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DOI 10.1007/s00410-013-0891-4
ORIGINAL PAPER
Received: 1 November 2012 / Accepted: 24 May 2013 / Published online: 5 July 2013
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg (outside the USA) 2013
Abstract Uranium-series isotope ratios determined for through dehydration melting of amphibolite that was ini-
35 volcanic rocks and 4 glass separates erupted from *36 tially garnet free. Dehydration melting in the lower crust
to 4.8 ka at Mt. Mazama, Crater Lake, Oregon, identify offers a solution to the hot-slab paradox of the Cascades,
both 230Th-excess and 238U-excess components. UTh where low volatile contents are predicted due to high slab
isotope compositions cover a wide range, exceeding those temperatures, yet higher water contents than expected have
previously measured for the Cascade arc. Age-corrected been documented in erupted lavas. The 238U-excess
(230Th/232Th) and (238U/232Th) activity ratios range from observed at Mt. Mazama is rare in Cascade lavas, but
1.113 to 1.464 and from 0.878 to 1.572 (44.4 % 230Th- occurs in more than half of the samples analyzed in this
excess to 8.8 % 238U-excess), respectively. The most dis- study. Traditionally, 238U-excess in arc magmas is inter-
tinctive aspect of the data set is the contrast in UTh iso- preted to reflect slab fluid fluxing. Indeed, 238U-excess in
tope ratios between low and high Sr (LSr, HSr) arcs is common and likely masks 230Th-excess resulting
components that have been previously identified in prod- from lower crustal interaction. Isotopic and trace element
ucts of the 7.7 ka caldera-forming climactic eruption and data, however, suggest a relatively minor role for slab fluid
preclimactic rhyodacite lavas. The LSr component exclu- fluxing in the Cascades. We propose that 238U-excess
sively contains 238U-excess, but the HSr component, as reflects melting and assimilation of young, hydrothermally
well as more primitive lavas, are marked by 230Th-excess. altered upper crust. The processes related to generating
230 238
Th-excesses such as those recorded at Mt. Mazama are U-excess are likely important features at Mt. Mazama
commonly observed in the Cascades. Melting models that accompanied development of a large-scale silicic
suggest that high 230Th-excesses observed in the more magma chamber that led to the caldera-forming eruption.
primitive lavas evolved through mixing of a mantle melt
with a partial melt of a mafic lower crustal composition Keywords Mount Mazama Crater Lake Cascade arc
that contained garnet in the residuum that was produced Uranium-series isotopes Crustal interaction
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564 Contrib Mineral Petrol (2013) 166:563585
Ba/Th
*2,300 volcanoes, indicating a relatively large number of 410
volcanic centers per kilometer of arc length (Hildreth
2007), although other studies contend that the Cascade arc 310
is a relatively low productivity arc based on global surveys
210
(Hughes and Mahood 2011).
Three major types of mantle-derived basaltic magma are 110
recognized in the Cascades: high-alumina olivine tholeiites/
low-K tholeiites (HAOT/LKT), calc-alkaline arc basalts 10
(CAB), and highly enriched intraplate basalts (IPB) (Bacon 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
et al. 1997). These magmas represent a range of melting (238U/230Th)0
conditions in terms of depth and temperature and point to
heterogeneity in the mantle source regions, as well as pos- Fig. 1 (238U/230Th)0-Ba/Th variations for the Cascades relative to
other volcanic arcs. Note the dominance of Th-excess [low
sible variation in the extent of interaction with the lower (238U/230Th)0] and lower Ba/Th ratios at the Cascades relative to
crust. From these magmas, three components have been these other arc settings. Data sources: New Britain (NB, Cunningham
proposed to exist in the sub-arc mantle of the Cascades: (1) et al. 2009), Aleutians (Al., Turner et al. 1998; Finney et al. 2008),
a depleted source, similar to that which produces MORB, Sunda (Su., Hoogewerff et al. 1997), Lesser Antilles (LA, Turner
et al. 1996), Tonga-Kermadec (T-K, Turner et al. 1997), and Central
(2) subduction components, including those of modern and America (CA, Tepley et al. 2006; Singer et al. 2011). Data for
ancient age, and (3) an enriched source that has OIB or Cascades includes this study and data from Jicha et al. (2009b) and
IPB affinities (Morris et al. 1990; Bacon et al. 1997; Borg Newman et al. (1986). Relative to many arcs, the Cascades have
et al. 1997, 2002; Conrey et al. 1997; Reiners et al. 2000; strong Th-excess and low subduction fluid components
Grove et al. 2002; Leeman et al. 2004, 2005; Smith and
Leeman 2005; Hildreth 2007; Schmidt et al. 2008; Rowe 44 km thick (Leaver et al. 1984). Seismic velocity mea-
et al. 2009; Ruscitto et al. 2010). Trace element and isotopic surements are interpreted to suggest that the lower crust is
compositions of recent primitive Cascade lavas suggest around 15 km thick and likely mafic in composition
smaller inputs from subduction fluid components as com- (Leaver et al. 1984; Yang et al. 2008; Gao et al. 2011). The
pared to other arcs (Morris et al. 1990; Leeman et al. 2004, lower crust may be equivalent to that which forms the
2005; Smith and Leeman 2005; Ruscitto et al. 2010). The basement to the Klamath Mountains or may reflect un-
chemical and isotopic compositions of B, Be, and Li do not derplated Cenozoic basaltic rocks (Bacon 1990). A low
provide evidence for extensive slab fluid fluxing (Morris P-wave velocity zone measured in the lower crust beneath
et al. 1990; Leeman et al. 2004). Moreover, the lack of Crater Lake by Harris et al. (1991) is supportive of lower
U-excess in 238U230Th isotope compositions of most crustal melting and is interpreted to represent the roots of
Cascade lavas (e.g., Newman et al. 1986; Volpe 1992; Jicha the volcano. Uncertainty exists, however, as to the degree
et al. 2009b) is consistent with a minor subduction fluid of interaction of Cascade magmas with the lower crust and
component, which stands in contrast to arcs that contain the role of the lower crust in magma evolution.
