L.

Modder Name:___________________
Biology 12

Date:____________________

Circulation 7

Order of Subtopics Covered:

1. What is Circulation
2. Structures of the Cardiovascular System
a. Blood Vessels (Structure & Function)
b. The Heart
3. Path blood takes in:
a. The Heart
b. The Body
4. Heart Specifics
a. Heartbeat
b. Heart rate
c. Pulse & Blood Pressure
5. Heart Conditions
6. Fetal Circulation
a. Structures
b. Path of Blood
7. Blood
a. What is in it (Clotting & Infection)
b. Transport
What is Circulation
Brings NUTRIENTS (ie. O2, GLUCOSE, A.A., F.A.,) to cells.
Removes WASTES (ie. CO2, H2O) from cells.
TRANSPORT system in body
The Cardiovascular System
It consists of 2 main types of blood VESSELS (that carry blood from the HEART to the
tissues and back again) and a PUMPING organ, the HEART.

o BLOOD VESSELS
1. Arteries: LARGE vessels carrying blood AWAY from the heart.
2. Arterioles: Vessels approx. 0.2 MM in diameter.
*Both Arteries and ARTERIOLES have thick walls composed of ELASTIC
smooth muscle and SUPPORTIVE tissue.
3. Capillaries: Very small vessels with walls that
are ONE cell thick; the site of EXCHANGE of
material between tissue and BLOOD;
precapillary SPHINCTERS can close off capillary
beds (groups of capillaries) to cause blood to
flow to areas that are needed (eg. Muscles when
they are being used).

4. Venules: Small VEINS which carry blood BACK to heart.

5. Vein: Large vessels carrying blood BACK to the heart.
*Both VENULES and veins have thinner walls of SMOOTH muscle and
connective tissue, and also have VALVES to ensure ONE-way flow.
 *At any given time, the veins contain 75 % of blood, arteries 20 % and
capillaries 5 %.
**You have 100,000 km of blood vessels!!!!***
MAJOR BLOOD VESSELS IN THE BODY

Aorta:
o Largest ARTERY.
o Originates from the LEFT VENTRICLE.
o Carries blood from heart to BODY.

Vena Cava:
o Superior/Anterior: blood from chest, HEAD, arms to heart.
o Inferior/Posterior: Blood from TORSO and legs to heart.
Carotid: to HEAD.

Jugular Vein: From head

Pulmonary Artery: To LUNGS

Pulmonary Vein: From lungs to HEART.

** Arteries can carry DEOXYGENATED blood, as in the case of the pulmonary arteries.
Renal Artery: to KIDNEYS

Renal Vein: From kidneys

Iliac Artery: to LEGS

Iliac Vein: From legs

Subclavian Artery: to ARMS

Subclavian Vein: FROM arms

Mesenteric Artery: To INTESTINES
Hepatic Artery: To LIVER from heart
Hepatic Portal Vein: From S. INTESTINES to liver
Hepatic Vein: From LIVER to heart
Coronary Artery: To HEART muscle

Coronary Vein: From heart MUSCLE to vena cava

* Coronary ARTERIES and veins supply blood to heart muscle itself as the heart
does NOT use the blood in its chambers. Arteries branch off the aorta just above
the AORTIC semilunar valve. If the coronary arteries become blocked, a heart
ATTACK occurs.
THE HEART
A HOLLOW, MUSCULAR organ about the size of the fist.

Composed of MYCARDIUM (cardiac muscle).

Surrounded by a sac (PERICARDIUM) of fibrous tissue which contains a
lubricating liquid.
Right and left SIDES of the heart are separated by a SEPTUM (wall) and
operate as separate PUMPS:
o Right side: pumps to LUNGS
o Left side: pumps to rest of the BODY.
Each side is composed of 2 CHAMBERS - the ATRIUM and VENTRICLE
with valves in between them.
(1) Atria: UPPER chambers.
o Collect BLOOD and pump it to the ventricles through the
ATRIOVENTRICULAR valves.
o Have THIN walls relative to the ventricles.
(2) Ventricles: LOWER chambers.
o Pump blood OUT of the heart through the SEMILUNAR valves.
o Have THICK walls (left SIDE is the thickest because it has to pump to
the ENTIRE BODY).
(3) Valves: prevent BACKFLOW of blood between chambers.
o Tricuspid: R. ATRIUM R. VENTRICLE
o Bicuspid or Mitral:L. ATRIUM L. VENTRICLE
o Pulmonary Semilunar: R.V PULM ARTERY
o Aortic Semilunar: L.V. AORTA
o Chordae Tendineae: support the ATRIOVENTRICULAR valves and prevent
them from INVERTING.
Diagram: The Heart

