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We will introduce two new linear elements, the capacitor and the
inductor. Unlike resistors, which can only dissipate energy, these
two elements can only store energy, which can then be retrieved at
a later time.
Capacitors
A capacitor is a passive element that stores energy in its electric
field. A capacitor consists of two conducting plates separated by an
insulator (or dielectric). When a voltage source is connected to the
capacitor, the source deposits a positive charge, +q, on one plate and
a negative charge, q, on the other. The amount of charge is directly
proportional to the voltage so that
+
+ q Cv
+q
+q v C
v C -q
-q
-
-
Capacitors
C, called the capacitance of the capacitor, is the constant of
proportionality. C is measured in Farads (F). From
q Cv
we define:
Capacitance is the ratio of the charge on one plate of a capacitor
to the voltage difference between the two plates, measured in
Farad (F). Thus, 1F = 1 coulomb/volt
A Typical Capacitor
Capacitor Construction
Capacitors
q cv
i(t ) dq
dt c dv( t )
dt
i(t ) c dv( t )
dt
t t t
t0
dv (t ) C i (t )dt
1
t0
v(t ) v(t0 ) C1 i(t )dt
t0
t
v(t ) v(t0 ) C1 i (t )dt
t0
We see that the capacitor voltage depends on the past history of the
capacitor current. Thus, we say that the capacitor has a memory a
property we can exploit.
Energy stored in the capacitor
The instantaneous power delivered to the capacitor is
w cv (t )
1
2
2
joules
Energy stored in the capacitor
w cv (t )
1
2
2
i = C dv/dt = 0
3. The ideal capacitor does not dissipate energy. It takes power from
the circuit when storing energy and returns previously stored
energy when delivering power to the circuit.
RS
In this course we will always assume that the capacitors are ideal.
Parallel Capacitors
+ i1 i2 iN + i
i v C1 C2 CN i v Ceq
- -
dv dv dv
i1 C1 i2 C2 iN CN
dt dt dt
dv dv
i i1 i2 iN C1 C2 CN Ceq
dt dt
N
Ceq Ck
k 1
i
1 1
1 vN
v1 idt
C1
v2
C2 idt
CN
idt
1 1 1 1
v v1 v2 vN idt idt
C1 C2 CN Ceq
N
1 1
Ceq k 1 Ck
The equivalent capacitance of N series connected capacitors is the
reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of the individual
capacitors. Capacitors in series act like resistors in parallel.
Capacitors and Inductors
Capacitors
Inductors
Inductors
An inductor is a passive element that stores energy in its magnetic
field. Generally. An inductor consists of a coil of conducting wire
wound around a core. For the inductor
di(t ) i
v(t ) L +
dt
where L is the inductance in henrys (H), v L
and 1 H = 1 volt second/ampere.
-
Inductance is the property whereby an inductor exhibits
opposition to the change of current flowing through it.
Inductors
A Typical Inductor
di(t )
t0
1
L v(t )dt
t0
i(t ) i (t0 ) 1
L v(t )dt
t0
t
i(t ) i(t0 ) L1 v(t )dt
t0
w Li(t )
1
2
2 joules
An inductor has the following important properties:
3. Like the ideal capacitor, the ideal inductor does not dissipate
energy.
RW L
CW
1 1
1 iN
i1 vdt i2 vdt vdt
L1 L2 LN
1 1 1 1
i i1 i2 iN vdt vdt
L1 L2 LN Leq
N
1 1
Leq k 1 Lk
The equivalent inductance of parallel connected inductors is the
reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of the individual
inductances.