238
U-excess, and high abundances of fluid-sensitive ele- Determining the roles of amphibole versus garnet in
ments, such as Ba (e.g., Turner et al. 1996, 1997; Hoo- deep crustal evolution provides constraints on the temper-
gewerff et al. 1997; Tepley et al. 2006). Compared to arc atures, water contents, and bulk composition of the lower
magmas worldwide, the Cascade arc generally defines an crust during melting. Important deep crustal roles for these
end member for low Ba/Th and (238U/230Th)0 (UTh minerals may exist even when such minerals are not
activity ratio corrected for ingrowth of 230Th since the time common or present as phenocrysts in specific suites of
of eruption), the latter indicating Th-excess, which may magmas (e.g., Arculus and Wills 1980; Hildreth and
broadly indicate a relatively low subduction fluid compo- Moorbath 1988; Koyaguchi and Kaneko 1999; Petford and
nent for the modern Cascades (Fig. 1). Gallagher 2001; Annen and Sparks 2002, 2006; Dufek and
Crustal thickness beneath the Cascade arc varies from Bergantz 2005). The process of cryptic fractionation of
35 to 45 km (Mooney and Weaver 1989), and crustal amphibole in arc magmas in the lower crust, which can
interaction is variable along strike of the arc. Near Crater occur near the liquidus at H2O [ 5 % and T \ 1,100 C,
Lake, the continental crust is estimated to be approximately has been invoked to explain the compositions of many arc
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Contrib Mineral Petrol (2013) 166:563585 565
magmas (e.g., Davidson et al. 2007; Hildalgo and Rooney The 238U230Th isotope system, when combined with
2010; Kratzmann et al. 2010; Larocque and Canil 2010). other geochemical data, can address issues of mantle
Evidence for deep crystallization of garnet (near-liquidus at melting conditions, subduction fluid components, and
H2O [ 5 %; T * 8501,100 C) is also found in arc lower and upper crustal interactions in young volcanic
rocks, in xenoliths, and in REE patterns (e.g., HREE systems. Of the three caldera centers of the Quaternary
depletion), and garnet fractionation can explain the mod- Cascades, Mount Mazama/Crater Lake is currently the
erate Fe/Mg ratios of many arc rocks (e.g., Prouteau and most extensively studied and is the only caldera young
Scaillet 2003; Lee et al. 2006; Hildalgo and Rooney 2010). enough for U-series isotope analysis. In this study, a
A garnet signature in arc magmas can also be produced comprehensive view of the buildup to the climactic erup-
through amphibole dehydration reactions that produce tion is provided through the lens of whole-rock UTh
garnet in the residuum, even for lithologies that did not isotope analyses of lavas and other pyroclastic rocks that
initially contain garnet (e.g., Wolf and Wyllie 1993; Sen were erupted from *36 to 4.8 ka (Bacon and Lanphere
and Dunn 1994; Rapp and Watson 1995). Garrison et al. 2006; Bacon 2008). U-series isotopes also provide insights
(2006) note that residual garnet can generate significant U into magma evolution, assimilation, and mixing that are not
Th fractionation in lower crustal melts. Despite the possible with other isotopic systems, due to the high sen-
potential importance of garnet in lower crustal processes in sitivity of this isotope system to recent processes. UTh
the Cascades, its role has been generally difficult to con- isotopes may identify the role of garnet in the lower crust
strain based on geochemical data and due to the fact that and are potentially a sensitive tracer of meteoric hydro-
garnet is not an early liquidus phase in mafic composition thermal systems in the upper crust.
magmas at pressures appropriate for the lower crust in the
Cascades (e.g., Mercer and Johnston 2008), although lower
crustal melting and a role for garnet has been identified by Geologic background
Conrey et al. (2001) and Streck et al. (2007) to explain
compositions of lavas at Mt. Jefferson and Mt. Shasta, Mount Mazama is located in the central part of the Cascade
respectively. arc. The edifice, at approximately 3,700 m in height prior
Interaction with the upper crust has likely occurred in to its collapse, was comprised of mainly andesitic to dacitic
many Cascade magmas (e.g., Grove et al. 1988), but the lavas that were built through many discrete eruptions
development of large shallow magma bodies has been rare beginning around 400 ka (Bacon and Lanphere 2006).
in the Quaternary Cascades. Only three Quaternary col- Total eruptive volume is estimated at 112 km3, including
lapse calderas have been identified in the Cascades: Kul- the 50 km3 produced in the climactic eruption at 7.7 ka
shan (1.15 Ma, Mt. Baker), Rockland (400 ka, Lassen (Bacon and Lanphere 2006; Bacon 2008).
volcanic center), and Crater Lake (7.7 ka, Mt. Mazama) In the Mount Mazama region, the western edge of the
(Clynne 1990; Hildreth 1994; Bacon and Lanphere 2006). Basin and Range province extends into the Cascade arc,
This is a relatively low number compared to other circum- where the extensional environment is expressed at the
Pacific arcs, several of which have 810 or more identified surface by northsouth normal faults and C80 monoge-
caldera centers (e.g., Ishikawa et al. 1969; Aramaki 1984; netic volcanoes (Bacon 1990; Bacon and Lanphere 2006).
Miller and Smith 1987; Newhall and Dzurisin 1988; Wil- The monogenetic volcanoes that surround the flanks of
son et al. 1995; Hughes and Mahood 2011). Each of the Mount Mazama provide examples of magmas that may be
caldera-forming pyroclastic eruptions associated with the representative of those that were parental to more evolved
Quaternary Cascade centers vented a similar volume of magmas erupted from the climactic magma chamber. The
material (5080 km3 dense rock equivalent), and the lavas extruded at these volcanoes are primarily basaltic
resulting calderas are of a similar size (*510 km, Bacon andesites that have CAB affinities, as well as three units
1983; Clynne 1990; Hildreth 1996, 2007; Hildreth et al. with HAOT/LKT affinities (Bacon 1990; Bacon et al. 1994,
2004; Bacon and Lanphere 2006). The conditions that 1997). They range in SiO2 from 48 to 63 wt% (Fig. 2a). No
allowed for the development of large, shallow magma IPB units have been identified.
chambers at these centers relative to others in the Cascades Growth of the climactic magma chamber was marked by
are unclear. Magma production rates at these volcanoes are the eruption of preclimactic rhyodacite lava flows and domes,
not unusual compared to the rest of the arc (Hildreth 2007), which are interpreted as leaks from the developing climactic
and the upper crustal stress regimes at each caldera are chamber. These rhyodacites, which range in SiO2 from 69.5 to
quite different. Kulshan caldera formed in the compres- 72 wt%, were extruded in four distinct pulses at *27, 24 6,
sional segment of the arc, Rockland in a transtensional 18 8, and *7.77.9 ka, immediately prior to the climactic
segment, and Crater Lake in an extensional section (Clynne eruption (Bacon and Lanphere 2006). The final group of pre-
1990; Hildreth 1996; Bacon and Lanphere 2006). climactic rhyodacites, represented by the Llao Rock and
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566 Contrib Mineral Petrol (2013) 166:563585
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Contrib Mineral Petrol (2013) 166:563585 567
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568 Contrib Mineral Petrol (2013) 166:563585
climactic eruptive products (Bacon et al. 1989, 1994; a mixed 235U229Th tracer. The samples were digested
Mandeville et al. 2009). Low d18O values for plagioclase through several stages of heating in HF, HNO3, and HCl
(down to -3.4 % relative to V-SMOW) and quartz (down acids in Teflon beakers or Parr bombs. The rhyodacite
to -2.2 %) in partially melted granitoid blocks present in samples were digested using Parr bombs to facilitate faster
deposits of the climactic eruption, as well as rarely in the and more complete dissolution of silicic samples, given the
preclimactic rhyodacites, are interpreted to represent wall possibility that they may contain refractory accessory
rock that was assimilated by the growing climactic cham- minerals. Upon complete dissolution, as checked using a
ber (Bacon et al. 1989, 2000; Bacon and Lowenstern 2005). binocular microscope, samples were passed through anion
Assimilation of low-d18O hydrothermally exchanged exchange columns (30 mL, Teflon) using BioRad AG1x8
granitoids is consistent with the oxygen isotope composi- 200400 mesh resin to isolate U and Th. Some of the Th
tions of glass from the climactic rhyodacite and andesite cuts were processed through an additional set of columns
scoria, which has d18O values as low as ?4 %. Although (700 lL, Teflon) using the same type of resin to further
post-eruption alteration of glass may change d18O values, purify them, if dry-downs of the first cut showed significant
such alteration would be expected to increase d18O values material.
