Ain Shams Engineering Journal (2016) xxx, xxxxxx

Ain Shams University

Ain Shams Engineering Journal

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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Correction factor determination on failure rate

equation of MacLaurin series for low and high
mode application
Totok R. Biyanto a,*, Franky Kusuma a, Ali Musyafa a, Ronny Dwi Noriyati a,
Ridho Bayuaji b, Sylvana da Costa c, Sonny Irawan d
a
Engineering Physics Department, FTI, ITS, Surabaya, Indonesia
b
Civil Engineering Department, FTSP, ITS, Surabaya, Indonesia
c
Engineering Center, Refinery Directorate, Pertamina, Indonesia
d
Petroleum & Geoscience Department, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Malaysia

Received 17 June 2015; accepted 16 January 2016

KEYWORDS Abstract Safety Instrumented Function (SIF) is implemented on the system to prevent hazard in
Correction factor; process industry. In general, most of SIF implementation in process industry works in low demand
Safety Instrumented Func- condition. Safety valuation of SIF that works in low demand can be solved by using quantitative
tion; method. The quantitative method is a simplified exponential equation form of MacLaurin series,
High demand mode; which can be called simplified equation. Simplified equation used in high demand condition will
Low demand mode generate a higher Safety Integrity Level (SIL) and it will affect the higher safety cost. Therefore,
the value of low or high demand rate limit should be determined to prevent it. The result of this
research is a first order equation that can fix the error of SIL, which arises from the usage of sim-
plified equation, without looking the demand rate limit for low and high demand. This equation is
applied for SIL determination on SIF with 1oo1 vote. The new equation from this research is
k = 0.9428 kMC + 1.062E
04 H/P, with 5% average of error, where kMC is a value of k from
the simplified equation, Hazardous event frequency (H) is a probabilistic frequency of hazard event
and P is Probability of Failure on Demand (PFD) in Independent Protection Layers (IPLs). The
equation generated from this research could correct SIL of SIF in various H and P. Therefore,
SIL design problem could be solved and it provides an appropriate SIL.
2016 Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an
open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Abbreviations: H, hazardous event frequency (years
1); k, failure rate (years
1); kMC, failure rate result from simplification with MacLaurin
(years
1); kexp, failure rate result from exponential function (h
1); D, demand rate (years
1); T, interval test (years
1); P, total PFD from
Independent Protection Layers (Without Dimension)
* Corresponding author at: Kampus ITS Surabaya, Sukolilo, East Java 60111, Indonesia. Tel.: +62 31 5947188.
E-mail address: trb@ep.its.ac.id (T.R. Biyanto).
Peer review under responsibility of Ain Shams University.

Production and hosting by Elsevier

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2016.01.003
2090-4479 2016 Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Please cite this article in press as: Biyanto TR et al., Correction factor determination on failure rate equation of MacLaurin series for low and high mode application,
Ain Shams Eng J (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2016.01.003
2 T.R. Biyanto et al.

