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for men) among Sarawak and Sadong Malays, Bob Reece (n.d.) contends that
its use most likely originated in pre-Islamic West Borneo as a new class
generations and was retained as Islam made its slow ascent of the
origin of the honorific, given the frequency agen sabung ayam of abang in royal
evidence on abang from the middle and upper Kapuas (Figure 1) that
[FIGURE 1 OMITTED]
in 1856 Assistant Resident H. von Gaffron journeyed along the middle and
sign new contracts with them, and make treaties with leaders of the
large tribal blocks such as the Iban (Batang Loepars), Kayan, Embaloh,
and Taman. As part of his report, yon Gaffron included descent lines of
the Malay rulers from Sintang to Jongkong. (2) I reproduce these here,
as von Gaffron reported them, with the original Dutch spelling and
pangeran, panambahan, and radin, but seems more prevalent in the far
2. Abang Saman
4. Abang Soer
5. Abang Tamelang
6. Pangeran Pandeling
7. Pangeran Toengal
8. Pangeran Praboe
1. Panambahan Titie
3. Panambahan Bago
4. Panambahan Mitjoek
5. Pangeran Anoem
6. Pangeran Ratoe
1. Abang Tadjoek
3. Abang Maas
4. Abang Paijong
5. Abang Djamal
6. Abang Kana
7. Abang Kladu
9. Abang Kaloedjoe
2. Radin Nathar
Malay kingdoms also cites numerous rulers and nobles with abang
honorifics. For example, the founder of Bunut (the youngest kingdom from
1815) was Abang Barita, a Malay trader from Selimbau who was descended
Soetrie, perhaps his title prior to taking the subsequent name.) He was
own son, Abang Oetih followed in 1859, succeeded then in 1876 by his
son, Abang Tella, who was on the throne until his banishment for
misdeeds in 1884. His son, Abang Tanah, was chosen as the next ruler
Tellah), Pangeran Adipati (Abang Oetih), and Pangeran Ratoe Adi Pakoe
Negara (Abang Tanah)--suggesting that the older abang honorific was fine
for "everyday use" but just no longer in style when one got to
the throne.
Kiai Patie Oeda (the chief at the time of the first Dutch expedition
daughter, Dajang Mesinto, and a Muslim Palin Dayak named Abang Boedja.
(Both Radin Nata and Abang Abdoel Arab used pangeran as their
fore-title.) Abang Abdoel Arab's oldest son, Abang Oenang, took the
throne in 1864, along with the title, Pangeran Soleiman Soerija Negara.
Upon Abang Oenang's death in 1886, his oldest son, Abang Alam,
still a minor, took the throne under three regents--Raden Soema, Abang
the Jongkong genealogy that Enthoven records, with the sons of Abang
Oenang listed as Abang Alam, Abang Osman, Abang Noeh, and Abang Obal,
to make abang the male equivalent of the ubiquitous upper and middle
Kapuas female honorific, dayang (long used by the nearby Iban as a term
come from Labai Lawai, said to be the earlier version of Sukadana (but
see Smith 2005). When the first Dutch treaty was signed with Piasa in
1823 during Hartmann's trip, the ruler was Abang Soewara (whose
title was Kijai Dipati Martapoera and who was the twelfth ruler
Abang Noeh, who in 1859 took the title, Pangeran Osman Dirdja Kesoema
Dutch because they had little faith in the legitimate heir, Abang Bijak,
who was both grandson of Abang Noeh and son of Abang Tella, the banished
Bunut ruler.
given but this may well have been in the early 1700s. Following the
Djambal, Abang Oepak, Abang Boedjang, Abang Ambal, Abang Tella, Abang
Parah, Abang Goenoeng, Abang Teding, and Abang Mahidin who was the first
the first ruler to take the title raja and who took the honorific, Soera
di Laga Pakoe Negara. (This would appear to be the first ruler on von
Gaffron's list.) His heir was his grandson, Abang Genah, who was
succeeded by his own son, Abang Tadjak (the second on von Gaffron's
list perhaps).
Next in line were Abang Keladi and Abang Sasap, followed by Abang
Tella (who, in 1823, made a treaty with Commissioner Hartmann, the first
Dutch official to travel that far up the Kapuas). His successor,
Pangeran Hadji Mohammad Abas (von Gaffron's number 13), reigned for
48 years from 1830 and was much loved by Dutch officials from the
Abang Tella--Enthoven is not clear here) who helped both Undup and
Kantu' resettle along the Kapuas after continual raiding from the
Hadji Moeda Agong Pakoe Negara, whose own son, Hadji Mohammad Osman,
stood as heir to the throne in 1890. This history would also seem to
themselves).