The Path of Blood in the

HEART
1. (DEOXYGENATED BLOOD) Superior & interior Vena Cava Right Atrium
2. Right Atrium contracts TRICUSPID VALVE RIGHT VENTRICLE
3. Right ventricle contracts PULMONARY SEMILUNAR VALVE PULMONARY
TRUNK
4. Pulmonary trunk splits Pulmonary ARTERIES (deoxygenated blood) LUNGS
5. Lungs allow oxygen to diffuse INTO blood and carbon dioxide OUT OF blood.
6. (OXYGENATED BLOOD) Pulmonary VEIN Left ATRIUM.
7. Left Atrium contracts BICUSPID (MITRAL) VALVE LEFT VENTRICLE
8. Left ventricle contracts AORTIC SEMILUNAR VALVEAORTA
 9. Aorta divides BODY
10. Body INFERIOR/SUPERIOR VENA CAVA

Diagram: The Path of Blood:

9
6
10
5 7
1 8

10
4 9

2 3

BODY: 2 LOOPS
Deoxygenated and OXYGENATED blood do not MIX.
Blood travels in the PULMONARY loop (to the LUNGS ) and the SYSTEMIC
loop ( to the REST OF THE BODY ) at the same time.
 Pulmonary: (deoxygentated blood) R.A R.V Pulmonary arteries (gas
exchange) capillaries of lungs Lungs (oxygenated blood) Pulmonary veins
L.A
Systemic: (oxygenated blood) L.A L.V Aorta (gas exchange)
capillaries of body (deoxygenated blood) vena cava R.A

Heart Specifics
THE HEARTBEAT: Sounds like LUB-DUPP.
o Can be divided into TWO PHASES:
- When ATRIA contract (LUB), the ventricles are RELAXED
- When VENTRICLES contract (DUPP), the ATRIA are relaxed.
o There is a REST after the DUPP
 o The sound we hear is caused by the VALVES closing.
- Lub = closing of ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES
- Dupp = closing of the SEMI-LUNAR VALVES
o Valves that do not close properly cause a MURMUR to be heard.
o There are two terms hat describe contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle.
- Systole: CONTRACTION of the chamber.
- Diastole: RELAXATION of the chamber.
o Cardiac Cycle: occurs approx. 70 times/minute
- Tachycardia: FAST heartbeat
- Brachycardia: SLOW heartbeat
Time (s) Atria are in Ventricles are in Total Time (s)

0-0.15 SYSTOLE DIASTOLE 0.15

0.16-0.45 DIASTOLE SYSTOLE 0.30

0.46-0.85 DIASTOLE DIASTOLE 0.40

HEART RATE
o The heartbeat is INTRINSIC (beats without BRAIN input).
o The heart has NODAL tissue, which has characteristics of NERVE and MUSCLE
tissue.
Diagram: Location of Nodal Tissue
 o Sinoatrial (SA) node: the hearts PACEMAKER
- Located on the upper back wall of the R. ATRIUM
- INITIATES the heartbeat by sending out a signal every 0.85 seconds, causing
atrial CONTRACTION
- Keeps heartbeat REGULAR.
o Atrioventricular ( AV ) node:
- Located at the base of the RIGHT atrium near the SEPTUM (wall dividing the
2 sides of the heart).
- Purkinje fibres: Conduct signal from the A.V. node through the
VENTRICLES.
- Contraction of the ventricles begins at the BASE of the heart and moves up
like a WAVE.
o The Heart can keep a steady beat ON ITS OWN. How FAST it goes is under
control of the MEDULLA oblongata portion of the CENTRAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM.
- Factors such as STRESS, CO2 and O2 levels, blood PRESSURE, and others
determine how the heart rate will be affected.

PULSE AND BLOOD PRESSURE

o Pulse: Alternating between EXPANDING and recoiling of an arterial wall close
to the surface.
o Blood Pressure: The FORCE of the blood against the wall of the vessel created
by the PUMPING action of the heart.
o Measuring Blood Pressure: (using a SPHYGMOMANOMETER)
- Systolic b.p.: the HIGHEST arterial b.p.
- Diastolic b.p.: the LOWEST arterial pressure.
TOO - Normal resting b.p.: approx. 120/80 mm Hg
LITTLE
- Hypotension: LOWER b.p. than normal
- Hypertension: HIGHER b.p. than normal
TOO - 20 % of North Americans have hypertension.
MUCH
- Usually caused by DIET (high SALT ), stress, kidney problems.
 - Treatment includes control of DIET, and drugs such as VASODILATORS that
prevent arterial constriction, beta blockers that affect the nervous system and
result in the SLOWING of heart rate at S.A. NODE, and diuretics to reduce
blood VOLUME.
o Blood pressure is monitored by PRESSORECEPTORS in aorta and carotid
arteries. Short term changes in PRESSURE are corrected by change in heart
rate or vessel constriction. Long term changes may be due to changes in blood
VISCOSITY, and/or loss of elasticity of blood vessels (atherosclerosis).

