Scribd Logo
Fazer o upload

Bem-vindo(a) ao Scribd!

  • Designing Floor Slabs On Grade PDF

    Enviado por

    olomu
    311 visualizações281 páginas

    Título original

    Designing-Floor-Slabs-on-Grade-.pdf

    Direitos autorais

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Formatos disponíveis

    PDF ou leia online no Scribd

    Você considera este documento útil?

    Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

    Denunciar este documento

    Direitos autorais:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Baixe no formato PDF ou leia online no Scribd
    Sinalizar o conteúdo como inadequado
    311 visualizações281 páginas

    Designing Floor Slabs On Grade PDF

    Enviado por

    olomu

    Direitos autorais:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Baixe no formato PDF ou leia online no Scribd
    Sinalizar o conteúdo como inadequado
    de 281
    Designing Floor Slabs On Grade Step-by-Step Procedures, Sample Solutions, and Commentary pst) Designing Floor Slabs On Grade Step-by-Step Procedures, Sample Solutions, and Commentary Second Edition Boyd C. Ringo and Robert B. Anderson ‘Technical Editor: Mary K. Hurd = =: iL Aberdeen Group® 5 West St, Aadson Was 6OTOT Designing Foor Slabs on Grade St Procedures, Solutions, and Commentary Sebed alton ” o published by The Aberdeen Group 426 South Westgate ‘Addison, TL 60101 Book Bator: Desire J: Hanford ‘Asia: Joan, Moras Copyright © 1996 The Aberdeen Grp ‘Printed in th United Stas of Amen Reprotuction of sy pat of his work beyood tat penlaed by she 1976 United Sutes Copyright Act witout Detalton of be coprgh owner slaw, Reqs for pemison father iaforion sos be adreted {2 The Aberdeen Group. brary of Congest Catalog Number 95.1988 ‘987654321 ISBNOSUESHTEO. Item No. 3020 brary of Congress Catalogng-trPubitcation Data Ring, Boyd C ‘Desig for slabs on grade = sepbystep procedures, sample soluons, an comment. 2ad ed nico. ‘Aur: Boyd C Ringo od Rote B. Anderson fect nee, 15BN0.924855.75.0 be) | Coo dabe-Deag and consrocton. 2. Far, Coot Design at coutnetin. Andean, Rabe. TagasseRse 1986 a entea-e0 sts ‘oP ABOUT THE AUTHORS Slab design experts and consultants, Boyd Ringo and Bob Anderson have lectured worldwide on the design of slabs on grade. They have served together as active members of the American Concrete institute Committee 360, Design of Slabs ‘on Grade, and Committee 302, Construction of Concrete Floors. Now they join forces to share their expertise in the how-to-do-it format ofthis versatile new design handbook. Boyd C. Ringo, a leading authority on plain and conventionally reinforced concrete slabs on grade, fas been involved a5 a professional engineer with design and construction for more than 40 years. Now in private practice as a consulting engineer in Cincinnati, he is a past chairman of ACI Committee 360, and was for ‘many years a professor of civil engineering at the University of Cincinnati, Ringo has also worked as a structural designer and forensic investigator and has extensive experience with industrial slabs on grade. Robert B. Anderson, a pioneer in establishing the post-tensioned slab on grade, helped in developing some of the early hardware as well as the design procedures that are accepted today. Long active in the Post-Tensioning Institute, he is now president of Robert B. Anderson Consulting Engineers, New Orleans. His practice includes commercial, industrial, and residential 3 well as conventional and post-tensioned foundation design—with particular emphasis in dealing with ‘problems of expansive and compressible soils. ‘The Aberdeen Group its employees and agents, andthe authors are ot engaged in the business of providing architectural oc construction services, nor are they liceased to do so, ‘The information in this book is iatended forthe use of builders, floor designers, and contractors competent to evaluate its applicability to ther situation, and who will accept responsibilty forthe application ofthe information. The Aberdeen Group and the authors disclaim any and all responsiblity forthe application ofthe information. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION. CHAPTER 1 Input values needed for design.. 