1. Introduction  High demand mode: SIF works when demand signal is

Safety instrumented system (SIS) is widely applied on process
industry, such as oil and gas, petrochemical, power plant,
nuclear, and others. Safety Instrumented Function (SIF) has a
function to prevent hazard that will lead to material loss, envi-
ronment impact, and human injury. The cause of hazard is devi-
ation of physics variable, such as pressure, temperature, flow,
level, and many others [1]. SIF implementation has different
levels of safety; it depends on the characteristics of the process
[2]. Safety level on SIF is called Safety Integrity level (SIL).
There are some methods to determine SIL from SIF, that is
fault tree analysis (FTA) method [3], Markov analysis [4,5],
and simplified quantitative method with MacLaurin series
[6,7]. SIL determination with quantitative method has some
variables, which is hazardous event frequency (H), demand
rate (D), test interval (T), and failure rate (k). SIL determina-
tion of SIF is achieved from the variable of k. IEC 61508 is
used as SIL reference standard for SIF [8].
On IEC 61508, SIL value from SIF is classified based on
demand rate that consists of low demand and high demand.
Until now, many process industries have been focusing on
low demand condition [3,4,9,10] to determine SIL of SIF.
However, there is SIF that works in high demand condition;
hence, the vendor is responsible to make SIF to work properly
on high demand condition [2,6].
SIL determination with quantitative method utilizes the
pattern of MacLaurin series to simplify the exponential func-
tion. The simplification only works on second rate of MacLau-
rin series. Because of that, only the first order could be
achieved [11]. The result of simplified equation of MacLaurin
series will generate a valid SIL value if it is used in low demand
condition with particular demand rate limit. Due to the
increasing demand rate value of SIF, the value of k from the
simplified equation will be different from the value of k before
the equation has been simplified. This result was proven in the
case study [6]. The invalid SIL value determination from sim-
plified equation of high demand condition will cause the excess
cost of safety due to higher SIL value.
In previous research conducted by King [6], it succeeds to
show the differences of SIL on particular demand rate that
was caused by the use of simplified equation on high demand
condition. Therefore, this research proposes a new equation
that remains simple to calculate the value of k in low and high
demand conditions and also to obtain a valid SIL (according
to the simplified equation).
2. Safety Instrumented System (SIS)
received where demand frequency is higher than normal
demand from once per year.
 Continuous mode: SIF works continuously in normal oper-
ation condition to keep the system in safe condition.
The standard emphasizes that if the demand on SIF is less
than once per year, SIF will be classified as low demand and if
the demand on SIF is higher than once per year then SIF will
be classified as high demand. SIF that is applied on system
should meet the SIL criteria. The criteria depend on type of
hazard that will occur. SIL of SIF can be determined by quan-
titative method based on simplified exponential equation using
MacLaurin series.
2.1. SIL value based on IEC standard 61508
Based on IEC 61508, SIL criteria with particular k value in
high and low demand condition are explained in Table 1.
Low demand condition is stated as PFD, while high
demand condition is stated in failure frequency per hour or
failure rate (k). SIL value determination using PFD is still
being debated due to demand value on SIF is still unpre-
dictable for low or high demand condition. Therefore, there
is no restraint in using PFD or k to determine SIL as valuation
of safety purpose [13].
2.2. Safety cost
Horizontal axis on Fig. 1 shows the fund output from expen-
diture to create safety function, whereas vertical axis shows the
achieved profit. In good business area, the cost for safety, such
as work accident prevention and fire at plant, is less than the
profit earned. In poor business area, the achieved profit is
not comparable with the safety investment. If safety invest-
ment is higher and profit is lower, the area of expenditure will
be in bad business area. If it keeps continue becoming worse,
the company will be out of business.
Safety investment needs to be considered with HAZAN
(Hazard Analysis) [7]. Not all hazards that have probability
to occur need an excess cost; therefore, hazard analysis can
be achieved by using quantitative way. Hazard analysis in
quantitative is done by using SIF assessment applied to a sys-
tem. Safety valuation on SIF has a terminology of Safety
Integrity Level (SIL). Exponential equation is one of quantita-
tive methods that can be used to determine SIL of SIF. In
practice, this equation is simplified by using MacLaurin series.

Table 1 SIL Criteria on high demand and low demand

SIS is a form of all work set of each SIF. SIS can be analogized as
condition.
a safety layer to decrease and prevent hazard. SIF consisted of
sensor, logic solver, and final element or actuator. SIF only works Safety Low demand mode High demand mode
when the deviation of physical variable occurs; this event is called Integrity
SIF demand. Based on SIF demand frequency, SIF is divided Level (SIL)
Average probability of Average frequency per
into two demands: those are low demand and high demand SIF.
dangerous failure on hour of a dangerous
In IEC 61508 part 4, demand rate is distinguished by the
demand (PFDavg) failure (k)
following definition [12]:
1 P10
2 to <10
1 P10
6 to <10
5
2 P10
3 to <10
2 P10
7 to <10
6
 Low demand mode: SIF works when demand signal is
3 P10
4 to <10
3 P10
8 to <10
7
received to keep the system in safe condition. Demand fre-
4 P10
5 to <10
4 P10
9 to <10
8
quency is no higher than once per year.