o Blood pressure accounts for the flow of blood in the arteries and arterioles, while
SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS accounts of the flow of blood in the
venules and veins.
Heart Conditions
ATHEROSCLEROSIS
o HARDENING of the arteries caused by cholesterol PLAQUE deposits.
o Occurs mainly in the CAROTID, aorta, CAROTID and iliac arteries.
 o Healthy arteries are flexible, strong, and elastic. The inner layer, the tunica
interna, is smooth, enabling blood to flow freely. As a person ages, the arteries
normally become thicker and less elastic, and their calcium content increases.
This NATURAL "hardening" process occurs throughout the artery system.
o Atherosclerosis, by contrast, affects only the larger arteries.
o As the plaque builds up, the inner layers of the artery walls become thick and
irregular. FAT, CHOLESTEROL, and other materials accumulate in certain
areas. This gradual build-up over a long period of time reduced the circulation of
blood and increases the risk of heart attack, stroke, and other serious arterial
diseases.
o A person having atherosclerosis will often experience symptoms of angina,
stroke, and claudication (limb pain or tiredness). All of the symptoms are
caused by insufficient blood flow due to atherosclerosis.
STROKE & HEART ATTACK
o Stroke: BLOCKED vessel in brain, causing a portion of the brain to die due to
lack of OXYGEN.
o Heart Attack: Blocked vessel in the HEART muscle, causing a portion of the
heart muscle to die.
TREAMENTS:
o CORONARY BYPASS SURGERY: segments of leg veins are grafted between
the aorta and coronary vessels, in order to bypass a BLOCKAGE. Two to four
such bypasses may be performed in a single operation. e.g. three such grafts
would be known as a triple-bypass operation.
o Angioplasty: a wire with a BALLOON is forced into the artery, balloon is inflated
and CLOG is pulled out.
Fetal Circulation
Heart develops in the 3RD and 4th week of GESTATION, and is functioning by the 8 th
week.
The fetal circulatory system cant be the same as the adult, if you think about it.
o The fetus, first of all, cant BREATHE air inside the womb, so sending blood to
the lungs wont do much good.
o Likewise, the fetus must get all its NUTRIENTS from Mom, as well as let her take
care of its wastes. Obviously, some serious plumbing problems must be solved.
To solve these problems, the fetus has FOUR features NOT present in adults:
1. Oval Opening: (FORAMEN ovale) The opening between the ATRIA, covered
by a flap acting as a VALVE. Blood moves through the foramen OVALE from
the RA to the LA, bypassing the PULMONARY circuit.
- If the oval opening doesnt close after birth, it can cause MIXING of blood and
blue babies. Correct with open-heart surgery.
2. Arterial DUCT: (ductus ARTERIOSUS) Connects the pulmonary ARTERY to
the AORTA, allowing blood to bypass the pulmonary CIRCUIT by moving from
the RA to the AORTA.
3. Umbilical ARTERY and vein are vessels that travel to and from the PLACENTA
(a membrane that is shared by both mother and fetus), which is the site of
NUTRIENT, gas and WASTE exchange. Umbilical arteries are CONNECTED to
the iliac arteries in the fetus.
4. VENOUS duct: (Ductus VENOSUS ) Connects the umbilical VEIN to the vena
cava, which leads to the HEART. The ductus venosus is attached to the fetus
LIVER, but bypasses most of it.
 Arterial Duct