and/or produce devitrification. Precise measurements of U-series isotope ratios were
The granodiorite blocks and associated antecrysts in made on a Micromass IsoProbe MC-ICP-MS at the Uni-
rhyodacite provide a window into the non-erupted portions versity of Wisconsin-Madisons Radiogenic Isotope Lab,
of the magmatic system. UTh geochronology of ante- following methods of Jicha et al. (2005, 2007, 2009b). To
crystic zircons present in preclimactic rhyodacites indicate prepare samples for isotopic analysis, U cuts were diluted
that they crystallized in associated plutonic bodies over to *30 ppb in a 2 % solution of HNO3 acid. The dilute U
several periods of time, with clusters around 5070, *110, solutions were then aspirated at *45 lL/min using an
and *200 ka (Bacon and Lowenstern 2005). Each of these Aridus desolvating nebulizer. 238U and 235U were mea-
periods can be correlated with pulses of dacitic volcanism sured on Faraday detectors. Each sample or standard was
at Mount Mazama. Oxygen isotope compositions of the analyzed for thirty, ten-second integrations at a total ion
plutonic rocks have been affected by exchange with low- intensity (238U ? 235U) of 6-9 V. Analyses of samples
d18O meteoric hydrothermal fluids, indicating the presence were interspersed with analyses of variable concentration
of an active, shallow hydrothermal system. U standard solutions (NBL-114, 238U/235U = 137.88;
U-500, 238U/235U = 1.0003) and rock standards. Thorium
Samples and analytical methods cuts and standard solutions were diluted to *100150 ppb
in a 30 ppb solution of U-500 in 2 % HNO3
The sample suite is comprised of 35 whole-rock and 4 glass (238U/235U = 1.0003). The use of a U-500 solution to
powders of fresh, unaltered eruptive products from Mount dilute the Th cuts, as opposed to only 2 % HNO3, allows
Mazama that span ages from *36 to 4.8 ka. This suite for monitoring of instrumental mass fractionation
includes 11 whole-rock samples of climactic and preclimactic throughout Th isotope analysis. The samples were aspi-
rhyodacite and 14 associated andesite enclaves, scoria, and rated in the same fashion as that used for U analysis.
cumulates, along with three samples of postcaldera lavas and Measurements of 229Th and 232Th were made using Fara-
seven samples of eruptive products from selected monoge- day collectors, and 230Th was measured using a Daly
netic volcanoes. The sample suite also includes glass sepa- multiplier equipped with a high-abundance sensitivity
rates from four of the climactic samples analyzed in this study, (WARP) filter. Forty, 10-s integrations were measured for
one for each of the components of the caldera-forming erup- each sample or standard solution at a total ion intensity
tion (rhyodacite, LSr scoria, HSr scoria, and olivine cumu- (230Th ? 232Th ? 235U ? 238U) of 2050 V. Analysis of a
lates). The samples were collected during geologic mapping mixture of IRMM-035 and U-500 was done before and
of the Mount Mazama region by Charles R. Bacon (USGS), after each sample analysis, along with monitoring the
and sample numbers correspond to those given in Bruggman DalyFaraday gain. The DalyFaraday gain is equal to the
et al. (1987, 1989). All of the samples were previously ana- mass-bias-corrected 232Th/230Th ratio divided by the true
232
lyzed for major and trace element contents by X-ray fluores- Th/230Th value (IRMM-035 232Th/230Th = 87,859).
cence (XRF) and instrumental neutron activation analysis Sample analyses were also interspersed with analyses of
(INAA) methods (see supplementary table, Bruggman et al. variable concentration IRMM-036 and IRMM-035 solu-
1987, 1989), and some for Sr, Nd, Pb, and O isotopes (Bacon tions mixed with U-500, as well as analyses of standards
et al. 1994, 1997). Estimates of percentages of phenocrysts in including AThO, BCR-2, and AGV-2 to monitor accuracy,
the units analyzed are available in Bacon (2008). reproducibility, and external precision (Table 1). Repro-
For UTh analyses, aliquots of *100350 mg of pow- ducibility and precision were also monitored by performing
dered whole rock/glass were spiked prior to digestion with duplicate analyses of *20 % of the samples. Twenty-nine
123
Contrib Mineral Petrol (2013) 166:563585 569
analyses of IRMM-035 yielded a 232Th/230Th ratio of eruption. This is in contrast to the samples whole-rock
87,879 590 (2-SD) and 25 analyses of IRMM-036 composition (82C-866), which is in Th-excess, and lies
yielded a 232Th/230Th value of 327,287 2,248 (2-SD). outside of the range of (230Th/232Th) ratios measured for
Our results for IRMM-035, IRMM-036, AThO, BCR-2, the Cascades in this and other published studies. We
and AGV-2 are indistinguishable within uncertainty from attribute these differences to the cumulate nature of this
the consensus values of Sims et al. (2008). sample.
Results Discussion
Volcanic rocks and glasses from Mt. Mazama have a large We focus our discussion on the UTh isotope compositions
range in U-Th isotope compositions relative to other Cas- of the preclimactic and climactic whole rocks, because,
cade volcanoes, varying from *44 % Th-excess to *9 % when combined with other isotopic and trace element data,
U-excess (Table 1; Fig. 4). Using the KAr, 40Ar/39Ar, and they can be used to distinguish the influence of the lower
14
C ages of the eruptive units, or stratigraphically estimated and upper crust on Mt. Mazama magmas, and also provide
ages, determined by Bacon and Lanphere (2006), activity clues to the relative amounts of lower and/or upper crustal
ratios of (230Th/232Th) were corrected for ingrowth of melting and assimilation. The wide range in UTh isotope
230
Th since the time of eruption. High Sr andesites from ratios, when coupled with the distinction of 238U-excess
preclimactic and climactic eruptions and primitive lavas versus 230Th-excess, argues for variation in the origins of
from monogenetic vents around the flanks of Mount the LSr versus HSr components in the climactic chamber.