Please cite this article in press as: Biyanto TR et al., Correction factor determination on failure rate equation of MacLaurin series for low and high mode application,
Ain Shams Eng J (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2016.01.003
Correction factor determination on failure rate equation of MacLaurin series for low and high mode application 3

2.5. SIL valuation formula on vote 1oo1

The equation that is used to determine SIL on SIF is detailed

below [6,7],

DT

H k 1
e 2 1

where:
H = Hazard Cause Frequency (Times per year)
k = SIF Failure Probability (Times per hour)
D = Demand rate is SIF frequency when initiated to work
(Times per year)
T = Test Interval is time interval to test SIF capability
(Year)
Figure 1 Safety cost and achieved profit.
The equation is used to determine k on SIF that becomes a
reference to determine SIL of SIF. The equation is used to find
k. Therefore, the Eq. (1) is transformed into a new Eq. (2)
2.3. Hazardous event definition H
k
DT


2
1
exp 2
Hazardous event is an accident that is caused by the deviation of
work system from normal condition. Hazardous event frequency Eq. (2) has been simplified on the application. Therefore,
(H) is used to determine SIL of SIF. Hazardous Event Fre- determining SIL on SIF will be easier. The steps to simplify
quency is a frequency of hazard to occur. Based on Youshia- the Eq. (2) are shown below by using derivate exponential
mura and Sato as references, there are three kinds of function with MacLaurin series,

DT
hazardous event: those are repeatable-hazardous event, renew- fD e 2 ! f0 1
able fatal hazardous events, and Non-renewable fatal hazardous
T
DT
T
events [14]. Repeatable-hazardous event is an unpredictable dan- f 0 D  e 2 ! f 0 0
2 2
ger occurrence that causes a consequence. For example, if the  2  2

T
DT
T
road is slippery, the accelerated car with a bad brake system will f 00 D  e 2 ! f 00 0
still be safe if the driver is good. Renewable fatal hazardous 2 2 3
 3  3
event is an accident event, but it can be solved, such as gas leak
T
DT
T
on Equipment Under Control (EUC) system that can be solved f 000 D  e 2 ! f 000 0
2 2
by fixing the leak location to make it work. Non-renewable fatal  n

T
hazardous events are dangerous occurrences that cannot be f n D
2
solved and will cause a huge loss.
After the MacLaurin series is applied to Eq. (2), Eq. (2) will
2.4. Test interval strategy on SIF be transformed into Eq. (4)
H
Failure works on SIF consist of 2 types, which are safe failure k   4
D2 T2 3 3
1
1
DT
2
8

D48T . . .
and dangerous failure. Safe failure is a condition where the
demand is caused on SIF, but it does not make any hazards. Two rates of MacLaurin series are used on the application
This occurrence is named spurious demand. Safe failure condi- of Eq. (4) to determine SIL on SIF. Therefore, Eq. (4) will
tion on SIF does not make EUC in danger condition. Second become a first order equation like Eq. (5)
type is dangerous failure; this type is divided into two kinds,
they are dangerous detected and dangerous undetected. 2H
k 5
Dangerous detected is a condition of SIF that is not working DT
properly when demands occur on SIF, but the demand condi- The result of Eq. (5) will be called as kMC in this research,
tion is known after SIF test occurred. SIF test usually run in and k on Eq. (2) will be called as kexp.
particular time interval. The interval test variable affects SIL
of SIF [4]. 3. Research methodology
Dangerous undetected is a condition where SIF is not in
working condition, but the cause of event is still unknown 3.1. Simplification of exponential equation
due to the condition that has not exceeded the interval test per-
iod or demand. SIF that works in low demand condition needs
The equations that are used to determine SIL on overall SIF
a test with precise time interval. This function is done to pre-
are as follows: Eqs. (2) and (5) will be used for SIL value deter-
vent an occurrence of undetected danger. Test on pro-
mination on SIF. In the equation, if it consists of Independent
grammable electronic components is a diagnostic test that
Protection Layer (IPL), then Eq. (2) will be transformed into
can detect any kind of failure; two of the failure are run-time
Eqs. (6) and (5) will be transformed into Eq. (7).
errors and troubled in signal transmission.

