3/7/2017

Coating Rheology Outline

Rheological Properties of Coatings
Viscosity, Shear-thinning, Thixotropy, Viscoelasticity, Surface
& Interfacial Tension, etc.
Impact of Rheology on Coating Process
Paint Mixing, Application, Sag & Leveling, etc.
Effect of Coating Formulation Aspects on Rheology
Solids Level, Binders, Pigments, Additives,
Interactions

Rheological Properties of Coatings

Rheology & Viscosity Definitions
Effect of Shear Rate on Viscosity
Newtonian Vs Non-Newtonian Behavior
Shear-Thinning, Pseudoplasticity, Thixotropy,
etc.
Shear Vs Extensional Viscosity
Viscoelasticity
Measurement of Rheological Properties

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Coating Process Overview

Raw Materials
Mixing / Blending
Storage (Shelf / Pot) What are the Requirements
Delivery to Applicator in Each Step?
Application
Flow & Leveling
Drying / Curing

Rheology
Science concerned with the flow and
deformation of materials
Which is more viscous?

Water or cooking oil?

Cooking oil or honey?
Honey or mayonnaise?

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Viscosities of Common Materials

Viscosity

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Viscosity
Measure of the resistance of a fluid to an imposed flow

Viscosity Quantitative Definition

Viscosity = Shear Stress / Shear Rate [Pa s]

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If Viscosity is Independent of Shear Rate Coating is Newtonian

Bubble Viscometers

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Orifice Viscometers (Viscosity Cups)

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Non-Newtonian Viscosity Behavior

Shear-Thinning Behavior

As viscometer RPM increases Shear Rate increases

Coating is Shear-Thinning

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Shear Thinning Behavior

Shear Thinning & Thickening Behavior

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What makes a coating non-Newtonian?

Polymer Conformation HydrodynamicVolume

Rheology

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Polymer Concentration Rheology

Viscosity dependence on shear-rate increases

Viscosity dependence on time increases

Polymer Molecular Weight Effect onViscosity

Ferry, Viscoelastic Properties of Polymers, 3rd ed, Wiley, New York, 1980

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Polymer MWD impacts shear - thinning

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Effect of Molecular Weight on Thickening

Effect of HEC Concentration on Viscosity

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Ultra-Fine Clay Thickeners

Highly Shear thinning
High Yield Stress
Low Thixotropy

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Effect of Dispersed Phase on Viscosity

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Effect of Particle Size Distribution on Viscosity

Effect of Particle Shape on Viscosity

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Flocculation & Aggregation of Particles in Coatings

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Flocculation & Aggregation of Particles in Coatings

Effect of Solids Level on Viscosities at Various

Shear Rates

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Effect of Solids Level on Viscosities at Various

Shear Rates

Types of Viscosity Behavior

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Summary
Viscosity
Hydrodynamic Volume
Shear Thinning
Chain Entanglements
Flocculation / Aggregation
Thixotropy
Chain Entanglements
Flocculation / Aggregation
Yield Stress
Weak Structure (gel)

What is the Ideal Viscosity Profile?

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Shear Rates for Coating Sag

Shear Rates for Reverse-Roll Application

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Shear Rates for Various Sub-Processes

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Other Non-Newtonian Phenomena (Viscoelasticity)

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Surface Tension? Other Forces?

Surface Tension

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Surface Tension

Molecules at the surface are

subject to a net attractive force
towards bulk liquid.

This is the origin of

Surface Tension

Why does water have such a high surface tension ?

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Surface (Interfacial) Tension Causes Flow

Surfactants are used to lower surface tension of water

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Solvent Surface Tension Values

Surface Tension of Common Substrates

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Equilibrium vs Dynamic Surface Tension

What is the surface tension of just

mixed surfactant/water ?
What is it sometime later ?
What is it in between ?

Time

This is important when creating new surfaces/interfaces

e.g., creation of spray droplets
creation of coating films

Marangoni Effect Flow Driven

by Surface Tension Force
Evaporation of alcohol raises surface
tension near the rim of glass
Alcohol-rich wine flows upwards due
to surface tension force
Drops cascade down as gravity takes
over

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Surface Tension flows

Crawling: When impurities < film, the coating naturally begins to
minimize free surface energy by flowing from low to high ,
leaving a crater with the impurity in the center

CRATERS

Courtesy of Werner Blank, King Ind.

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DEWETTING

Courtesy of Werner Blank, King Ind.

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