Mazama have *1244 % Th-excess and are within range Below, we discuss the sources of Th- and U-excess at Mt.
of what has been measured previously in the Cascades Mazama, which we will argue reflect melting and assimi-
(Bennett et al. 1982; Newman et al. 1986; Volpe and lation of lower and upper crust, respectively.
Hammond 1991; Volpe 1992; Reagan et al. 2003; Jicha
et al. 2009b; Mitchell and Asmerom 2011). Olivine Generation of 230Th-excess: production of garnet
cumulates from the climactic eruption also have Th-excess in the lower crust
of 840 %. Uranium-excess of up to 9 % is observed in
preclimactic and climactic LSr andesites and rhyodacites, Dehydration melting of the lower crust can produce garnet
which also have among the highest (230Th/232Th) ratios in from the breakdown of amphibole and plagioclase, and this
the Cascades. Postcaldera andesites plot the within error of is likely a more common process in arc settings than
the equiline (\1 % U-excess) and have similar UTh iso- generally thought. Examples of a role for garnet in the deep
tope compositions to the climactic rhyodacite. The post- crustal portions of arcs has been observed in exposed
caldera rhyodacite, however, has a Th-excess of 3 %, and a sections of lower crust, such as the Kohistan arc in Pakistan
significantly lower UTh isotope ratio than the climactic (Kono et al. 2009), the Amalaoulaou Neoproterozoic arc in
rhyodacite, which may indicate that it has a different origin Mali (Berger et al. 2009), and the Tonsina complex in
from both the climactic rhyodacite and the postcaldera Alaska (DeBari and Coleman 1989). The high affinity of U
andesites. Previous measurements of 230Th238U232Th over Th in garnet may be tracked using UTh isotopes, as
disequilibria by Reagan et al. (2003) of a climactic HSr recently applied in the Cascades at Mount Adams (Jicha
andesite scoria, a LSr andesite scoria, and rhyodacite et al. 2009b). Th-excesses at Mount Adams, which are
pumice are in agreement with results of the current study, similar to those measured at Crater Lake in this study, are
although we note that the uncertainties reported by Reagan interpreted to reflect a garnet signature during lower crustal
et al. (2003) are larger than those reported here because the interaction. This signature, which may be present in many
previous measurements were done by thermal ionization arc settings, is more readily observed in the Cascades rel-
mass spectrometry (TIMS). ative to other arcs because of the low subduction compo-
UTh isotope compositions of glass separates of the LSr nent signature, especially in regard to subduction fluid-
scoria (82C-637G) and climactic rhyodacite (81C-631G) mobile elements, which are commonly associated with
components are within error of the corresponding whole- U-excess (Fig. 1). In a more typical arc setting, enrichment
rock samples (82C-637 and 81C-631). The HSr scoria glass of melts by a stronger subduction component, including U
separate (81C-606G) has *6 % higher Th-excess than the and other fluid-mobile elements (e.g., Turner et al. 1996),
whole rock (81C-606) of the same sample. The olivine would presumably disguise a Th-excess garnet signature,
cumulate glass separate (82C-866G) is in U-excess and has via a U-excess subduction overprint. The application of U
a UTh isotope composition that is similar, if not equiva- Th isotopes to detect interaction with the lower crust is also
lent, to the LSr basaltic andesite scoria of the climactic notable in the Cascade arc because the young nature of the
123
Table 1 UTh results for whole-rock and glass samples of preclimactic/climactic/postcaldera volcanic rocks
570
Sample Eruptive unit Lat. Long. Age SiO2 Th U (230Th/232Th) 2r (230Th/232Th) 2rd (238U/232Th) 2r n
No.a (N)b (W)b (ka)c wt% (ppm) (ppm) age corrected
123
Postcaldera lava whole rocks
81C-673 Rhyodacite dome 4256.570 12207.100 4.8 0.6 71.7 8.459 3.577 1.315 0.008 1.316 0.008 1.283 0.008 2
0
80C-515 Wizard Island andesite 4256.34 12209.120 *7.3 60.0 2.106 0.951 1.364 0.008 1.363 0.008 1.370 0.008 1
81C-669 Wizard Island andesite 4256.740 12208.910 *7.3 58.4 1.626 0.746 1.382 0.008 1.381 0.008 1.391 0.008 1
Climactic whole rocks
81C-631 Ignimbrite rhyd. pumice 4258.800 12223.900 7.7 0.1 70.4 4.740 2.169 1.384 0.008 1.383 0.008 1.388 0.008 1
0 0
79C-154 Pumice fall rhyd. pumice 4258.67 12207.57 7.7 0.1 70.7 4.702 2.179 1.384 0.008 1.383 0.008 1.406 0.008 1
80C-442 LSr basaltic andesite scoria 4257.270 12209.900 7.7 0.1 53.1 0.857 0.436 1.434 0.009 1.426 0.009 1.545 0.009 1
81C-582 LSr basaltic andesite scoria 4251.030 12200.050 7.7 0.1 56.5 1.225 0.635 1.453 0.009 1.445 0.009 1.572 0.009 1
81C-637 LSr andesite scoria 4253.470 12211.830 7.7 0.1 59.7 2.495 1.182 1.398 0.008 1.395 0.008 1.437 0.009 1
81C-591 Ignimbrite HSr and. scoria 4253.530 12211.820 7.7 0.1 57.8 2.861 1.139 1.335 0.008 1.344 0.008 1.208 0.007 2
0 0
81C-606 Ignim. HSr basaltic and. scoria 4253.50 12211.82 7.7 0.1 53.4 1.618 0.638 1.341 0.008 1.351 0.008 1.196 0.007 1
79C-106 Pumice fall HSr and. scoria 4258.320 12206.120 7.7 0.1 58.8 2.402 0.851 1.248 0.007 1.261 0.007 1.074 0.006 1
