when there is a loss of fluid
volume between body cells. (Perspiration)
Stress
*Origins of actual stress may vary with the individual, but in general,
stress arises from frustration, life changes, conflict, lack of
control, and uncertainty.
-Can it be changed?
Suicide
*In the U.S. Native Americans have the highest suicide rate, followed
closely by Caucasians.
-More than half of all suicide victims are over 45 y/o (White males
65+ are particularly at risk)
*Causes: there isnt one major cause for suicide, but there are factors.
*An estimated 2/3 of all suicide attempts are made by people who do
not really want to die
*Psychoanalysis (Freud)
>Free association
>Dream analysis
>Analysis of transference
Insight Therapies
*Humanistic Therapies:
-Existential Therapy
>Focuses on the problem of existence
-Gestalt Therapy
Behavioral Therapy
Other Therapies
*Group Therapy: Psychodrama, Family Therapy, Group Awareness
Training
Psychotherapy
Chapter 12 Psychopathology
Personality Disorders
Schizophrenia
Mood Disorders
>Bipolar I and II
Others Disorders
*Child Disorders
*Somatoform Disorders
>Exhibitionism >Fetishism>Pedophilia>Arousal
Disorders>Sexual Pain Disorders
*Eating Disorders
*Sleeping Disorders
*Factitious Disorders
*Adjustment Disorders