1.1.2—Working witb a soils speciali. 1.1.3 Limit risk with insufficient information. 111.4 king wth ined sf Information, 1.1.5~Summary . 12—Types of stad loadings 1.2:1~Introduetion.. 1.2.2—Vehicle axle loads... 1.2.3~Uniform loads with aisles. 1.2.4~Rack and post load... 1.2.5~Column loads... 1.2.6~Special or unusual loads... 1.3—Conerete for the slab.. 13.1~Conerete strength properties for design 13.1.1—Compression 13..2—Modulus of upeue 13.13—-Shear stength.. 13.14—Surface durability. 1.3.2~Choosing the concrete mix. 132.1—Cements... 13.22—Aggregus.. 1323—Mix proportions 14—Safety factors 14.1 —Importance and meaning... 1.42~Common valves for safety factor. 1.5—Slab reinforcement. E 15.1 Reinforcing stel 15.1.1—Genera. 1.5.1.2~Stinkage eck cont. 1.522—Crck contol 2.1.3— Type B, slab with shrinkage control reinforcement. 2.1.4—Type C, slab with shrinkage-compensating concrete. 2.1.5--Type D, slab post-tensioned for crack control. 2.1.6—Type E, lightly reinforced structural slab. 2.1.7—Type F, strcturaly reinforced slab. 2.1.8 — Type G (Authors designation, fiberenhanced concrete slab 2.2—Methods of slab thickness determination... 2.2.1 Portland Cement Institute (PCA) method 2.22—Wire Reinforcement Institute (WRI) method. 2.23—United States Army Corps of Engineers (COE) method. 2.2.4—Post-Tensioning Institute (PTD) method. 22.5—ACI Committee 223 (ACI 223) method. 22.6 —MATS (PCA) finite element analysis... 22.7 -Other methods. 22.8—Correlation of construction type with design method and Toading condition. CHAPTER 3 Design for vehicle axle loads. 3. —Design objectives... ‘3. Uslng PCA charts to design for axe eading: AUTHORS’ CHOICE... 3.2.1 —Single wheels, interior loading. 3.22 —Dual wheels, interior loading . 3.2.3 — Stress increases for loads at edges or joints 33~Design for axle loading using WRI charts 3.4—Design for axle loading using COE charts. 3.4.1 — COE, light lift truck... a 3.42 —COE, heavy lift ruck 3.43 — COE, outdoor paving areas ‘35—Adapting PCA charts for use with swing vehicles 3:6—Using shrinkage-compensating concrete for slabs subject axle loads 3.7 —Using post-tensionting tendons fora slab with axle loads $6b—Desgnngstrectrlreatrcemen for sab with vei ong. 3.9_Welded wire fabric as a structural element CHAPTER 4 Design of slabs for rack storage post loads. 4.1—Design objectives wisn: 42—Information needed to solve the post load problem. 43—Using PCA charts to design for rack storage post loading: AUTHORS’ CHOICE... 44—Using PCA charts when actual k does not ‘equal chart k: AUTHORS’ CHOICE. 4S—Using shrinkage- conesete, pst tensioning tendons, or acive sel enlorement 8 CHAPTER 5 Slab design for column or wall loadings . ‘5.1 —Scope of the problem. 5.2—Design objective. $.3—Input values needed for design.. ‘54-Udlng equations to design for column loads: AUTHORS’ CHOICE... ‘5.5— Adapting PCA charts to design for column loads on slabs .. ‘5.6—Design for wall loading on slabs using the ‘ARMY-TM equations: AUTHORS’ CHOICE. S7—ACI3B1 ‘Code Requirement fr Strciaral Fain Concrete wad Commentary CHAPTER 6 Slab design for distributed uniform loading on both sides of an aisle. 6.1—The design objective (62 Valoes needed to solve the problem (63—Using WRI charts to design for datrbuted ‘uniform loading on both sides ofan alsle: AUTHORS’ CHOICE. 64—Using PCA tables to design for uniform loading on both sides of an aise. 65—Usingsrtnkage compensating concrete for ela with distributed ‘mnlforms foading on both sides of an aise. 6.6—Using post-tensloning tendons for slabs with distributed ‘uniform loading on both sides of an alse. or sing structurally reinforced concrete for sab loaded uniformly on ‘both sides of an alse {68—Use of Dhers for concrete enhancement 68.1~Stee! fiber 3.2 Synthetic (polymeric) fibers ‘73~The PTI method for slab design oa plastic clay. 73.1 —Analysis of slab Toads. 73.2-Value nested ove ie probien.. 733—Design objectives. 73.4—Computer solutions. ‘74—DESIGN EXAMPLE: Rectangular post tensioned slab on plastic clay with uniform and perimeter loads. 