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Nr: A6001
VDG SPECIFICATION
QUELLE: NOLIS (Norm vor Anwendung auf Aktualitt prfen!/Check standard for current issue prior to usage)
P 201
In case of discrepancies the German version shall govern.
Contents Page
1 Scope 2
1.1 General 2
1.2 Alloys 2
1.3 Casting processes 2
2 Explanatory notes 2
2.1 Porosity 2
2.1.1 Shrinkage cavities 2
2.1.2 Gas porosity 3
2.2 Other flaws 3
3 Possible effects of porosity 3
3.1 Static strength 3
3.2 Dynamic strength 4
3.3 General leak tightness and mating surfaces 4
3.4 Surface and heat treatment 4
4 Evaluation of casting porosity 4
5 Description of porosity 5
5.1 Pore classes 5
5.1.1 Pore class designation 5
5.1.2 Reference surfaces for the pore classes 6
5.1.3 Porosity class determination 7
5.1.4 Examples for pore class designations 7
5.2 Test options 8
5.2.1 Radiography test with image intensifier 8
5.2.2 Ultrasonic test 8
5.2.3 Leak tightness test 8
5.2.4 Visual test 9
5.2.5 Density test 9
5.2.6 Metallographic test and section test 9
6 Drawing notes 9
6.1 Collective notes 9
6.2 Notes for defined areas 9
7 References, standards, guidelines 10
Annex 1 Definition of further flaws 12
Annex 1.1 Cold flow marks 12
Annex 1.2 Build-up (stick marks) 12
Annex 1.3 Draw marks 12
Annex 1.4 Burrs 12
Annex 1.5 Hot cracks 12
Annex 1.6 Further characteristics of cast components 12
Annex 2 Microstructure examples of pore classes 0, 4 and 8 13
Annex 3 Examples of different porosity in general and in dependence on the
reference surfaces (informative) 14
Specification by the Special Technical Committees Die Casting and Light Metal Casting of the German
Foundrymens Association (VDG)
TM
The scope of this specification is restricted to
inner and outer volume deficits (porosity).
Temperature, C
Other flaws such as sink marks, cold flow TM = Melting point
marks, build-up, draw marks, burrs and hot
cracks are not subject of this specification. Figure 1 Specific volume of aluminium
depending on temperature
Porosity can be minimised if designer and
caster collaborate. As generally outer shell and sprue of a part
solidify early, a volume deficit occurs in the
1.2 Alloys casting. This causes cavities in the casting. By
means of a suitable design of the casting, e.g.
The scope of this specification is restricted to avoidance of differences in the wall thickness,
aluminium, magnesium and zinc base alloy and optimum design of the casting system,
castings acc. to the relevant standards this volume deficit can be minimised.
(DIN EN 1706 "Aluminium, DIN EN 1753
"Magnesium, DIN EN 12844 "Zinc). Shrinkage cavities are hollow and have a
more or less rugged shape. In case the outer
1.3 Casting processes shell cannot withstand the stresses which
occur during shrinkage, this may result in
This VDG specification is restricted to die shrinkage cracks or hot cracks. If casting and
casting including related special casting mould are designed in an appropriate way,
processes, such as squeeze casting and these cracks and cavities can be cured by
thixocasting, as well as to sand casting and refeeding the affected areas. Alloys with a
ingot casting procedures. wide solidification interval are especially
sensitive to hot cracks.
The leak tightness test is a nondestructive test The metallographic test is the method
[7, 8]. It is applied when leak tightness under providing the highest level of information
pressure is required for a casting . The leak concerning critical component areas, as it
tightness test only makes sense if special gives the most detailed information on the
requirements for the leak tightness of a causes and origins of porosity and further
component are evident. influences on microstructure.
5.2.4 Visual test (VT) This test method is very complex and
therefore cost-intensive; it requires
The visual test is a nondestructive test. Its especially careful execution [20, 21].
resolution depends on the test equipment
used (e.g. magnifying glass) [10]. The visual The fact that pores might be filled by excess
test is performed on the rough contour of the material due to grinding, cutting or polishing
casting or on machined surfaces. A has to be observed. This can lead to
quantification of general porosity is not misinterpretation.
possible using this test method.
A 1.4 Burrs
Burrs include casting burrs and burrs resulting
from the deformation of material during
8%
4%
0%
Pore class
Density
Figures taken
fromBilder
[12]
Bilder ausaus
[12][6]
Figure A.2.1 Microstructures and fracture structures in the starter crack area of casting alloy G-
AlSi7Mg0.6 wa [12]