number 12 on von Gaffron's list. He may well have been Abang Tella,
Djalaloedin, the ninth ruler, under whose reign Selimbau was sacked
twice by huge Iban forces. Enthoven provides no dates here, but locates
the first sacking at Pelembang where the capital had been since its
have collected from the Emperan Iban, I would place the attacks in the
very late 18th or very early 19th centuries as they seem to have
and Malay oral histories of the sacking of Selimbau, the boy-heir to the
throne is said to have been captured. As was Iban custom with child
war-captives, a family adopted him and gave him the name Minsut. When he
was an adult, the Selimbau Malays asked that he return to take the
throne. They paid a ransom of two large ceramic jars filled with gold,
and Minsut took the throne to become Pangeran Suma Raden Dra Abang
Berita (Wadley 2002:323). Could Abang Tella, Pangeran Soema, and Minsut
then have been the same personh The possibility is certainly intriguing
"Ini gantang Apang Jail tulih abang amat raja Selimbau (this is the
measuring bowl of Apang Jali written by [his] true abang, the ruler of
equivalent to the Iban apai. (5) Here, it is the ruler of Selimbau who
abang status, though Jinak was a well-known leader and manok sabong
[FIGURE 2 OMITTED]
To decipher the jawi script, I sent both a photo of the bowl and a
University) and Annabel Gallop (The British Library) to see what sense
they could make of it. Though hard to read because of worm holes and
enough:
Line 1: Ini gantang Apang Jali yang mem ... [here is the measuring
Selimbau]
[FIGURE 3 OMITTED]
peacemaking ceremony between Selimbau and Emperan Iban who had settled
along the lower Leboyan River (see Wadley 2003:101). Because of ongoing
in which the boundary between them was set as the left bank of the
Leboyan (looking downriver). At the time, Jinak's people had begun
moving into the lower Leboyan from the Lanjak area following the
Following this peacemaking, more Iban moved into the lower Leboyan and
more Malays moved more permanently into the Lakes, creating conflict as
history.
Pangeran Soema di Laga Mangkoe Negara ruled there for around 75 years,
having made the first treaty with the Dutch in 1823, and was succeeded
by his son, Kesoema Anom Soerija Negara. No use of the term abang occurs
much the same for Silat (1903, I:190-91), the next kingdom downriver:
evident, but not of abang, which accords with von Gaffron's list
but may reflect a lessened effort to collect such details on the part of
both men. The term abang certainly persists among lesser Malay nobles
based in Semitau, was the Dutch government's point man for local
affairs, both Malay and Dayak, in the late 19th century (1903, 1:221).
Generally judi sabung ayam regarded as the most powerful mid-river kingdom (at least
abang in its sabung ayam official genealogy as recorded by Ethnoven (1903, II: 540;
agreeing with von Gaffron on this), though its line of early rulers are
more often than not titled adi. This is not the case, however, for
Sekadau and Belitang, which were generally considered to have been under
be said for Sanggau, the kingdom to which Reece makes his link:
Hindu-Javanese woman named Dara Nanti from Sukadana), Sanggau was ruled
by numerous abang, including Abang Awal (the fifth ruler and first
Abang Oedjoe (eighth), Abang Sembilan Hari (ninth), Abang Saka (tenth),
and Abang Angan (sixteenth); numerous lesser nobles titled abang are
This brief account of the use of abang in the middle and upper
drainage. The close, but largely unexplored, links between north coast
polities and those along the Kapuas would suggest sharing of a number of
and adi. Indeed, the low-lying watershed (now the international border)
and broad rivers on the south side have promoted considerable
north-south intercourse, a fact which led the Dutch to worry about the
Within the middle and upper Kapuas kingdoms, with the exception of
increasingly more elaborate monikers over the years, under the influence
of both Islam and Dutch succession ceremonies that seemed to favor such
things. In addition, the retention of abang among lesser nobles into the
Acknowledgements
sponsored in Indonesia by the Center for International Forestry Research (2000). Thanks to Bob
Reece, Jim Collins, Michael Laffan, Annabel
Gallop, and Oona Paredes (for putting me in contact with Laffan and
Gallop).
References Cited
Smith, F. Andrew 2005 Anthony Richards and the Search for Lawai:
Ethnohistory 51(3):609-36.
Reed L. Wadley
Department of Anthropology
University of Missouri-Columbia
(1) The spread of Islam into the interior was indeed slow: In 1823,
were far from the teachings of Mohamed ("Deze arme vorstjes verre
Gaffron, 28 February 1857: West Borneo Inventory No. 45/Doc. No. 17,
(3) What is most curious about these lists is that they do not
match up well with subsequent records (e.g., Enthoven 1903); whether the
(4) This item is strictly an heirloom and was not used in the
collection of rice taxes; the Emperan Iban at this time were taxed
directly by the Dutch authorities and had never been under the
jurisdiction of Selimbau or any other Malay polity (Wadley 2004).
(5) Collins notes that variants apa and apa' are in widespread
or avuncular roles.
rivers on the south side--appear to have been one of the keys to the
them being able to control the entire river system or even large
stretches of it. Points of access to the north coast and what is now
Central Kalimantan were numerous and hard to monitor. It was not until
the Dutch brought steamships in the 1860s and started regular patrols