86C-1290 Ignimbrite ol. cumulate scoria 4252.040 12206.900 7.7 0.1 48.2 1.335 0.409 1.271 0.008 1.296 0.009 0.930 0.006 1
82C-866 Ignimbrite ol. cumulate scoria 4258.370 12208.990 7.7 0.1 52.7 0.909 0.406 1.456 0.009 1.464 0.009 1.357 0.008 1
Climactic glass separates
81C-606G Ignim. HSr basaltic and. scoria 4253.500 12211.820 7.7 0.1 61.4 3.442 1.302 1.345 0.008 1.359 0.008 1.148 0.007 2
0 0
81C-631G Ignimbrite rhyd. pumice 4258.80 12223.90 7.7 0.1 72.6 5.205 2.389 1.381 0.008 1.381 0.008 1.393 0.008 1
82C-637G LSr andesite scoria 4253.470 12211.830 7.7 0.1 71.9 5.464 2.555 1.395 0.008 1.393 0.008 1.419 0.009 1
82C-866G Ignimbrite ol. cumulate scoria 4258.370 12208.990 7.7 0.1 63.1 2.530 1.290 1.452 0.009 1.445 0.010 1.547 0.009 2
Preclimactic silicic whole rocks
79C-160 Cleetwood rhyd. vitrophyre 4258.850 12204.450 *7.77.8 70.3 4.794 2.218 1.378 0.008 1.376 0.008 1.404 0.008 1
0 0
79C-158 Llao Rock rhyd. pumice 4258.63 12207.43 *7.9 72.0 5.198 2.416 1.389 0.008 1.388 0.008 1.410 0.008 2
79C-153 Llao Rock rhyd. vitrophyre 4258.320 12208.730 *7.9 70.8 4.777 2.252 1.389 0.008 1.386 0.008 1.430 0.009 2
80C-504 Llao Rock dike rhyd. felsite 4258.120 12208.080 *7.9 72.2 5.432 2.555 1.393 0.008 1.390 0.008 1.427 0.009 1
0
82C-728 Sharp Peak NE dome rhyd. 4300.40 12200.200 18 8 70.5 4.758 2.214 1.384 0.008 1.379 0.010 1.412 0.008 2
92C-1749 Bear Bluff rhyd. felsite 4250.250 12209.580 24 6 69.8 5.184 2.380 1.382 0.008 1.380 0.009 1.393 0.008 1
0 0
80C-227 Grouse Hill rhyd. vitrophyre 4259.68 12207.86 27 0.6 71.2 5.890 2.807 1.407 0.008 1.397 0.009 1.446 0.009 1
82C-803 Steel Bay rhyd. vitrophyre 4258.700 12207.180 27 0.6 71.6 6.056 2.889 1.410 0.008 1.399 0.009 1.448 0.009 1
81C-553 Munson Valley dacite 4254.280 12208.450 35 8 67.5 4.545 2.098 1.387 0.008 1.382 0.010 1.400 0.008 1
81C-538 Williams Crater dacite 4257.330 12211.190 *35 67.1 4.514 2.057 1.376 0.008 1.374 0.008 1.382 0.008 1
Preclimactic andesite enclave whole rocks
82C-775 Cleetwood flow HSr enclave 4259.890 12202.760 *7.77.8 61.3 2.717 0.991 1.280 0.008 1.293 0.008 1.106 0.007 1
0 0
79C-209 Llao Rock flow HSr enclave 4258.70 12207.70 *7.9 59.3 3.726 1.245 1.270 0.008 1.289 0.008 1.014 0.006 2
88C-1548 Bear Bluff tuya and. lava 4249.570 12209.790 24 6 58.1 1.892 0.874 1.383 0.008 1.379 0.009 1.401 0.008 1
Contrib Mineral Petrol (2013) 166:563585
Table 1 continued
Sample Eruptive unit Lat. Long. Age SiO2 Th U (230Th/232Th) 2r (230Th/232Th) 2rd (238U/232Th) 2r n
No.a (N)b (W)b (ka)c wt% (ppm) (ppm) age corrected
80C-226 Grouse Hill dome LSr enclave 4259.470 12207.430 27 0.6 59.3 2.476 1.100 1.323 0.008 1.316 0.009 1.348 0.008 2
0
82C-811 Steel Bay dome LSr enclave 4258.87 12207.350 27 0.6 61.1 2.640 1.140 1.306 0.008 1.305 0.008 1.310 0.008 1
81C-552 Munson Valley and. enclave 4254.280 12208.450 35 8 59.9 2.067 0.943 1.361 0.008 1.352 0.010 1.384 0.008 1
81C-543 Williams Crater basaltic and. 4257.430 12211.760 *35 51.5 2.499 0.764 1.133 0.007 1.211 0.029 0.927 0.006 2
82C-814 Little Castle Ck bas. and. bomb 4253.880 12214.400 *35 52.8 2.818 0.815 1.161 0.007 1.268 0.036 0.878 0.005 1
0
80C-355 Red Cone basaltic andesite 4259.70 12210.150 35 8 54.0 2.514 0.778 1.065 0.006 1.113 0.019 0.939 0.006 1
Rock standards
AThO 7.411 2.256 1.017 0.002 0.924 0.009 2
BCR-2 5.759 1.666 0.880 0.005 0.878 0.007 5
AGV-2 6.072 1.889 0.946 0.004 0.944 0.008 7
(230Th/232Th) and (238U/232Th) uncertainties for samples are reported as internal 2 SE. Uncertainties for rock standards reported as 2 SD
a
All samples and sample numbers from the collection of Charles Bacon (USGS)
b
Locations from Bacon et al. (1994)
c
Ages of samples from Bacon and Lanphere (2006) and Bacon (2008); errors reported are 2r
d 40 14
(230Th/232Th)0 ratios were calculated using the whole-rock values and the Ar/39Ar, KAr, or C age determinations. Errors incorporate uncertainty in ages
571
123
572 Contrib Mineral Petrol (2013) 166:563585
123
Contrib Mineral Petrol (2013) 166:563585 573
Fig. 5 (238U/232Th)-(230Th/232Th)0 activity ratio diagram illustrating of a spinel lherzolite mantle, with tick marks shown at 1, 2, 3, and
lower crust ? mantle melting, followed by mixing, relative to the U 5 % melt fraction. This model shows mixing between a 15 % melt of
Th isotope data from Mt. Mazama for samples that have Th-excess. the lower crust and a 15 % melt of a spinel lherzolite mantle. The
Note that we target the more primitive Basalt/Basaltic andesite ratios noted on the gray mixing line are the proportions of mantle melt
component with our mixing models. The purple line represents to crustal melt included in the mixture. The black dotted lines show
melting of a lower crustal amphibolite, with tick marks shown at 1, 2, the effect of aging following mixing
3, 5, 10, 15, and 20 % melt fraction. The green line represents melting
The parameters used to generate the non-modal batch 67 amph 30 plag 2:1 qtz 0:9 Fe-Tiox
melting model are summarized in Table 2. Multiple melting 5 liquid 95 residue residue 29:47 amph
mode (P) values for minerals in amphibolite were calculated 26:32 plag 5:26 qtz 18:95 gt 20:0 cpx;