Please cite this article in press as: Biyanto TR et al., Correction factor determination on failure rate equation of MacLaurin series for low and high mode application,
Ain Shams Eng J (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2016.01.003
4 T.R. Biyanto et al.
H 3.4. Application of correction factor equation on case study
kexp


1
exp
DT
2
xP
2H
k 7
DTxP
P is PFD from IPL. SIF calculation by using Eqs. (6) and (7)
will make difference values of SIL on particular demand rate;
it will be described on latter case study. In this research, SIL
value refers to kexp that is shown in h
1 unit. Eq. (6) is good
enough to solve SIL determination problem in high or low
demand condition. In practice, Eq. (6) is simplified by
MacLaurin series, so that SIL value differences are occurring
in particular demand rate.
3.2. Variable value determination to be used
Eq. (6) consists of some variables that have been used; there
are H, D, T, P, and k. In this research, k is output variable,
and the other (H, D, P, and T) are input variable. T value that
is used in this research is limited for 1 year. H value is varied
from 10
5 to 10
1 times per year. D value is varied between
0.1 until 100 times per year. P value is varied to find the effect
of IPL on correction factor equation that is achieved.
When the value of H is 10
5, k exponential value or
MacLaurin has already achieved SIL 4. Based on Kings paper
[15], in process industry especially oil and gas, SIL of SIF is
very difficult to attain SIL 3 value. Therefore, the equation
that is achieved on this research is valid enough if it is used
in oil and gas process industry.
D value is used until 100 times per year because high
demand of SIF value is still a new issue, and vendor still finds
a way to expand SIF with high demand capability. This
research is contributed in giving enough idea to vendor to
use correction factor on research to get SIL valuation on
SIF that will be made.
3.3. Finding the equation between kMC and kexp
The value of kexp and kMC is plotted into MATLAB by using x
axis as kMC and y axis as kexp. The plot is created for each H; it
starts from 10
5 to 10
1. Each order has 9 of H value. It starts
from 0.1 until 0.9 with 0.1 increments. The total connection
between kexp and kMC value that is achieved consisting of 45
differences.
After the data have been plotted, then an equation for the
results is searched to approach kexp and kMC on each H value.
The equation that is used to approach data kexp and kMC is a lin-
ear equation of Y = AX + B, while Y is k (result of correction
factor) and X is kMC until the equation consisted of 45 linear
equations. For all achieved equations (45 equations), B has
many different values depends on the value of each H. There-
fore, the connection between H and B needs to be found out.
After the connection is found, then the general equation of con-
nection between k correction result dan kMC can be achieved.
Equation pattern of correction factor that is formed after the
connection between H and B is k = A. kMC + (C. H + D),
where C is a new coefficient that is achieved from the connection
between H and B, and D is the new constant. After the general
equation pattern is achieved for vote 1oo1, the value of P as in
Eq. (7) is going to vary, and the effect of transformed P value
toward C value on correction factor equation is achieved.
Please cite this article in press as: Biyanto TR et al., Correction factor determination on failure rate equation of MacLaurin series for low and high mode application,
Ain Shams Eng J (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2016.01.003
6
After correction factor equation for vote 1oo1 is achieved,
then that equation is applied to case study on flare knock-
out drum. Fig. 2 is a process flow diagram that is used in this
case study.
Feed enters to flare knock-out drum from various lines.
Incoming feed is supplied to the compressor to be recycled.
Hazard that probably occurred in this case study is gas hydro-
carbon leak that can trigger fire. This hazard is arising from
the feed that goes into the flare knock-out drum is exceeding
the existing capacity of the compressor, so the pressure in
the flare knock-out drum is increasing and releasing hydrocar-
bon gas. Because of that problem, the pressure SIF is attached,
such as sensor with vote 2oo3, logic solver such as limit set
point of pressure that is permitted, and actuator such as valve
A and B. To observe SIF on this system in practical, SIF can
be considered as vote 1oo1. Beside the attached SIF, there are
many factors that can trigger fire, such as Independent Protec-
tion Layers (IPLs) as an instrument mechanical, like bursting
disc, and rupture pin valve. The data on this case study are a
hazardous event frequency (H) in the amount of 10
6/year,
demand rate on SIF for 22/year, and PFD IPLs that worth
0.00002.
From each section aforesaid, the method can be concluded
as a research flow chart (Fig. 3) as follows:
4. Results and discussions
From the data collection of kexp and kMC on various H values
and the range of D values which is from 0.1 to 100, a connec-
tion equation is achieved between k (result of correction fac-
tor) and kMC. It can be seen on the Eq. (8).
k 0:9428 kMC B 8
The connection between k (correction result) and kMC is
approached by using linear equation. This condition is making
the calculation become easier when it is applied on the field.
The values of B always change for every H values. Therefore,
the connection between B and H is needed to be found. Fig. 4
below shows the equation to determine B value on H function.
From Fig. 4, y is denoted as B variable and x is denoted as
H variable. The equation that is formed can be seen in Eq. (9).
B 0:0001062H 1:032e
13 9
The k equation that passes through correction factor, will
be transformed into,
k 0:9428kMC 0:0001062H 1:032e
13 10
Eq. (10) that has been achieved is still not enough to be applied
in this case study due to Eq. (10) is achieved when P equals to
1. Therefore, this research continues with a goal to find the
effect of alteration in P value toward Eq. (10). This matter is
executed by varying the value of P. It is proved when the value
of P is changed, the variable kMC remains unchanged, but the
value of B is changed on every H. The full results of the chan-
ged B can be seen on attachment B.
The connection between B and P value can be seen on Eq.
(11).
Bwhen P 1
B0 11
P
Correction factor determination on failure rate equation of MacLaurin series for low and high mode application 5