Oval Opening

Placenta

Umbilical Artery
Umbilical Vein
 Path of blood through the fetus:
1) Blood collects in RA.
2) It moves to LA through oval OPENING, or some to RV through TRICUSPID
valve.
3) From RV to PULMONARY artery
4) From pulmonary artery MOST blood will go to AORTA through the arterial
DUCT, and some blood will go to LUNGS.
5) From lungs through the PULMONARY vein to the LA then to LV and then the
AORTA
6) From aorta to TISSUES.
7) From lower body, blood enters the ILIAC artery and moves to the iliac VEIN. It
then enters the UMBILICAL artery and is moved to the PLACENTA , which is
the site of gas EXCHANGE .
8) Blood returns from the placenta through the umbilical VEIN , then to the ductus
VENOSUS , which leads to the INFERIOR vena cava and back to the heart.
Blood
Most water in the body is found in the CELLS. Some, however, is found in the
tissue FLUID (surrounds cells), LYMPH (in lymph vessels), and blood (in blood
vessels).
Blood is required in order to:
o maintain HOMEOSTASIS
o transport GASES, nutrients and waste
o REPAIR damaged vessels to prevent blood LOSS
o fight INFECTION, and regulation of body TEMPERATURE.
An average person has 5L 6L of blood.
 WHAT IS IN BLOOD:

Blood is composed of 2 main parts:

INORGANIC
SUBSTANCES

IN PLASMA:

Blood Proteins: TRANSPORT various molecules, help to maintain OSMOTIC

pressure by causing blood to RETAIN water, produce ANTIBODIES, involved
with BLOOD clotting.

Plasma Constituent Function Source

Water Maintains blood volume and transports Absorbed from large
molecules intestine
Plasma Proteins All maintain blood osmotic pressure & pH
a. Albumin Transport Liver
b. Fibrinogen Clotting Liver
c. Globulins Fight Infection (Antibody formation) Lymphocytes
 Gases
a. Oxygen Cellular Respiration Lungs
b. CO2 End product of metabolism Tissues
Nutrients: Fats, Food for cells Absorbed from
glucose, amino acids, intestinal villi
etc.
Salts Maintain blood osmotic pressure/pH, aid Absorbed from
metabolism intestinal villi
Wastes End products of metabolism Tissues
Hormones, vitamins Aid metabolism Varied
etc.
Water (90%)

FORMED ELEMENTS:
Platelets (THROMBOCYTES): function in blood CLOTTING.
Red Blood Cells (ERYTHROCYTES): ~95% of formed elements; transport
OXYGEN and formed in the bone marrow.
White Blood Cells (LEUKOCYTES): fight infection and formed in BONE
MARROW & lymphoid tissue.
o Are classified according to their appearance.
Erythrocytes Leukocytes Thrombocytes
Red Blood Cells White Blood Cells Platelets
Granular Agranular
Leukocytes Leukocytes
Basophils Monocytes
Eosinophil Lymphocytes

RED BLOOD CELLS

Small in size but BI-CONCAVE in shape - this increases membrane SURFACE
AREA
Dont have a NUCLEUS, therefore no REPRODUCE or repair.
Dont have MITOCHONDRIA, therefore all O2 is transported
and not used to make ATP.
 Made by stem cells in bone marrow of the SKULL, VERTEBRAE, RIBS, and ends
of LONG BONES.
Live approximately 120 DAYS and destroyed in the LIVER AND SPLEEN.
o IRON is recycled and sent to the bones
o HEME is broken down and recycled by the liver as BILE PIGMENTS.

Rate of rbc formation is reliant, at least in part, on OXYGEN levels.

1. tissue can detect low O2 levels
2. kidneys produce the hormone REF (renal ERETHROPOETIC
factor) in response to low O2.
3. REF combines with GLOBULIN from the liver, and is transported
to bone MARROW by blood.
4. STEM cells detect REF and are triggered to SPEED UP rbc
formation.
5. More RBC results in increased O2 transport (negative
FEEDBACK loop)
BLOOD CLOTTING
After an injury, COAGGULATION "or CLOTTING" takes place to
prevent excessive blood loss.
This requires the action of 1) PLATELETS 2) PROTHROMBIN, and 3) FIBRINOGEN.
(1) INJURY (BLOOD LOSS) (3) CLUMP PARTIALLY
= VESSEL IS DAMAGED SEALS LEAK
(2) PLATELETS HIT
JAGGED VESSEL WALL
(4) RELEASE A
GLYCOPROTEIN (ACTIVATES
PROTHROMBIN)

THROMBIN PROTHROMBIN
(5)
FIBRIN FIBRINOGEN
(6)