using methods from Ottonello et al. (1984), with melting
16 kbar; initial modal composition estimated)
reactions determined from modal compositions of partially
melted rocks from various vapor-absent melting experiments Rapp and Watson 1995 5
(Wolf and Wyllie 1993; Sen and Dunn 1994; Rapp and 29:47 amph 26:32 plag 5:26 qtz 18:95 gt 20:0 cpx
Watson 1995) listed below (assumed 100 g of material):
50:0 liquid 50:0 residue
67:47 hbl 32:53 plag 20:0 liquid residue 50:0 gt 50:0 cpx; 16 kbar
80:0 residue residue 40:59 gt 40:59 pyx Rapp and Watson 1995 6
7:92 plag 10:89 hbl; 10 kbar
These equations are applicable to a mafic lower
Wolf and Wyllie 1993 1
crustal composition that contained no initial garnet,
40:59 gt 40:59 pyx 7:92 plag 10:89 hbl providing a conservative approach to testing for a garnet
39:0 liquid 61:0 residue residue 24:0 gt geochemical signature, although we recognize that
subsequent melting of the resulting residual (garnet-
64:0 pyx 9:0 plag 3:0 hbl; 10 kbar
bearing) compositions could also produce melts that have
Wolf and Wyllie 1993 2 a lower crustal garnet signature. Note that at higher
76:3 amph 20:5 plag 2:3 qtz 0:9 titanite percent melts, which are expressed by Eqs. 2, 4, and 6,
residual garnet and pyroxene begin to destabilize as
12:2 liquid 87:8 residue residue 43:96 amph
amphibole is exhausted. Melting mode values (P) for the
9:79 plag 21:87 gt 24:37 cpx; 15 kbar garnet lherzolite and spinel lherzolite mantle
Sen and Dunn 1994 3 compositions were taken from the following equations
43:96 amph 9:79 plag 21:87 gt 24:37 cpx from Ottonello et al. (1984):
22:7 liquid 77:3 residue residue 7:89 amph 40:34 gt 38:07 di 21:59 en 91:48 liquid 8:52 fo
36:87 gt 55:24 cpx; 15 kbar) Eq: 5; normalized to 100 g; Ottonello et al: 1984
Sen and Dunn 1994 4 7
123
574 Contrib Mineral Petrol (2013) 166:563585
1.75 1000
A 15% melt
10% melt
5% melt
5% melt
1.50 60:40
Lower 0% melt
Melt/chondrite
100
(230 Th/ 238U)0
85:15 Crustal
Melt
1.25
95:5
HSr scoria/enclaves
10
1.00 Ol-bearing scoria
Mantle Basalt/Basaltic and.
Melt HAOT
0.75
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 1
Th (ppm) La Ce Nd Sm Eu Dy Er Yb Lu
1000
Fig. 6 A comparison between modeled and measured (230Th/238U)0 B 15% mantle melt
ratios and Th concentrations for samples that contain Th-excess. The 95:5
Mantle Melt and Lower Crustal Melt boxes and mixing line 85:15
represent the same melt fractions and proportions of mantle to crust as 60:40
Melt/chondrite
noted in Fig. 5 100 15% crust melt
123
Contrib Mineral Petrol (2013) 166:563585 575
0.39
3.55
6.43
8.32
4.51
Sources Wood et al. (1999), Conrey et al. (2001), McKenzie and ONions (1991), Tiepelo et al. (2002), Blundy and Wood (2003), Berlo et al. (2004), Prowatke and Klemme (2005), Elkins et al. (2008),
which is consistent with the inferred high liquidus tempera-
11.1
18.6
21.4
20.4
12.3
2
tures of Cascade basaltic magmas that provide indirect evi-
ti
dence that high degrees of lower crustal melting may occur
0.004
0.004
0.003
0.300
0.025
0.023
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.28
0.25
mt (e.g., Leeman et al. 1990; Bartels et al. 1991). The extent of
Th-excess produced depends, however, upon the Kds used
qtz
0.042
0.052
those typically measured or calculated for mafic lower crust
0.03
0.12
0.36
0.45
opx
0.2
compositions because they allow for high Th-excesses to
form with increasing melting of a lower crustal composition
0.023
0.019
0.12
0.18
0.69
0.85
cpx
1.1
0.9
1
nificant amounts of garnet ([20 %) be present in the initial
6.0E-05
3.0E-04
0.055
0.32
0.28
0.22
0.16
0.95
0.09
0.06
plag
0.45
1.75
0.3
1.4
3.1
3.0
1.9
1.5
2
lower crustal melting noted above. The Kds for other phases
Lower crust
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
Dunn 1994) and Eqs. 5 and 6 (Rapp and Watson 1995), but
0.013
0.021
0.087
0.217
0.01
0.32
1.06
4.03
5.5
0.0068
0.002
0.002
0.003
0.013
0.022
0.049
0.03
0.06
opx
0.0004
0.0005
0.0013
0.0016
0.0017
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.001
3.30
1.18
2.80
1.50
1.20
0.18
18.0
36.0
18.5
Estimated
0.05
Dy
Yb
Th
Ce
Eu
Lu
La
Er
U
123
576 Contrib Mineral Petrol (2013) 166:563585
(238U/ 232Th) may plot below another mixing line, tied to different melt
1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.8 fractions of mantle and crust, which would in turn indicate the
1.6 passage of time (decay of 230Th) since mixing occurred
1.5
(dashed lines in Fig. 5). In some cases, a residence time of up
to 50 kyr is suggested, but it is difficult to infer unique resi-
1.4 dence times relative to the uncertainties in the mixing models.
(230 Th/ 238U)0
123
Contrib Mineral Petrol (2013) 166:563585 577
in this study. Melting of an amphibolite lower crust com- with lower crustal dehydration melts in a manner similar to
position produces melts that have increasingly steeper REE the basaltic andesites and that subsequent mixing and/or
patterns with increasing percent melting, including LREE assimilation within the developing magma chamber pro-
enrichment and HREE depletion, due to a growing amount duced the observed UTh, REE, and LILE compositions.