7.4.1 ~Symbols and notation 7.42—The problem and initial assumptions; materials data 7.43 Soils investigation 743.1-—Detrmin he predominant ly materi se tl 7.43.2—Find the constant suction vale forthe si. 743.3—Determine the average moisture movement velocity 7.434—Find edge moisnrevainon distance 7435—Detzmine expected dilfereatial evel for edge Li ad conti consitions. Cy 7.44—Check preliminary beam sizes and tendon requirements, ‘Step $ of Flow Char 1. 86 Eryn Primi deerninion seg beam doh ‘edge if condition. 71442~Sol pressure unde ibe besa (a sabrotine fo Step 8, Flow Chart 1) 745 —Determine section properties for full slab width, Step 6, Flow Chart I... 7.4,6—Calculate minimum aumber of tendons required, Step 7, Flow Chart 1.89 74.1 —Check design moments against allowable moments for edge lift condition, Step 8, Flow Chart I. 748—Deflection calculations, edge lift condition, Step 9, Flow Chart 7.4.9 ~Shear calculations for edge lift condition, Step 10, Flow Chart 1 74.10—Center lift design. ‘75—DESIGN EXAMPLE: Simple rectangle, uaiform thickness | et ensioned ‘slab on plastic clay with uniform and perimeter load. 75.1 =Introduction 7 7'5.2—Modeling the problem 7.5.3—Determination of equivalent thickness. 7.5.4—Determine number of tendons required... 715:5—Recheck design moments against allowable moment capacity... 7.5.6 —Check of shear capaci 7.5.1 ~Summary of results. 746—DESIGN EXAMPLE: Simple rectangle, conventionally reinforced slab on plastic clay with uniform and perimeter load........ 7.6.1 — Introduction 7.6.2—Modeling the problem, ong direction. 76.3 Values needed to solve the problem with conventional reinforcement 107 7.6.4—The reinforced concrete solution for slab on plastic clay. 7.65—Shor direction section with conventional reinforcement... CHAPTER 8 Design of slabs on compressible clays.. 8.1 —Introduction. 8.2— What is compressible clay? 83-PTI method for designing sabs supported on n compressible days. 83.1—Analysis of slab loads... 8.3.2—Vales needed soive te probe. 8.3.3—Design objectives 8.3.4—Computer solutions. 8.4—DESIGN EXAMPLE: Rectangular post-tensioned slab on compresibe ‘lay with aniform and perimeter loads. 8.4.1 Symbols and notation... 84. ~The problem and inal assump materials data. 119 (Step 5, Flow Chart 4. 8.4.32—Constant sol suction ¥ 8.4.3.3—Velocity of moisture flow. 8.4.4—Preliminary beam sizes, tendon requirements. 8.44.1—Eatimate the required depth dof stifening beams 44.2—Sol bearing pressure under beams 846 ~Calculate minimum numberof tendo ered Step 8, Flow Chor ..128 84.7 Check design moments aginst allowable moments for edge it ‘conditions, Step 9, Flow Chart 3. 8.4.8—Deflection calculations, edge lift condition 8.4.9— Shear calculations for edge lift condition. 8.4.10—Center lift desig en S 85—DESIGN EXAMPLE: Simple rectangle, conventionally reinforced slab on compre cay wit ufrm and perinetr ond, Sup 124, Flow Chr 3.199 8.5.1 —Introduction... 139 140 8.5.2—Modeting the problem, tong rection. §8.5.3— Values needed to solve the problem with conventional reinforcement. 8.5.4—The reinforced concrete solution for slab on compressible clay. 8.5.5—Short direction section with conventional reinforcement CHAPTER 9 The hybrid post-tensioned slab: combining stiffening ‘elements with regions of uniform thickness 9.3.1 — Analysis of slab loads. 7 9.3.2 Values needed to rolve the problem. 9.33~—Design objectives... 9.3.4~Computer solutions 9.—DESIGN EXAMPLE: Post-tcasloned slab combining stiffening lements with uniform hckes om plate ay with wif 9.42—The problem and initial assumptions; materials data 9.4.3—Soils investigation. 943.1—Detrmine the predominant clay mie! inthe sal. 9.43.2 Find the constant suction value fr the si 9.433—Deterine the average moisture movement velocity 9.4.3.4 Find the edge moisture variation distance. 9.43.5—Determine the expected diferent swell for edge lift and center if condhions 9.44—Check slab thickness based on loading requireme 9.4.5—Check preliminary beam sizes, Step 6 of Flow Chart 943.1—Preliminary determination, soning beam dept d, ‘edge lift condition 94.3.2.—Sol pressure under the beams (a sbroutine for ‘Step 6, Flow Char 5) 9.46—Determine Section properis for ul sab width ‘Step 7, Flow Chart So 9.4.7—Determine adequacy of stiffened section in relation to the 8 distance chosen... 9.4.8—Calculate minimum nomber of tendons required, Step 9, Chart 5. 