es Cerebral emisphere jvotved in sensation (including bitty to see), thinking, learning and emotions. imehed mo. Hypothalamus eae) involved i tomperature epulation tnd osmorepuan Medulla oblongata controls process that sre not under voluntary contol, ©: heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, sneezing and coughing. Fig. 15.2 ~ Structure and function of brain ¥ Cerebrum: receives impulses, controls contraction of voluntary muscles, controls mental activities like speech, memory, emotions and other conscious activities. Cerebellum: maintenance of balance, posture of body and coordination of skeletal muscles. “ Medulla oblongata: controls rate of heartbeat, breathing rate, reflexes ike coughing, sneezing and vorniting, v Hypothalamus: plays an essential role in osmoregulation, ‘maintaining body temperature and synthesis of hormones of posterior pituitary gland, Parietal lobe Parietal lobe motor cortex concerned with orientation, involved in control of movement. calculation, some types of recognition and memory, Frontal lobe involved in decision making, reasoning, planning and emotions. Involved in learned movements (Associated learning), Oceipital lobe processing information from ‘eyes, including vision, colour, shape recognition and perception. ‘Temporal lobe concerned with processing zuditory information, that is hearing, sound recognitions and spece! Cerebellum responsible for regulating Posture and coordinating skeletal muscle movements and balance, Fig. 15.3 - Structure and function of cerebellum and cerebrum Page 37CHAPTER SIXTEEN INVESTIGATING BRAIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION = | Learning outcomes: by the end of this chapter you should be able to ! | Edexcel Syllabus Spec 10: Describe the use of magnetic resonance Imaging (MRD, functional * | magnetic resonance imaging (PURI) and computed tomography (CT) scans in medical diagnosis and + tructure and function. i In the past, most of our information about the functions of the human brain was obtained from situations where parts of the brain had been damaged or missing at birth or as the result of illness or injury. ‘Some classic examples are discussed below: 1. Phineas Gage was a likeable, reliable, hardworking and very responsible American. An iron bar passed through his head during a dynamite explosion. it didn't kil him, but it destroyed much of the front part of the left-hand side of his brain. Gage could stil walk, talk and carry on normal life activities, but his personality changed dramatically. He became impatient, irresponsible and unpleasant, He lost his job, and died 12 years later. Researchers at Harvard have used computer graphics along with images of the injury and the skull to show that the bar destroyed much of the connection between the left-side frontal lobes and the midorain. Because of this Phineas Gage lost the ability to control his emotional behaviour. Fig, 16.1 — Phineas Gage’ brain damage 2. in one particular disorder a man mistook his wife for a hat! This man had a disease affecting the visual areas of the brain. He could see and describe things but he had fost the ability to make the normal connections between what he saw and what the object was. 3. Another patient had a massive stroke which affected the deeper and back portions of her cerebral hemispheres. Her personality and ability to talk were unimpaired, but she completely lost the concept of the left-hand side, both of her own body and the world around her. She would eat only the right- hand portion of her food and applied make-up only to the right-hand side of her face. This shows that the location of function and awareness lies in different sides of the brain. ~A2 Biology with Stafford. Unit Five: Physiology of exercise & ‘Nervous coordination / Topic Eight ‘Page 58 TT