CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Objective of Research

By observing at several animals in the State University of Malang,

students are expected to:
a. Knowing the diversity of animals
b. Knowing the difference in morphology of animals
c. Can classify animals
1.2 Introduction
Animal taxonomy is the science that finds, identifies, describes,
classifies, and names Animals. Some people said that taxonomy is a
distinct branch of science that studies systematic or classification of
animals. This system was first developed by scientists Biology (Botanist)
Sweden named Carolus Linnaeus in the 18th century. Animal
classification is the placing of known animals into groups or categories to
show some relationship. There is seven levels classification in animals.

Kingdom is a unit of higher classification of organism, this level is

the most peak. Phylum is classification which have more spesifict than
kingdom. Class is a division of a phylum and group of similar ordo. Ordo is
classification which have more spesifict structural than class. Family is a
division of a ordo that more spesifict than ordo. Genus it is a group of
similar species. A taxonomy level between family and species. Spesies, in
taxonomy is division of genus. (Kastawi, 1981)

In the phylum, animal has grouping based on has same morfphology

and physiology. First phylum is Porifera, its mean that body of animals has
small holes or pores. Phylum Cnidaria, characteristic of cnidaria: has radial
symmetric body, has two body shapes its polip and medusa. Phylum
Platyhelminthes, grouping of worm that has a flat body. Phylum
Nematoda, worm that has long body and bilaterally symmetric and no
segment. Phylum Annelida, characteristic of phylum Annelida its has
segment on the body and bilaterally symmetric body. Phylum Mollusca,
characteristic of phylum Mollusca its animal has soft body, no segment,
body covered by a shell made of calcium carbonate. Phylum Arthropoda,
general characteristic of Arthropoda its has legs which segment on the
surface, bilaterally symmetric body. Phylum Arthropoda has clasification
into four group, there are: Crustacea, characteristic of crustacean its has
shell on the body. Chelicerata, characteristic of chelicerata its parasitic,
carnivorous and live on land. Myrapoda, characteristic of myrapoda its
has a lot of legs. And the last its Hexapoda, hexapoda be classified into
several subphylum, one of which insects. Characteristic o insect its has
couple eyes, has couple antenna, breathe with trachea. Phylum
echinodermata, characteristic of echinodermata its has torn skin. (Fried,
2005)

Phylum Chordata has bilaterally symmetric, chordate be classified

into several subphylum, one of which mammals. Mammals has
characteristic there are reproduce by giving birth, the surface of the body
is covered by hair, and move using a pair of legs.(Sukismo, 1981)
 CHAPTER II

METHODS

2.1 Tools and Materials

The tools that we used in these observations are:

Mobile phone / camera

Stationery

The materials that we used in these observations are:

Black ant
Cat
Butterfly

2.2 Methods

1) Observation on ant
Looking for black ant

Observing morphology of the black ant

Recorded observations

Taking picture of black ant

2) Observation onas observational evidence
cat

Looking for cat

Observing morphology
of the cat
 Recorded observations

Taking picture of cat as

3) Observation on butterfly
observational evidence

Looking for butterfly

Observing morphology of the butterfly

Recorded observations

Taking picture of butterfly as observational evidence

CHAPTER III

DATA

Based on the observation that we have done on the morphology

of some animals in the State University of Malang, the results of
observations are as follows.
 Black ant

Ant body consists of three parts: head, thorax, and abdomen.

Ants do not have lungs but breathe through spiracles hole. At the head of
ants there are many sensory organs, have compound eyes also had three
oselus at the top of his head to detect changes in light and polarization. At
the head of ants there are also three pairs of antennas that helps ants to
detect chemical stimuli. In the metasoma (abdomen) there are many
organs including the reproductive organs.

Cat

Cats have brown eyes and has black feathers on the head to the
neck and has a brown feathers on the bottom of the neck to the tail. This
cat also have claws at the tip of his toes and has a tail that is not too long.

Butterfly

The butterfly have a pair of antennae in the head, wings are

white and shades of black on the edges of the wing, the small body size.

And the classification of these animals are as follows.