(7) FORM A NET THAT CATCH RBCS TO FORM A CLOT

WHITE BLOOD CELLS
Are approximately 48 million and are, along with antibodies, the second defense in
bodys infection fighting.
LARGER than RBCs and contain a NUCLEUS.
Two main types:
1. Granulotcytes: have granules and a many lobed NUCLEUS
(polymorphonuclear); Formed in the red bone marrow. 3 main types:
a. Neutrophils (phagocytizes primarily bacteria) The granules of a neutrophil
are lysosomes 60-70% of all WBC.
b. Eosinophils (phagocytizes and destroys antigen-antibody complexes)
c. Basophils (congregates in tissues, releases histamine when stimulated).
2. Aranulocytes: WITHOUT granules and either a circular or indented nucleus;
formed in SPLEEN, TONSILS and lymph nodes. 2 main types:
a. LYMPHOCYTES: ~25-30% of all WBC. 2 types:
i. Type B (B-cells): mature in bone marrow and synthesize
ANTIBODIES (Ig) specific for a particular ANTIGEN (foreign
substance). Ig are released in BLOOD and LYMPH.
ii. Type T (T-Cells): kill virus-containing cells.
b. MONOCYTES: differentiate into MACROPHAGES; are phagocityic and
ingest a hundred invaders and still survive (bacteria and other MICRO-
ORGANISMS, particles and old/dead cells).
BLOOD TRANSPORT
OXYGEN is not very SOLUBLE in water, so it must be carried.
o Carried by respiratory PIGMENTS (coloured proteins containing METAL ions).
Hemoglobin ( Hb ) is the respiratory pigment for most vertebrates.
Hemoglobin: A protein consisting of 4 AMINO acid chains (2 ALPHA and 2 BETA)
that functions to carry OXYGEN.
o Each rbc contains 250 X 106 molecules of Hb.
o Subunit cooperativity: the binding of O2 to one of the 4 Hb subunits (in the
TETRAMER ) causes a change in the other 3 subunits, increasing their
AFFINITY for oxygen. The reverse is true for oxygen UNLOADING
 o Each chain has an IRON containing portion (HEME) - the HEME portion
attaches to oxygen
o Hemoglobin WEAKLY binds oxygen in the COOL, NEUTRAL environment of the
LUNGS.
o Hemoglobin RELEASES oxygen in the WARMER, ACIDIC environment of the
tissues.
o OXYHEMOGLOBIN: Hemoglobin with bound O2 (HbO2) is bright RED.
o REDUCED hemoglobin: lost its O2 is dark PURPLE.
o CARBAMINOHEMOGLOBIN: Hemoglobin with bound CO2 (HbCO2)
o CO ( CARBON MONOXIDE ) is transported more easily by HEMOGLOBIN than
oxygen & stays bound for several hours regardless of environment.
MOVEMENT OF FLUID IN CAPILLARIES
Movement of things out of and into capillaries is a result of a battle between BLOOD
PRESSURE and OSMOSTIC PRESSURE.
o Blood pressure (AKA Hydrostatic Pressure) pushes things OUT of the blood
INTO the tissues.
o Osmotic pressure pushes things back INTO the blood OUT of the tissues.
Osmotic pressure is CONSTANT, but blood pressure VARIES considerably around
a capillary bed.
ARTERIAL SIDE of capillary: blood pressure if HIGHER WATER, OXYGEN and
GLUCOSE leave the bloodstream.
VENOUS SIDE: osmotic pressure is HIGHER WATER, AMMONIA and CARBON
DIOXIDE enter the bloodstream.
*The amount of fluid that enters the tissues (exits the capillaries) doesnt EQUAL the
amount of fluid that EXITS the tissues (enters the capillaries) EXCESS fluid enters
the lymphatic capillaries, which return this fluid to the blood at the SUBCLAVIAN
veins.

MOVEMENT OF NUTRIENTS, GASES, WASTES IN BLOOD

Carbon dioxide: Most CO2 is transported as BICARBONATE ION (HCO3-), some as
CARBAMINOHEMOGLOBIN, little as dissolved CO2.
o In capillaries of tissues: CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-
CARBONIC ANHYDRASE DISSOCIATES IMMED.
o In capillaries of lungs: H+ + HCO3- H2CO3 CO2 + H 2O
o In capillaries of tissues: REDUCED hemoglobin can pick up CO2 HbCO2
 o Reduced hemoglobin could alternatively pick up the resulting H+ that are produced in
the above reaction; this would prevent major changes in PH which could wreak havoc
on blood pH HHb
*Hemoglobin is a buffer for our blood pH*

Oxygen: Oxygen is bound by Hb withing the RBC and is transported as

OXYHEMOGLOBIN. Heme groups in Hb must REVERSIBLY bind oxygen as
oxygen needs to be also dropped off in the tissue.
o In the pulmonary circuit, oxygen ENTERS the rbc and binds to
Hb. In the systemic circuit, oxygen is released from Hb and leaves the rbc.
o In capillaries of lungs: O2 + Hb HbO2
Diagram: