Introduction TRL Reciprocity Scilab Code

TRL algorithm to de-embed a RF test fixture

T. Reveyrand

University of Colorado - Boulder

ECEE department
425 UCB Boulder, Colorado 80309
USA

July 2013
Introduction TRL Reciprocity Scilab Code

1 TRL
Standards
THRU and LINE Measurements
   
TOUT parameters : T 12
and T21
 T11   T22
T IN parameters : T 12
T 11
and T 21
 T 22 
The THRU equality : TT11 and TT21
11 22
 
The REFLECT equality : Extracting T T
21
11

2 Reciprocity

3 Scilab Code
Presentation
Example
Insights
Introduction TRL Reciprocity Scilab Code

Motivations for this talk

De-embedding of a test-fixture measured in the coaxial

reference planes ;
Perform a TRL calibration when the VNA provides some ill
conditioned solutions ("Reflect" checking not correct) ;
Offer a open, complete and ready-to-use source code for
educational purpose.
Introduction TRL Reciprocity Scilab Code

Some definitions : [S] parameters

a1 a2

b1 b2

     
b1 S11 S12 a1
= (1)
b2 S21 S22 a2
Introduction TRL Reciprocity Scilab Code

Some definitions : [T] parameters

a1 a2

b1 b2

     
a1 T11 T12 b2
= (2)
b1 T21 T22 a2
Introduction TRL Reciprocity Scilab Code

Some definitions : [T] parameters

a1 a2

A B C

b1 b2

[TTotal ] = [TA ] [TB ] [TC ] (3)

Introduction TRL Reciprocity Scilab Code

Conversions between [S] and [T]

[S] to [T ] " #
S121 SS21
22
[T ] = S11 S21 S12 S11 S22 (4)
S21 S21

[T ] to [S]
" #
T21 T11 T22 T12 T21
T T11
[S] = 11 (5)
1
T11 T 12
T11
Introduction TRL Reciprocity Scilab Code

Standards for the TRL algorithm

THRU : totally known

 
h
Std
i 1 0
TTHRU = (6)
0 1

REFLECT : unknown
 n o
Sgn < Std
REFLECT = 1 (7)

LINE : partially known

h i  e l 0

Std
TLINE = (8)
0 e +l
Introduction TRL Reciprocity Scilab Code

Measuring the THRU

h i h i
Meas Std
TTHRU = [TIN ] TTHRU [TOUT ] (9)
h i h i
[TIN ]1 TTHRU
Meas Std
= TTHRU [TOUT ] (10)
h i
[TIN ]1 TTHRU
Meas
= [TOUT ] (11)

[TIN ]1 = TIN
 

  h Meas i
TIN TTHRU = [TOUT ] (12)
Introduction TRL Reciprocity Scilab Code

Measuring the LINE

h i h i
Meas Std
TLINE = [TIN ] TLINE [TOUT ] (13)
h i h i
[TIN ]1 TLINE
Meas Std
= TLINE [TOUT ] (14)

e l
 
  h Meas i 0
TIN TLINE = [TOUT ] (15)
0 e +l
Introduction TRL Reciprocity Scilab Code

OUTPUT : Defining the [M] matrix

Equation (15) is :

T 11 T 12
 h i  T e l T12 e l

Meas 11
TLINE = (16)
T 21 T 22 T21 e +l T22 e +l

(12) in (16) give :


T11 T12
 h i1 h i  T e l T12 e l

Meas Meas 11
TTHRU TLINE =
T21 T22 T21 e +l T22 e +l
(17)
or
T11 e l T12 e l
   
T11 T12
[M] = (18)
T21 T22 T21 e +l T22 e +l

with h i1 h i
Meas Meas
[M] = TTHRU TLINE
Introduction TRL Reciprocity Scilab Code

OUTPUT : TRL Equations

Equations given by (18) are :

T11 M11 + T12 M21 = T11 e l (19)

T11 M12 + T12 M22 = T12 e l (20)

T21 M11 + T22 M21 = T21 e +l (21)
T21 M12 + T22 M22 = T22 e +l (22)
Introduction TRL Reciprocity Scilab Code