Semut Hitam Kucing Kupu-kupu

Classificati
(Lasius (Felis Silvestris- (Vanessa
on
Fulignosus) Catus) Atalanta)
Kingdom Animalia Animalia Animalia
Phylum Arthropoda Chordata Arthropoda
Class Insecta Mamalia Insecta
Ordo Hymenoptera Karnivora Lepidoptera
Family Formicidae Felidae Nymphalidae
Genus Dolichoderus Felis Vanessa
Dolichoderus
Species F. Silvetris V. Atalanta
Bituberculatus
CHAPTER IV

RESULT

Animal taxonomy is the science that finds, identifies, describes,

classifies, and names animals. Based of the observations that we have
done explained that, according to the taxonomy of black ant, cat, and
butterfly on the level of same kingdom namely Animalia.

At the level of phylum, ants and butterflies belong to the phylum of

arthropods. Arthropods are animals with jointed legs, has a rope ladder
nervous system and organs has progressed well. Arthropods body size is
very diverse, some of which have a length of more than 60 cm, but most
are small. Similarly, the shape of Arthropods also varied. Arthropods have
a bilaterally symmetrical body shape, triploblastik selomata, and a
segmented body. Body covered with a layer of cuticle which is an outer
frame (exoskeleton). Cuticle thickness varies greatly, depending on the
animal species. The cuticle is produced by the epidermis that consists of
protein and chitin layers. At the time of holding insect growth, cuticle will
have flaking. The cuticle protects the body inside, giving shape to the
insect's body and can be a place of attachment of muscles, especially
those related with locomotor. Insect muscles are striated muscle which is
a very complex structure. This muscle is needed to perform fast
movements. Arthropods body consists of caput (head), thoracic (chest),
and abdomen (stomach) having segments. Arthropods have well-
developed sensory organs, such as eyes, smell, as well as an antenna
which serves as a tactile and olfactory. The level of development in
accordance with the conditions of the environment in which his life.

At the level of phylum, a cat belonging to the group Chordata.

Chordates are a group of vertebrate animals that have a different
characteristic feature of invertebrates. The characteristics of chordates is .
All animals are classified as vertebrates have a series of small bones
(vertebrae) that extends in the dorsal part of the head to the tail. The
series of vertebrae or the backbone to form the axis of the framework
replaces the notochord. The backbone serves as an advocate for the body
and protects the nerve cord. Body in some vertebrates consists of the
head, torso, two pairs of limbs, and tail. The skin is composed of two
parts: the epidermis and dermis and produce hair, scales, feathers, gland
or horn
 At the class level, black ants and butterflies belonging to the same
group, namely insects. Insect body is divided into three parts: head,
thorax, and abdomen. At the head of the insects are a pair of antennae,
compound eyes (eye facet), sometimes also found a single eye (ocellus),
and mouth. The mouth is composed of a pair of mandible, maxilla three
pairs, lips, upper (labrum), the lower lip (labium) which varies depending
on the shape of his mouth, as well as sensory organs (palpus). Insect head
shape can be distinguished by the shape of the mouth and the food eaten.

The chest consists of three segments or segment that is clearly

visible, namely visible from the front prothoraks, mesothoraks, and
metathoraks and in every segment there is a pair of legs. Foot structure in
insects consists of segments namely flank (coxa), bracelets thighs
(trochanter), thigh (femur), segment shank (tibia), the joints of the foot
(tarsus). Wings are mesothoraks and metathoraks. On a pair of winged
insects, reducing rear wing, smaller, and called halter that serves as a
balance but there is also no wings.

Abdominal spiracles there, the breathing hole leading tracheal tube.

Insect body reinforced with exoskeletons or eksoskelet of chitine. Internal
anatomy comprises some complex organ system, namely the digestive
system, respiratory system, circulatory system, system expenditures
substance, and nervous system.

At the class level, a cat belonging to the group of mammals. General

characteristics of mammals is the mammalian body consists of the head,
neck, body and tail. The limbs of mammals, on the front and rear has a
radius which contained nails and claws. Modified front limbs are enabled
to run, dig a hole, swim, and fly. Have mammary glands (mammary gland)
in the limbs such as the chest, abdomen, or armpit. Female mammary
gland can come out after the birth of her child. On male mammals do not
produce milk glands. Hair has, at least in one phase of its life cycle. Each
strand of hair will grow in a bag which secrete oils in the skin. From
various pockets of the hair is in a position tilted so that the hair has a
certain direction. Hair can stand because the muscles in the skin.