9.49 —Check desig moments agtinst allowable moments for edge lift condition, Step 10, FlOW Chart Suu 94.10—Deflection calculations, edge lift condition, Step 11, Flow Chart 5. 9.4.11 —Shear calculations for edge lift condition, Step 12, low Chart 5. CHAPTER 10 Supporting design informatior 10.1 —Dowels for Boor stabs on grade. wa 173 10.1.1 —Purpose and function of dowels 10.12—Types of dowels. 10.1.3—Size and spacing of dowels 10.2— Joints in slabs on grade. 10.2.1 —Purpose of joints. 10.2.2 —Types and functions of joints. 10.2.3 —Shear transfer. 10.2.4— Joint spacings. 10.2.5—Foints as stress raisers. 10.2.6—Other factors affecting join. 10.26.1—Bond:- breaking interlayers. 10.2.62— Shrinkage compensating concrete 7 10.2.63—Continuous steel nnenesisnann m 10.264—Stel fiber. 178 10.26 5—Post-tensione slabs 10.3~Control of shrinkage 104—Construction tolerances for slabs on grade... 104.1 —Tolerance for base construction... 10.4.2—Tolerance for slab thickness. 10.4.3—Slab surface tolerances.. 10.5—Effect of changes in the variables: What If? 10.5.1—Effect of changing modulus of subgrade reaction, £ 105.4—Effect of additional base thickness, hon tp of subbase 10.5.5—Effect of changes in safety factor, SF. 1056—Conmens on theory conling he ee. 10.6—Freezer Moors... 10:7.2—How fis determined. 10.73—Significance of 10.8—Computer solutions 1038.1 —Practcal applications. 10.8.2— Software for slab on grade design. 10.83 Significance of computer solutions 109—Understanding sll properties and classification 109.1 Soil properties 10.9.2~Soil classification systems. 109.2. —Unified Soil Classification. 1092.2 AASHTO clasification nn 109.2.3—FAA clasifiation 10.9.4—Fine-grained sols. 1039.5—Coarser materials: sands and gravels CHAPTER 11 Troubleshooting and evaluating existing floor slabs. 11.1—Introduction... 11:2- Wallthrongh inl nsec. 11.2.1 Joins, 11.2.2—Comers. 1123—Surface conditions. 11.2.4—Random cracks. 11.2.5 ~Evidence of overload. 11.2.6—Evidence of seulement... 112.7—Subgrade problems. 11.4.1 —Describing flor distress. 11.42—Evaluating the severity of 11.43—Some common repair procedures. 11.43.1—Joint openings... 1143.2—Chipping join... 11-43.3~Random cracks, 11.43.4~Lack of floor fates... 11,43.5—Senlement or heaving 11,43.6—Other dstresses 11.5—-Reporting results...» 115.1—Ora pare. 11.5.2—Written report 11.6—Selected information sources. APPENDICES Resources needed for design ‘AA—Introduction ‘A-2—Soil properties, conditions and the Thoravaite Moisture Chart ‘A3—Design charts from Portland Cement Association, Wire Reinforcement Institute, Corps of Engineers, and American Concrete Insitute ‘AA~ Pest-Tensioved Slab flow charts equations lst and INTRODUCTION How thick should the slab be? How strong should the concrete be? Is reinforcement needed? ‘Where should the joints be placed? Can adding fibers enhance the slabs performance? When is post-tensioning appropriate? What can be done to control cracking? This how-to-doit book provides practical answers to these and other major questions that confront owners and designers when an industrial floor is nesded. It is intended to simplify and improve the design of slabs on grade for commercial and residential as well as industrial uses. “Design” includes all ofthe decisions, specifications, and details made and documented before construction can begin. It is based on properties of both the subgrade support andthe concrete material. The process determines thickness, any necessary reinforcement, and jointing details as well a standards for construction ofthe slab. The authors regard design as 1 two-step procedure: thickness selection is done by one ofthe method listed below; then other features such as joint location and treatment and construction tolerances are ‘determined, Even though these steps ae intimately related, they are commonly thought of as ‘0 separate procedures. Drawing on their combined experience of many decades at the forefront of slab design and construction technology, Ringo and Anderson have prepared a text designed to help professionals at many diferent levels of slab design expertise, The book is arranged in three major pens: Getting ready to design presents two chapters