Figure 2 SIF application on flare knock-out drum [15].

Start Table 2 shows that coefficient from H variable is being

affected by P value and the connection that achieved is
C/P = C0 . Therefore, Eq. (10) will be transformed into
Simplify the
Eq. (12) due to the effect of P value transformation.
exponential equation
 
0:0001062 H
k 0:9428 kMC 12
Determine the value on P
research variable
The coefficient of D in this research is ignored because the
effect of D value is very small compared to kMC that has been
Find data from MacLaurin equation, achieved. Hence, the correction factor result for vote 1oo1 is
exponential on various H value on Eq. (12). Eq. (12) is applied into SIF design on flare
knock-out drum, so the value of k that approaches close to kexp
value is achieved. Fig. 5 is the result of k value in the case study
Find the equation to
before using Eq. (12). Fig. 6 is the result of k value when Eq.
make MC close to exp
(12) is applied on SIF design in the case study.
Fig. 6 shows that the result of the obtained k by using cor-
rection equation is pressing the kexp, on both low demand and
Close to No high demand range. If the correction factor equation is not
exp value used, then the k value achieved will outreach the kexp value
Yes in the rising demand rate (Fig. 5). The average error from k
value that is achieved from MacLaurin and correction factor
can be seen on attachment E. If in the case study is using
Equation application on MacLaurin approach, the average error of k value will become
case study 98%, but when the correction factor is used, the error is
reduced to 5%. The result from this research is the Eq. (12)
that is capable to solve case study that needs to determine
Error analysis is
SIL of SIF in low demand or high demand condition. From
obtained
previous paper [6], it just gives a warning that the use of the
simplified equation for high demand condition can bring an
Research Report error to SIL value. The advantage of this research is its capa-
Progress bility to give a correction factor equation that can be applied
on typical case study without observing the limit demand rate
for low or high demand mode.
Finish
5. Conclusion
Figure 3 Research flow chart.
SIL value determination on SIF can be achieved by using sim-
plified equation based on IEC 61508, but to achieve a valid
Eq. (11) will alter the coefficient of H from Eq. (9) varies SIL, the correction factor equation should be used Eq. (12)
toward P value. Table 2 gives information about the alteration as the result of this research. The advantage of this correction
of H coefficient for each P value. C0 is a new coefficient from H factor is the analyst does not have to determine the demand
variable due to the change of P value. D is a new constant that rate limit of SIL. This correction factor equation can be
arises. C is the coefficient of H on Eq. (9). applied if SIL determination on SIF is using k as reference.