Mammals are homoiotern (warm-blooded). Vertebrae of the neck

at the Mammalia numbered seven. Mammals have screens that can cope
with the chest cavity abdominal cavity, called the diaphragm. Has a
complete digestive system, the digestive system of mammals ranging
from the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large
intestine (column), and the anus. In the mouth the lower jaw is formed by
a single bone and teeth found alongside jaw. Generally there are four
types of teeth in mammals that is incisors, canines, teeth difficulty front
and rear gear difficulty. Mammals will only switch gears once. Mammals
have the cecum (the appendix) at a meeting of the small intestine to the
colon. Mammals breathe with lungs that consists of two lobes and
contained within the pleural space and there are vocal cords in the larynx.
Renal excretion system mammal has metanefros with two ureters that
drain urine to the bladder (bladder).

Tools senses such as eyes, ears, tongue and nose. The eye is
protected by the upper eyelid and lower eyelid which can be screwed.
Mammals have three bones of hearing, the hammer (malleus), anvil
(incus), and stirrup (stapes), which in turn shaped bight listener organ
called the cochlea. Tongue papillae-papilla has taste buds. Nose
associated with a single hole in the skull. Mammals have brains that are
large and well developed that affect intellectual. Having a separate
genitalia between males and females. Fertilization occurs internally and is
viviparous. In the mammalian jantang have copulation tool in the form of
the penis and spermatozoon produced by the testes that are stored in the
scrotum. In the female mammal, the developing embryo in the uterus and
in the exchange of metabolism (eg, respiration and nutrition) between the
embryo with the mother through the placenta becomes detached.
Mammalia genital separate holes with the anus.
 At the level of orders, ants belong to the order Hymenoptera.
characteristics generally has a type of mouth biting, or biting-sucker who
comes flabellum as a sucker. The wing consists of two pairs and
Membranus. The front wings are generally larger than the rear wing. At
the head found the dish (a pair), eye facet and occelli. At the level of
orders cats, including the orders carnivore. The characteristics are
carnivores have the sharp teeth, pointy and molars to tear, small to large,
legs have 4 or 5 fingers are curved and sharp claws, teeth have three
series. At the level of orders, butterflies belong to the order Lepidoptera.
The characteristics of Lepidoptera is to have consisted of two pairs of
wings, Membranus and covered by scales colorful. At the head found the
tool mouth seranga type of sucker, being larvae have type biter. In the
adult insects, oral appliance in the form of a tube called a proboscis,
palpus maxillaris and mandible usually reduce, but palpus labialis fully
developed.

At the level of At the family level, including the black ant in the
family Formicidae. Characteristics are the first segment of the abdominal
cavity shaped like an upright and length. Antenna 13 segments or less
and very rectangle, not a lot haired, black colored. At this level, cats
included in the family Felidae. And Butterflies included in the family
Nymphalidae.

At the level of genus, black ants included in the genus Dolichoderus,

a cat included in the genus Felis and butterflies included in the genus
Vanessa. At the level of species, including the black ant species Berculatus
Dolichoderus Bitu, a cat belonging to the species F. silvestris and
butterflies belong to the species Vanessa Atalanta.

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION
 Based on observations and discussions that we have done, hence
we draw some conclusions. Among others are:

a. There are a lot of diversity of organisms in this life is no exception in

the State University of Malang. On this occasion, the animals that
we observed are black ants, cats and butterflies.
b. Morphological differences in animals can be seen from outside the
body shapes of different animals
c. At the level of Kingdom, black ants, cats and butterflies included in
the Kingdom Animalia. At the level of phylum, black ants and
butterfly included in the phylum Arthropoda and cats included in
the phylum Chordata. At the level of class, black ants and butterflies
included in the class insecta. And cats included in the class Mamalia.
At the level of Ordo, black ants included in the ordo Hymenoptera,
cats included in the ordo Carnivora, and butterflies included in the
Lepidoptera. At the level of Family, black ants included in the
Formicidae, cats included in the Felidae, and butterflies included in
the Nymphalidae. At the level of Genus, black ants included in the
Dolichoderus, cats included in the Felis, and butterflies included in
the Vanessa. And at the level of species, black ants included in the
Dolichoderus Bituberculatus, cats included in the Felis Silvestris, and
butterflies included in the Vanessa Atalanta.
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Martono, Achmad; Yusuf Kastawi; Mulyo Sukismo; A.D.K Corebima;

Hedi Sutomo. 1981. Keanekaragaman dan organisasi makhluk hidup.
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