explainiag the available slab desiga and construction methods, and outlining the input valves of site and materials data necded before the design begins. The desige examples are the heart of the book, seven chapters of numerical examples worked out on a step-by-step basis for vehicle loads, rack storage post loading, column or wall loadings, and distributed uniform loads. Separate examples show how & use post- tensioning when sensitive areas such as compressible soils and plastic clays are encountered, and how to convert the post-tensioned slab to a coaventionally reinforced equivalent. Problems are solved in several ways —. giving the designer a choice, but always presenting the authors’ recommendations as to the best way to proceed. Chapter 9, new to the second edition, presents the latest Post-Tensioning Institute method for designing hybrid slabs, Fibbed and post-tensioned along a perimeter band, but having a conventional uniform thickness slab atthe center, Resource information in Chapter 10 provides needed data on joins, construction tolerances, computer alternatives, and a short course ia soil mechanics. The final chapter on ‘woubleshooting explains the steps to tke when a slab is in distress and an investigation is called for. The Appendix i a recapitulation of the design aids, presenting in large, readable format all ofthe charts required for solutions given in the design examples. The authors expect that designers will copy these chars many times over as they draw the lines required for slab thickness determination and te selection of other variables. ‘Thus the user can assess his own needs and dip into the book for a whole course in slab or he ca simply pick out the details that he needs. Undoubtedly, many readers wil be able to go straight tothe design examples, select a desired loading condition, and fi their ‘own site-specific information into an already-worked example. ‘The authors wisely caution tha there is no single or unique design procedure tht can be applied o all job situations But all ofthe design methods do have the Common objective of crack contal, and the provision of silty, atness, and overal strength appropriate to each particular job. Simplified methods presented ‘Stresses in grade slabs result from applied loads, changes in the concrete volume, and changes in subgrade support. The magnitude ofthese sresses depends on factors such as the degree of continuity, subgrade strength and uniformity, method of construction, quality of constriction, and magnitude and postion of the loadings. In the vast majority of cases, the effects of stresses can only be evaluated by making simplifying assumptions with respect to ‘material properties and soit stvcture interaction, The most commonly known methods, all referred toi the examples ofthis book, come from the folowing sources: * The Portland Cement Association (PCA) * The Wire Reinforcement Insitute (WRI) + The Post-Tensioning Insite (PT), * The United States Army Corps of Engineers (COE) * The United States Army and Air Force (TM/AIAF) + American Concrete Institute Commitee 223 Standard Practice (ACI 223) ‘The book provides the reader with “how-to” information on each of these methods, and also offers extensive references for those designers who want or need t0 know the “why” behind the design methods. Good drawings and specifications emphasized Experience tells authors Ringo and Anderson that the majority of Noor contracioss, foremen, and field workers look only at the drawing. Therefore they suggest that the key requirements should always appear on the drawing that describes the floor. But they feel that ‘ complese set of both drawings and specifications is the best procedure by which to ensure a quality flor. The designer must specify and draw the appropriate instructions. Anything not stated or drawn cannot be followed, and cannot be expected to appear inthe finished work. If the client wants a quality flor for specific objectives, a complete and detailed specification sccompanied by comprehensive drawings, wll help assure it. Although a good planning job ‘takes more time than » poor one, the time spent i extremely cost-effective. MARY K. HURD Techical Edtor Exgncered Palestina