Battery Modeling and Application

T-TN003(v1.1) June 12, 2013

Abstract

This document provides information to the user about battery modeling approach and its
application using Typhoon-HIL systems.
Typhoon HIL Battery Modeling and Application

Table of Contents
1 Generic battery model .......................................................................................... 2
2 Defining battery parameters .................................................................................. 4
2.1 Battery type dependent parameters ................................................................. 5
3 References .......................................................................................................... 7
4 Revision History ................................................................................................... 7

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Typhoon HIL Battery Modeling and Application

1 Generic battery model

Battery model is implemented in Typhoon emulator using a generic set of equations that
describes the behavior of the battery.

There are 3 points at the battery's discharge curve (Figure 1) that are used by the
equations:

1. Fully charged battery (Vfull, Q - rated capacity of the battery)

2. End of exponential zone (Vexp, Qexp)
3. End of nominal zone (Vnom, Qnom)

Figure 1: Specific points marked on battery discharge curve generated in typhoon schematic editor
(example: Nickel-Metal-Hydride battery, 1.2V, 6.5Ah)

In Figure 2 is presented a schematic diagram of battery model implemented in Typhoon

emulator. It consists of a controlled voltage source (E) and a series resistance (Rbat).
Controlled voltage source is controlled by a discharge state of the battery. Equation 1
defines battery voltage in function of the discharge state (it):

Q
E E0 K A exp( B it ) (1)
Q it

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Typhoon HIL Battery Modeling and Application

Figure 2: Implementation of battery model in Typhoon HIL emulator (series resistance and voltage
source that is controlled with the integral of battery current-discharge state )

"it" in equation 1 is discharge state of the battery and it is defined as:

it ibat dt (2)
0

The rest of the constants that appear in equation 1 are:

A: Voltage drop during the exponential zone:

A E full
E exp (3)
3/B: Charge at the end of exponential zone:
3
B (4)
Q exp

K: Polarization voltage:
(E full
E nom A (exp( B Qnom ) 1 )) ( Q Q nom )
K (5)
Q nom
Voltage constant E0:
E0 E full
K R bat i A (6)
where i is the rated discharge current.

Series resistance is calculated by assumption that the battery efficiency is 99.5%.

1 0 . 995
R bat V nom (7)
0 . 2 Q nom

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Typhoon HIL Battery Modeling and Application

2 Defining battery parameters

All parameters for batteries are defined in the schematic editor. Parameters can be divided
into two groups: Basic Parameters and Advanced Parameters. Properties window for battery
is shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3. Battery properties window

Basic Parameters:

1. Battery type: typhoon models 4 most common battery types: Lead-Acid, Lithium-ion,
Nickel-Cadmium and Nickel-Metal-Hydride. Fifth option that can be chosen is user
defined.
2. Nominal voltage: as it says, it is the nominal voltage of the battery.
3. Capacity: is the rated capacity of battery.
4. Initial SOC: is the initial state of charge of the battery.

Advanced Parameters:

Advanced parameters are enabled if as a battery type an user defined option is chosen. This
allows the user to shape the battery discharge curve according to his needs.

1. Full charge voltage: percentage of the nominal voltage of battery when it is fully
charged, this number is always larger than 100%
2. Nominal discharge current is defined as a percentage of the rated capacity/1h.
3. Internal resistance
4. Capacity at nominal voltage: percentage of the rated capacity.
5. Capacity at exponential zone: percentage of the rated capacity.

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Typhoon HIL Battery Modeling and Application

6. Voltage at exponential zone: percentage of the nominal voltage.

Additional:

1. Preview: battery curve preview button.

2.1 Battery type dependent parameters

Depending on chosen battery type, nominal voltage and battery capacity, 3 points that
describes the battery discharge curve, also marked in Figure 1, are calculated as:

1. Lead-Acid:
Vfull = 0.108 * Vnom
Idischarge = 0.05 * Q
Qnom = 0.5 * Q
Vexp = 0.1025 * Vnom
Qexp = 0.009 * Q

Figure 4: Discharge curve for 12V, 1.2Ah lead-acid battery

2. Lithium-Ion:
Vfull = 0.116 * Vnom
Idischarge = 0.2 * Q
Qnom = 0.935 * Q
Vexp = 0.103 * Vnom
Qexp = 0.85 * Q

Figure 5: Discharge curve for 12V, 1.2Ah lithium-ion battery

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Typhoon HIL Battery Modeling and Application

3. Nickel-Cadmium:
Vfull = 0.115 * Vnom
Idischarge = 0.20 * Q
Qnom = 0.95 * Q
Vexp = 0.103 * Vnom
Qexp = 0.4 * Q

Figure 6: Discharge curve for 12V, 1.2Ah nickel-cadmium battery

4. Nickel-Metal-Hydride:
Vfull = 0.117 * Vnom
Idischarge = 0.2 * Q
Qnom = 0.762 * Q
Vexp = 0.105 * Vnom
Qexp = 0.2 * Q

Figure 7: Discharge curve for 12V, 1.2Ah nickel-metal-hydride battery

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Typhoon HIL Battery Modeling and Application

3 References
[1] Olivier Tremblay, Louis-A. Dessaint, Abdel-Illah Dekkiche: "Models A Generic Battery
Model for the Dynamic Simulation of Hybrid Electric Vehicles ", IEEE, 2007

4 Revision History

Date Version Revision

2012-08-08 1.0 Initial release.

1.1 Added description for advanced parameters and
2013-06-12
"user defined" option.

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