Please cite this article in press as: Biyanto TR et al., Correction factor determination on failure rate equation of MacLaurin series for low and high mode application,
Ain Shams Eng J (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2016.01.003
6 T.R. Biyanto et al.

Figure 4 Connection graphic between H when PFD IPLs = 1.

Figure 5 Case study without correction factor.

Figure 6 Case study with correction factor.

Please cite this article in press as: Biyanto TR et al., Correction factor determination on failure rate equation of MacLaurin series for low and high mode application,
Ain Shams Eng J (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2016.01.003
Correction factor determination on failure rate equation of MacLaurin series for low and high mode application 7

[12] I. 61508, Functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable-

Table 2 Transformed coefficient of H on various P value. electronic (E/E/PE) safety related systems, part 17, Edition 2.0,
P C0 D C/P 2010.
[13] Hokstad P. Demand rate and risk reduction for safety instru-
0.1 0.0010622778 1.290486E
14 0.001062 mented systems. Reliab Eng Syst Safety 2014;127:1220, 7//2014.
0.2 0.0005311389 1.600204E
13 0.000531 [14] Yoshimura I, Sato Y. Estimation of calendar-time-and process-
0.3 0.0003540926 6.581485E
14 0.000354 operative-time-hazardous-event rates for the assessment of fatal
0.4 0.0002655694 9.033408E
15 0.000266 risk. Int J Performab Eng 2009;5:377.
0.5 0.0002124556
1.290488E
14 0.000212 [15] King AG. SIL Determination: Hints and Tips for Practioners,
0.6 0.0001770463
4.903852E
14 0.000177 2003.
0.7 0.0001517540
3.871463E
15 0.000152
0.8 0.0001327847
5.161951E
15 0.000133
0.9 0.0001180309
3.355267E
14 0.000118 Totok Ruki Biyanto received PhD in Process
1.0 0.0001062278 1.032390E
13 0.000106 and Energy Optimization from Chemical
Engineering Department, University Tech-
nology PETRONAS. His title of the thesis is
Optimal Cleaning Schedule for Crude Pre-
Hence, IEC 61508 shall recommend the SIL determination for heat Train Affected By Fouling Using Genetic
low demand and high demand to use one of the references Algorithm (Confidential project), and he was
PFD or k (average frequency per hour of a dangerous failure). graduated PhD in 2013. His work experiences
include the following: Branch manager at
Acknowledgments Swagelok Co, Balikpapan, East Kalimantan,
Indonesia (1995-1998); Head of Instrumenta-
tion Workshop from 2000 to 2002; Surabaya Branch Manager at
The authors gratefully thanks Sepuluh Nopember Institute of
Indocal Laboratory System (from 2000 - 2006); Research Officer/
Technology (ITS) Surabaya Indonesia, Engineering Center Researcher in Petroleum Research Fund (PRF) - Research and
Refinery Directorate Pertamina Indonesia, and Petroleum & Innovation Office Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Malaysia (2007-
Geoscience Department Universiti Teknologi Petronas, 2010). Optimization of design, operation and maintenance of Crude
Malaysia, for providing the facilities for conducting this Preheat Train in refinery; Research Officer/Researcher in Enhance Oil
research. Recovery (EOR) Centre - Research and Innovation Office Universiti
Teknologi Petronas, Malaysia (2011-2013). Design plant simulator for
injection well, reservoir and production well; Lecturer (Lektor Kepala)
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tronic Safety-Related System, vol. Part 1, 1998. involved in major projects in ITS and national
[9] Hokstad P, Corneliussen K. Loss of safety assessment and the company. He has many publications in inter-
IEC 61508 standard. Reliab Eng Syst Safety 2004;83:11120. national journals and conferences in the field
[10] Langeron Y, Barros A, Grall A, Berenguer C. Combination of of power system and renewable energy. His
safety integrity levels (SILs): a study of IEC61508 merging rules. J research interests include power system, renewable energy, instru-
Loss Prev Process Ind 2008;21:43749. mentation and control, Reliability, Availability, Maintainability, and
[11] Burcsuk J. Development of safety related systems. In: Strategic safety.
Technology, 2007. IFOST 2007. International Forum on, 2007. p.
5649.