of garnet that is produced in the residuum (Fig. 7a). It is The resulting fluid from dehydration melting of amphibole
important to note that this is a trend opposite to that tra- should produce magmas with higher H2O contents than
ditionally obtained in melting models that contain initial would otherwise be expected in a hot, young arc, and
garnet that is increasingly exhausted with progressive amphibole-bearing lower crust should be a fertile melt
melting. Mixing of a 15 % lower crustal melt with a 15 % source (e.g., Davidson et al. 2007). This fluid could con-
spinel lherzolite mantle melt produces increasing LREE tribute to the subduction signature interpreted by Bacon
enrichment and HREE depletion with a decreasing pro- et al. (1997) to be present in magmas from Mt. Mazama
portion of mantle to crust (Fig. 7b). As with the UTh that is thought to be reflected in high Sr concentrations, as
chemical and isotope compositions, the amount of LREE well as higher concentrations of other LILEs. A lower
enrichment recorded in Mt. Mazama samples may be crustal source for high Sr contents has been proposed for
explained by a range of proportions of mantle to crust, lavas from Mt. Shasta (e.g., Streck et al. 2007; Zellmer
from about 95:5 to 60:40. Using a melt of a depleted 2009) and Mt. Jefferson (e.g., Conrey et al. 2001). The HSr
mantle, as suggested by Nd isotope data (Bacon et al. 1994, component has a similar level of LREE and LILE enrich-
1997), still allows for appropriate amounts of LREE ment as the basaltic andesites, but is slightly less HREE
enrichment and HREE depletion to occur upon mixing with depleted. High Sr samples are, however, LREE enriched
the lower crustal melt. Melting of, and mixing with, a and HREE depleted relative to the LSr component. Con-
mantle that has a garnet lherzolite composition serves to sequently, they do not fall along the steep trend defined by
slightly decrease the proportion of crust to mantle needed the basaltic andesite samples in Fig. 9, but rather roughly
to approximate the compositions of the Mt. Mazama define a shallower trend that falls between the basaltic
samples. The La/Yb-1/Yb relations support our mixing andesites and the LSr component. In Figs. 5 and 8, the HSr
model, where the steep positive trend that is defined by the samples appear to trend toward the initial bulk crust
basaltic andesite samples (Fig. 9) coincides with a mixing composition that was defined on the equiline, toward the
line calculated from our melting model, showing that the evolved preclimactic and climactic rhyodacites analyzed in
trend can be attributed to mixing with a lower crustal melt this study. Several of the HSr samples analyzed are
that had garnet in the residuum. A caveat, however, must enclaves that are associated with a preclimactic rhyodacite,
be noted with regard to the LREE enrichments observed in and the remaining HSr samples are scoria erupted during
volcanic rocks from Mt. Mazama in that interaction with the climactic eruption. We suggest, therefore, that the
garnet, while permissible, is not an exclusive explanation lower Th-excesses and trend toward the equiline that is
for enrichments in LILE and LREE. These enrichments can observed in the HSr component is generated by evolution
be explained by variations in the mantle source and/or of a HSr parent magma, coupled with possible mixing with
different degrees of melting of a mantle enriched by a host rhyodacite or interaction with a U-excess upper crustal
subduction component (e.g., Bacon et al. 1997), and sev- component in the climactic magma chamber. This HSr
eral components may be contained within the measured parent likely had an initial UTh isotope composition
REE contents. Additionally, we recognize that the melts similar to the analyzed basaltic andesite samples.
produced by dehydration melting experiments of amphib- The HAOT/LKT sample analyzed in this study, which
olites at lower crustal PT conditions are significantly more has the low LREE/HREE ratios that are typical of Cascade
felsic in terms of their major element compositions than the HAOT/LKT lavas, has a similar UTh isotope ratio as
basaltic andesites from Mt. Mazama. It seems likely, primitive basaltic andesites from various monogenetic
however, that silicic crustal melts will be strongly diluted volcanoes. In the Cascades, and specifically at Mt. Maz-
with melts from the mantle in regard to major elements, ama, HAOT/LKT magmas are typically attributed to adi-
whereas incompatible element signatures will be retained. abatic decompression melting of a hot, nearly anhydrous
In addition, silicic crustal melt components may also be mantle in the spinel peridotite stability field (e.g., Hart
modulated by coeval melting of ultramafic material, as et al. 1984; Leeman et al. 1990; Sisson and Layne 1993;
postulated by Conrey et al. (2001) based on tonaliteperi- Bacon et al. 1997; Grove et al. 2003). These magmas are
dotite experiments by Carroll and Wyllie (1989). not thought to be associated with lower crustal interaction
The HSr samples have lower Th-excesses than the more and do not have REE patterns that are indicative of a garnet
primitive samples and cannot be explained by the same signature (Bacon 1990). The mixing models calculated for
simple mixing lines discussed above. We propose that the this study, however, indicate that a small amount of crustal
HSr component likely originated from magmas that mixed interaction (a proportion of mantle to crust of 95:5) is
123
578 Contrib Mineral Petrol (2013) 166:563585
123
Contrib Mineral Petrol (2013) 166:563585 579
123
580 Contrib Mineral Petrol (2013) 166:563585
U-enriched source, not to the low-d18O intrusive rocks that had (234U/238U) [ 1 prior to eruption. To evaluate this,
surrounding the climactic magma chamber. the additional 230Th ingrowth from the decay of 234U was
At Crater Lake, the evolved and LSr components have calculated for an initial (234U/238U) = 1.15, which is the
U-excess, and climactic LSr scoria have the highest per- upper limit of 234U-excess recorded in hydrothermally
centages of U-excess (component A in Fig. 10). This altered silicic rocks by Sturchio et al. (1987). This shifts the
stands in contrast to the HSr component (component B in isochrons so that they are significantly steeper, making the
Fig. 10), which has Th-excess. A linear UTh trend is age of U-enrichment of component A *40 ka. However,
defined by the various evolved units at Mt. Mazama, which Villemant et al. (1996) note that (234U/238U) ratios may be
converges on the equiline at (238U/232Th) = 1.351.40. We unaffected by interaction with a hydrothermal system,
propose that this trend constitutes a mixing line between citing the fact that the majority of the hydrothermally
the U-enriched LSr component (A) and the HSr component altered rocks analyzed by Sturchio et al. (1987) have
(B). The Th-excess nature of the HSr component suggests (234U/238U) ratios close to or within error of secular equi-
interaction with lower crust, as previously discussed, librium despite having very strong 238U-enrichment rela-
indicating that mixing between HSr and LSr magmas tive to 230Th.
would have occurred after HSr magmas ascended into the If the (234U/238U) ratios of the climactic magmas were
upper crust. Previous research using independent lines of not perturbed by assimilation of hydrothermally altered
evidence shows that the climactic rhyodacite is a mixture crust, the timing of U-enrichment (*75 ka) coincides with
of HSr and LSr components (Druitt and Bacon 1989). The initiation of a period of voluminous dacite eruptions at Mt.