CHAPTER 1 INPUT VALUES NEEDED FOR DESIGN 1.1— Information about the supporting soil 1.1.1 — Introduction ‘A slab on grade cannot be designed without numerical values that come directly from sowing what supports the slab. At the very least, a vale is needed forthe modulus of subgrade reaction, commonly refered to as k; however, the grade support system is more complicated than i indicated by a single vale. In addition to kit is necessary to Imow the properties of the underlying soil andthe available fill material. In other words, to design and construct a quality slab on grade, one needs to know as much as possible about the grade system that support that lb, “The flow char (Figure 1) summarizes an orderly approach to obtaining this informa- tion, and Stetion 10.8 provides more detail on sil characteristics and evaluation procedures z i t = nate sass + ta J stat a cant net | rece Te ae. von | Eas coapSinys Ho} Tatngteet FS, seat bof We PP Lm PPI t + resencoas | | Rn Romooen | | Rees [assem] [Sas sore | See t z t ' ements || ecm Hixemate [| ot Figure 1 Flow chart provides a guide to soils information needed for design of slabs on grade. 2 CHAPTER | — INPUT VALUES NEEDED FOR DESIGN Commentary: ‘Do not omit the geotechnical ‘specialist and donot omit he oor designer, f you want ‘g00d floor the floor designer is working in an area of known dificulties, unfamiliar ‘mauerials or unusually heavy loadings, ir might be wise 0 ‘refuse to provide a design without sufficient ‘geotechnical information. eis used in determining the thickness ofthe concrete slab, That thickness isnot sensitive slight changes in the value of ke Obtain a slightly conservative value based on accurate soil data. 1.1.2—Working with a soils specialist ‘The first consideration atthe beginning of any slab on grade design should be that of securing adequate geotechnical information (Reference 1). This should put the person responsible forthe floor design into the process atthe very beginning of any planning, which ‘must include site considerations. When altemative sites are being evaluated fora project, soil conditions are often significant economic fctr. ‘The floor designer should be able to advise the owner as to what soils information wil be needed, He should do this along withthe geotechnical engineerin order to provide an optimum ‘geotechnical report. ‘Too often the team effort of floor designer and geotechnical engineer is missing This can lead either to costly overspending in obtaining sol information orto unexpected construction overruns due ‘0 omisions or erors in initial information. It must be emphasized that the slab on ground designer should be exgaged either before or simultaneously with engaging the ‘geotechnical firm, 1.1.3 —Limit risk with insufficient information ‘The authors have found that in much routine slab on grade design no soils information is available other than the floor designer's experience. This experience is occasionally in the job site area, but frequently is not within that geographical area. This situation often leads to relying. ‘on what previous experience dictated, such as “six inches has always worked” or “the soil is good.” This may have been the situation more times than many of us care to admit, IF forced into this situation inthe future, the designer must protect himself by stating on the construction drawings what assumptions were made in the design process. The designer should also limit his liability by noting in writing the risks and possible consequences of inadequate soil information. Such steps not only protect the floor designer and informa the client, but often result in the cient’ favorable reconsideration in providing geotechnical backup. ‘A note such as the following could be used: “Due to lack of specific geotechnical information, ths sab has been designed using a subgrade modulus of k= ___ pci and design loading of. The designer is not responsible for differential setlement, slab cracking, or other funare defects resulting from unreported conditions mitigating the above assumptions.” ‘This note may be modified as needed if other factors such as concrete strength are in question. ‘Such precautions in both design and disclosure are simply