Please cite this article in press as: Biyanto TR et al., Correction factor determination on failure rate equation of MacLaurin series for low and high mode application,
Ain Shams Eng J (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2016.01.003
8 T.R. Biyanto et al.

Ronny Dwi Noriyati, was born in Indonesia Sylvana da Costa is the Vice President of
in 1957. She received BE and Master degrees Engineering Center Refinery Directorate,
in 1983 and 1994 respectively. She is currently Pertamina, Jakarta, Indonesia. She completed
a Senior Lecturer in the Department of her Bachelor of Science (B.Sc) in Engineering
Engineering Physics, Sepuluh Nopember Physics (19811985). She has been Magister of
Institute of Technology (ITS) (since 1984). Occuoational Health & Safety at the Univer-
She is continuing her studies for the doctoral sity of Indonesia in 20012002.
degree of Electrical Engineering, from Sepu-
luh Nopember Institute of Technology (ITS).
Her researches are in the field of Instrumen-
tation & Control, Reliability, Availability,
Maintanability and Safety and some of them have been published in
International Journal and Conferences.
Sonny Irawan Graduated in 2006. He com-
pleted his PhD at the Petroleum Engineering
RIDHO Bayuaji has completed Ph.D. from
Department from the University Technology
the Civil Engineering Department, University
Malaysia, and his thesis was on Develop-
Technology PETRONAS Malaysia, graduat-
ment of Beneficiation Technique For Ben-
ing on October 17th 2010. His dissertation was
tonite for Application in Petroleum Industry.
on Effects of Microwave Incinerated Rice
He was a Senior Lecturer in Petroleum Engi-
Husk Ash (Mirha) On Hydration And
neering Department, Faculty of Engineering,
Mechanical Properties Of Foamed Concrete.
Islamic University of Riau Pekanbaru,
He has been working since March 1998 as
Central Sumatera Indonesia from 1992 to
Lecturer of Civil Engineering Department,
1996. He was a Petroleum Production Engi-
Institute of Technology Sepuluh Nopember
neer at PT. Caltex Pacific Indonesia (Now: Chevron Pacific Indonesia)
Surabaya, Indonesia. The subjects that are
from 1997 to 2001. He was an Instructor Fundamental of Well Control
delivered are Concrete Technology, Earthquake Engineering, Building
Training at Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, from 2010 to 2011. He
Material and Structural analysis. His Research interestes include
was Programme Manager MSc. In Drilling Engineering at Universiti
Hydration and microstructure of concrete materials, Incorporation of
Teknologi PETRONAS from August 2013 to October 2015. He was
waste and alternative materials into current building materials,
the Deputy Head of Petroleum Engineering at University Teknologi
Durability and structural performance of alternative and natural
PETRONAS from 2015 to 2018. He has been Associate Professor in
building materials, Geopolymer Concrete, Green Material Technol-
Petroleum Engineering Department at Universiti Teknologi PETRO-
ogy, Cement replacement material, Lightweight Concrete, Concrete
NAS since 2015.
Technology and Innovation in engineering education.

Please cite this article in press as: Biyanto TR et al., Correction factor determination on failure rate equation of MacLaurin series for low and high mode application,
Ain Shams Eng J (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2016.01.003