U-series data support this, and on an A-B mixing line, the Mazama (Bacon and Lanphere 2006). It may also mark the
climactic rhyodacite lies roughly halfway between the LSr beginning of major hydrothermal circulation in the shallow
and HSr components (Figs. 4, 10). The U-series data crust, which would likely be associated with development
indicate that the preclimactic rhyodacites also trend along of a large shallow magma chamber. We propose that
this proposed mixing line and shift along it, roughly U-enrichment from an upper crustal source is most likely to
reflecting the relative extents of LSr or mixed LSrHSr be found in caldera-related systems, and the paucity of
parentage. The two preclimactic dacites (Munson Valley calderas in the Cascade arc may be one explanation for the
and Williams Crater) that we analyzed also appear to lie rarity of U-excess in the Cascades, when considered in
along this mixing line. light of the relatively small subduction fluid component in
Previous O and Sr isotope work, as well as the lack of Cascade magmas.
strong evidence for slab fluid fluxing in the Cascades, as Our model directly ties U-excess to the conditions and
discussed above, suggests that U-enrichment of the LSr processes associated with development of a caldera-related
component and its differentiates reflect evolution in the magmatic system. Such a model is best evaluated in vol-
upper crust (Component C in Fig. 10). The UTh isotope canic arcs that have minimal subduction fluid components
composition of Component C is an approximation of the in their magmas so that upper crustal U-enrichment can be
bulk crust. Its U/Th ratio was selected to accommodate the distinguished from slab fluid-associated U-enrichment. In
higher (230Th/232Th)0 values of Mt. Mazama samples in the Cascades, only Mt. Mazama/Crater Lake falls in an age
Th-excess, as well as the need for a third component to range suitable for UTh isotope studies relative to the other
explain the LSr enclaves that lie below the mixing line (A Quaternary calderas. Tests of our model may be done for
B). A tie line between components C and A provides a arcs where fluid fluxes may be low, such as certain seg-
possible age of U-enrichment of *75 ka, but we note that ments of the Alaska-Aleutian arc (e.g., George et al. 2003;
this age is only applicable if the (234U/238U) ratios of the Jicha et al. 2004). A number of young calderas in the
lavas are in secular equilibrium. Because the samples Alaska-Aleutian arc are amenable to UTh isotope analy-
analyzed represent unaltered examples of their respective sis; these include Aniakchak (George et al. 2004; Dreher
units, they were not analyzed for (234U/238U) ratios. There et al. 2005), Fisher (Bindeman et al. 2001), Katmai (Turner
is no apparent correlation between loss-on-ignition (LOI) et al. 2010), Okmok (Finney et al. 2008), and Veniaminof
in major or trace element analyses, where higher values (Bacon et al. 2007). Some of the Alaska-Aleutian arc cal-
may indicate the presence of hydrated (altered) volcanic dera magmas have low-d18O values that are indicative of a
glass, or d18O, where lower values may be indicative of component of hydrothermally altered crust (e.g., Bindeman
hydrothermal alteration, with increasing U-excess (see et al. 2001; Finney et al. 2008). We note, however, that
supplementary plots). It is therefore unlikely that low-d18O and U-excesses may be generated at different
(234U/238U) ratios were affected by post-eruptive alteration. levels in an upper crustal hydrothermal system, and hence,
We also recognize that (234U/238U) ratios in the upper there may not be a 1:1 correlation of lowered d18O and
crust may have 234U-excess from hydrothermal alteration U-enrichment in the same samples, but this has yet to be
and that assimilation of this crust could result in a magma determined.
123
Contrib Mineral Petrol (2013) 166:563585 581
A B
Fig. 11 Diagrams depicting models for generating 230Th-excess subduction fluid component. Special notations: * other lithologies are
(a) and 238U-excess (b) in Mt. Mazama magmas. The HSr suite, likely present in the plutons surrounding the climactic magma
which has Th-excess, is envisioned to reflect contributions from chamber ** as discussed in the text, we note that U-excess and low-
dehydration melting of the lower crust and accompanying production d18O may not occur concurrently in the granodiorite and that
of garnet. The LSr suite, which has U-excess, is interpreted to record U-excess may be sourced from shallower, lower T parts of the
assimilation of hydrothermally altered upper crust, rather than a hydrothermal system
123
582 Contrib Mineral Petrol (2013) 166:563585
UTh array as an isochron, development of the hydro- Bacon C, Bruggman P, Christiansen R, Clynne M, Donnelly-Nolan J,
thermal system beneath Crater Lake began at least 75 ka Hildreth W (1997) Primitive magmas at five Cascade volcanic
fields: melts from hot heterogeneous sub-arc mantle. Can
ago. This estimate is broadly consistent with that proposed Mineral 35:397423
by Bacon et al. (1994), who noted, based on lowered d18O Bacon CR, Persing HM, Wooden JL, Ireland TR (2000) Late
values, that major circulation of, and oxygen isotope pleistocene granodiorite beneath Crater Lake caldera, Oregon,
exchange with, meteoric hydrothermal fluid began some- dated by ion microprobe. Geology 28:467470
Bacon CR, Gardner J, Mayer L, Buktenica M, Dartnell P, Ramsey D,
time between 70 and 24 ka. Robinson J (2002) Morphology, volcanism, and mass wasting in
Crater Lake, Oregon. Geol Soc Am Bull 114:675692
Acknowledgments We acknowledge Kate Smith for her assistance Bacon CR, Sisson TW, Mazdab FK (2007) Young cumulate complex
in the field and for her help with obtaining the Th isotope analyses. beneath Veniaminof caldera, Aleutian arc, dated by zircon in
We also thank Heather Wright for help with fieldwork and discussions erupted plutonic blocks. Geology 35:491494
related to this project. Comments on a draft manuscript by Steve Bartels KS, Kinzler RJ, Grove TL (1991) High pressure phase
Shirey and Naomi Matthews, and Contributions to Mineralogy and relations of primitive high-alumina basalts from Medicine
Petrology reviews by Georg Zellmer and an anonymous reviewer, as Lake volcano, northern California. Contrib Miner Petrol
well as additional comments by Jon Blundy, helped us to improve the 108:253270
quality and clarity of this manuscript. This work was supported by Bennett JT, Krishnaswami S, Turekian KK, Melson WG, Hopson CA
National Science Foundation Grant No. 1144937, as well as the (1982) The uranium and thorium decay series nuclides in Mt. St.
National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship under Helens effusives. Earth Planet Sci Lett 60:6169
Grant No. DGE-0718123, the Jack Kleinman Grants for Volcano Berger J, Caby R, Liegeois J-P, Mercier J-CC, Demaiffe D (2009)
Research program, and a Weeks Research Assistantship and alumni Dehydration, melting and related garnet growth in the deep root
gift funds from the University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of of the Amalaoulaou Neoproterozoic magmatic arc (Gourma, NE
Geoscience. Mali). Geol Mag 146:173186
Berlo K, Turner S, Blundy J, Hawkesworth C (2004) The extent of
U-series disequilibria produced during partial melting of the
lower crust with implications for the formation of the Mount St.
Helens dacites. Contrib Miner Petrol 148:122130
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