 
T12
OUTPUT : Solving T11

(20) gives :  
T11
e l = M12 + M22 (23)
T12
(23) in (19) gives :

 
T11
T11 M11 + T12 M21 = T11 M12 + M22 (24)
T12
   
T12 T11
M11 + M21 = M12 + M22 (25)
T11 T12

T12 2
   
T12
M21 + (M11 M22 ) M12 = 0 (26)
T11 T11
Introduction TRL Reciprocity Scilab Code

 
T22
OUTPUT : Solving T21

(21) gives :  
T22
e +l = M11 + M21 (27)
T21
(27) in (22) gives :
  
T22
T21 M12 + T22 M22 = T22 M21 + M11 (28)
T21
   
T21 T22
M22 + M12 = M21 + M11 (29)
T22 T21

T22 2
   
T22
M21 + (M11 M22 ) M12 = 0 (30)
T21 T21
Introduction TRL Reciprocity Scilab Code

   
T12 T22
OUTPUT : T11 and T21

X 2 M21 + X [M11 M22] M12 (31)

   
This polynom has 2 solutions : T 12
T11 and T22
T21
   
Usually,  T
 12   T22 
T11  <  T21 

If we consider the following polynom :

X 2 M12 + X [M22 M11] M21 (32)

   
Then the 2 solutions are T 11
T12 and T21
T22
Introduction TRL Reciprocity Scilab Code

INPUT : Defining the [N] matrix

Equation (15) is :

T 11 T 12
 h i  e l 0
 
T11 T12

Meas
TLINE = (33)
T 21 T 22 0 e +l T21 T22

(12) in (33) gives :

   l  
T 11 T 12 h Meas i e 0 T 11 T 12 h Meas i
TLINE = TTHRU
T 21 T 22 0 e +l T 21 T 22
(34)
or
T 11 e l T 12 e l
   
T 11 T 12
[N] = (35)
T 21 T 22 T 21 e +l T 22 e +l

with h i h i1
Meas Meas
[N] = TLINE TTHRU
Introduction TRL Reciprocity Scilab Code

   
T 12 T 22
INPUT : T 11
and T 21

Equation (35) is similar to (18). Thus we can consider :

X 2 N21 + X [N11 N22 ] N12 (36)

   
This polynom has 2 solutions : T 12
T 11
and T 22
T 21
   
 T 12   T 22 
Usually,  T  <  T 
11 21

If we consider the following polynom :

X 2 N12 + X [N22 N11 ] N21 (37)

   
Then the 2 solutions are T T
11
and T 21
T 12 22
Introduction TRL Reciprocity Scilab Code

The THRU equality

a1 a2 a3

TIN TOU T

b1 b2 b3

     
b2 T 11 T 12 a1
=
a2 T 21 T 22 b1

     
b2 T11 T12 b3
=
a2 T21 T22 a3
Introduction TRL Reciprocity Scilab Code

 
T11
Forward mode : b2 equality to extract T 11
The b2 equality leads us to :

T 11 a1 + T 12 b1 = T11 b3 + T12 a3 (38)

And by definition, about the THRU measurement, we know :

 
Meas = b3 
S21 and S Meas = b1 
a1  11 a1 
a3 =0 a3 =0

Thus,  
b1
a1 T 11 + T 12 = T11 b3 (39)
a1
   
T 12 Meas Meas
T 11 1 + S11 = T11 S21 (40)
T 11
   
T 12 Meas

T11
 1 + T 11
S 11
= Meas
(41)
T 11 S21
Introduction TRL Reciprocity Scilab Code

 
T21
Reverse mode : a2 equality to extract T 21

The a1 equality leads us to :

T 21 a1 + T 22 b1 = T21 b3 + T22 a3 (42)

For the THRU measurement, we know :

 
Meas = b1 
S12 Meas =
and S22 b3 
a3  a1 =0 a3 a =0
1

Thus,
b1 T 22 = T21 b3 + T21 a3 (43)
leads us to :
Meas
 
T21 S12
=   (44)
T 22 Meas + T22
S22 T21
Introduction TRL Reciprocity Scilab Code