prudent forall parties involved 1.1.4— Working with limited soil information For most moderately loaded and medium sized projects. only a limited degree of geotechnical information commonly is available. This generally consists of sil classifications, for natural soil and for fill materials, with either standard penetration tests for coarse-grained soils, or unconfined compression tests and Atterberg limits on clayey materials. Of prime {importance are any discontinuities in the subgrade layers which could result in slab thickness changes or in potential differential slab movements. Any discontinuities observed by the ‘geotechnical engineer are generally pointed out. This may require further investigation to define any changes in substrata. If this isthe case, a need for the joint services ofthe floor design engineer andthe geotechical engineer becomes obvious. However, assuming a relatively homogeneous site for most slab on grade designs, a value for k the modulus of subgrade reaction, can be established using Table J which i based onthe Unified Soil Classification chart. Most of the examples in this book are based on ws of the k value, which isa spring constant determined by soil properties. It is expressed in units of ‘pounds per square inch per inch (psi/in), commonly abbreviated to pc. 3 SECTION 1.1.4 — WORKING WITH LIMITED SOIL INFORMATION 8 |B se 2 e wie cs ]/e Fe ele ‘Table 1 Cnifed Soi Classification, from References | and. 4 CHAPTER 1 — INPUT VALUES NEEDED FOR DESIGN a Iyaaut ter er includes determination ofthe eee, eee eae fel ir slab construction are part of os ‘The information in Table J is intended as a guideline and should not be used as a substinute for an appropriate soils report by a soils specialist. The geotechnical firm, where engaged, can and should supply information classifying the soils according to the unified classification system (Reference 2), This system is ‘almost identical to the ASTM soil classification system (Reference 3). Either is acceptable for practical design. With this information, a conservative value fork ean be determined. 1.1.5—Summary tis not advisable 2 provide design services for slabs on grade when no geotechnical information is svalabe, Ifthe floor designer i sufficieny familiar withthe site, the design an proceed; however, design assumptions along with a disclaimer statement should be placed on any drawings or recommendations. ‘When limited information is available from a geotechnical source, a conservative approximation of & value may be selected using the Unified Soil Classification, or its equivalent. The floor designer should inform the geotechnical engineer, whenever one is available, ofthe loads anticipated and ofthe design procedure intended for use. This should help the seotechnical individual to provide the floor designer with the necessary information to Propery execute the design, 1.2 — Types of slab loadings 1.2.1 —Introduction The four loading types described in Sections 1.2.2 through 1.2.5 are those most commonly encountered on industrial floors. They are external loadings acting on the sab's surface, These vertical fores cause moments in the slab. They also cause shear forces inthe case of substantial column or post loads on nominally-sized base pate, The slab must be designed to limit the concrete stress and provide load support with adequate reserve strength as indicated by the safety (or load) factor. The concrete slab on grade mun resist these forces ‘without showing unwanted distress. ‘The tend in plant use is toward heavier lift-truck capacities, higher racks with heavier post loadings, and harder vehicle whee! material. The tend is also toward flat floors with less evidence of cracking. It is absolutely necessary that the floor designer be supplied with accurate information concerning the applied loads in onder wo design and construct a quality floor. 1.2.2—Vehicle axle loads ‘Most vehicle traffic on industrial floors is from lift trucks, These trucks commonly have solid or composition wheel materials. These are hard materials with relatively small contact areas. They produce higher stresses than those produced by pneumatic tires and cause more

    Você também pode gostar