REFLECT Measurement

a1 a2

Std
REF LECT Std
REF LECT

b1 b2

b1 Meas
T 21 + T 22 S11
Std
REFLECT = = Meas
(45)
a1 T 11 + T 12 S11

b2 Meas
T12 + T11 S22
Std
REFLECT = = Meas
(46)
a2 T22 + T21 S22
Introduction TRL Reciprocity Scilab Code

REFLECT Equality

Meas
T 21 + T 22 S11 Meas
T12 + T11 S22
Meas
= Meas
(47)
T 11 + T 12 S11 T22 + T21 S22

   
T 22 Meas Meas + T12
T 21 1+ S11 S22
  = T11
T 21
 
T11
(48)
T 11 T Meas
1 + T 12 S11 T21 Meas + T22
S22
11 T21

 !
Meas + T12
S22
 T11 
      Meas + T22
S22

2 T21 T 22
2 T11 T21
T 21 = T 11  
T 22 T 21 T 11 1+
T 22 Meas
S11
 T 21 
T 12 Meas
1+ S11
T 11

(49)
Introduction TRL Reciprocity Scilab Code

REFLECT Equality

v  !
Meas + T12
u   S22
T T
u
u 11
T 11

Meas + T22
11 
S22
 
T 21
u
T21
= u (50)
u
 
T 11 u
u T21   T 22  1+
T 22 Meas
S11
T 21
t
T 22
 
T 21

T 12
1+ Meas
S11
T 11

There are 2 solutions. We select the good

one thanks to the
knowledge of Sgn < Std REFLECT = 1 in (45) :

 
T 22 Meas

T 21
 1+ T 21
S11
Std
REFLECT =   (51)
T 11 1+ T 12 Meas
S11
T 11
Introduction TRL Reciprocity Scilab Code

TRL Completed

The TRL algorithm is completed. We got 7 parameters from :

   
T12 T22
The [M] matrix : T 11
and T21 from (31) ;
   
The [N] matrix : T 12
T 11
and T 22
T
from (36) ;
  21  
The THRU equality : TT11 from (41) and TT21 from (44) ;
11 22
 
The REFLECT equality : T T
21
from (50) ;
11

It is suffisent for [S] parameters de-embedding but not for power

measurement.
We need to normalize correctly the system of equation (finding the
absolute value of T 11 ).
For that purpose we will consider a reciprocity assumption :
IN = S IN .
S21 12
Introduction TRL Reciprocity Scilab Code

Reciprocity assumption

We should have :
" #
S21 S12 S11 S22 S22
S12 S12
 
T IN = (52)
SS12
11 1
S12

Thus the reciprocity assumption (S21 = S12 ) leds to :

T 11 T 22 T 12 T 21 = 1 (53)
Introduction TRL Reciprocity Scilab Code

Reciprocity assumption

 
We can obtain from TRL the complete T IN and [TOUT ] matrix
from an arbitrary value of T 11 . Those matrix has to be multiplied
by K in order to fullfill equation (53) such as :
1
K2 = (54)
T 11 T 22 T 12 T 21
s
1
K = (55)
T 11 T 22 T 12 T 21
There are 2 solutions. The good one is selected such as the
extrapolated phase of S21 on DC is as close as possible of zero.
Introduction TRL Reciprocity Scilab Code

This code is now available in Scilab

http://www.microwave.fr/uW.html
Introduction TRL Reciprocity Scilab Code

Example with an OPEN reflect

S2P Measurements : Thru (black), Line (blue) and Open (red).

Introduction TRL Reciprocity Scilab Code

Example with an OPEN reflect

S2P Extracted : Port 1 (black), Port 2 (blue) and De-embedded

open (red).
Introduction TRL Reciprocity Scilab Code

Example with an SHORT reflect

S2P Measurements : Thru (black), Line (blue) and Short (red).

Introduction TRL Reciprocity Scilab Code

Example with an SHORT reflect

S2P Extracted : Port 1 (black), Port 2 (blue) and De-embedded

short (red).
Introduction TRL Reciprocity Scilab Code

Source Code : uW_TRL_calc.sci

Introduction TRL Reciprocity Scilab Code

Source Code : uW_TRL_calc.sci