Diksha Koul Seminar Report

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A
Seminar Report
On
Cyborg Technology
Submitted in partial fulfillment for the
Award of degree of
Bachelor of Technology
In
Electronics and Communication Engineering
2017-18
Submitted to Submitted By
Dr. Navneet Agrawal Diksha Koul
Asstt. Professor 2013/CTAE/178
Deptt.Of Electronics &Comm Engg.B.Tech Final
Department of electronics and communication Engineering

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, MPUAT,
Submitted by: - Diksha Koul Submitted to:-Dr. Navneet Agrawal

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my prodigious gratification to Dr. Sunil Joshi, (HOD, Department of
Electronics & Communication Engineering), for his indispensable guidance, generous help,
perpetual encouragement, constant attention offered throughout in preparing the seminar.
I take this opportunity to pay my sincere thanks to Dr. Navneet Agrawal (Astt. Proff. )
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering) for giving me the golden opportunity
to present the seminar.
And at last I would like to express my regards to my friends and family for their unlimited
support and best wishes in completion of this seminar.
Diksha Koul
2013/CTAE/209

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INDEX :-
1. Overview & origin..........4
2. Cyborg technology.................................................................................................6
3. Cybernetics.................................................................................................................7
4. The real human cyborg.............................................................................................8
5. Difference between a cyborg and robot....................................................................9
6. Types of cyborg.........................................................................................................11
7. Actual Cyborgation at tempts....................................................................................12
8. Hybrot .......................................................................................................................16
9. Genuine Cybernetic Technologies.............................................................................18
10. Application in various fields....................................................................................30
11. Cyborg Foundation..................................................................................................42
11. Advantages & Disadvantages..................................................................................43
12. List of Figures..........................................................................................................44
13. Bibliography............................................................................................................45
1.

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INTRODUCTION ABOUT CYBERNETICS :-
1.Overview & origin5
2.Cyborg technology....6
a. Coining of the term Cyborg
b. Definition of a Cyborg
3.Cybernetics........................................................................................................6
a. Definition of cybernetics
b. Coining of the term and characteristics
2.

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INTRODUCTION:-
Cybernetics is the interdisciplinary study of the structure of the regulatory system. Cybernetics
is closely related to control theory and system theory. Contemporary cybernetics began as an
interdisciplinary study connecting the fields of control systems, electrical network theory,
mechanical engineering, logic model, evolutionary biology, neuroscience etc.
Cyborgs are originated from the concept of cybernetics, which is referred as

a mixture of both organism and the technology. When an organism is half human
and half machine then we call them CYBORG. The whole process of becoming a Cyborg is
known as Cyborgation
Among the Cyborgs living today Dr. Kevin Warwick heads the Cybernetics Department
at the University of Reading in the United Kingdom and has taken the first steps on this path,
using himself as a guinea pig test subject receiving, by surgical operation, technological
implants connected to his central nervous system.
The world's first cyborg was a white lab rat, part of an experimental program at New York's
Rockland State Hospital in the late 1950s. The rat had implanted in its body a tiny osmotic
pump that injected precisely controlled doses of chemicals, altering several of its
physiological parameters. It was part animal, part machine.

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CYBORG:
CYBORG, a compound word derived from Cybernetics and Organism, is a term coined by
Manfred Clynes in 1960 to describe the need for mankind to artificially enhance biological
functions in order to survive in the hostile environment of space. Originally, a CYBORG
referred to a Human being with a bodily functions aided or controlled by
technological devices, such as an oxygen tank, artificial heart valve or insulin pump.
Over the years, the term has acquireda more general meaning, describing the
dependence of humanbeings on technology. In this sense , CYBORG can be used to
characterize anyone who relies on a computer to complete his or her daily work
CYBERNETICS:
Cybernetics is word coined by group of scientists led by Norbert Wiener and made
popular by Wieners book of 1948, Cybernetics or Communication in the animal
and the Machine. Based on the Greek Kybernetics, meaning steersman or
governor, cybernetics is the science or study of the control or regulation mechanism in
human and machine systems, including computers.
CYBERNETICS could be thought of as recently developed science, although to some extent
it cuts across existing science. If we think of Physics, Chemistry, Biology, etc. as a
traditional science, then Cybernetics is a classification, which cuts across them all.
Cybernetics is formally defined as the science of control and communication in animals,
men and machines. It extracts, from whatever context, that which is concerned
with information processing and control . One major characteristics of
cybernetics is its preoccupation with the construction of models and here it overlaps
operational research. Cybernetics models are usually distinguished by being hierarchical,
adaptive and making permanent use of feedback loops Cybernetics in some ways
is like the science of organization, with special emphasis on the dynamic nature of the
system being organized

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THE CYBORG :-
1. The real human cyborg....................................................................................................8
a. Various types of human cyborg
b. Example of a human cyborg
2. Difference between a cyborg and robot............................................................................9
a. Basis of difference
b. Summary and illustration
3. Types of cyborg................................................................................................................11
a. Convenient cyborg
b. Conditional cyborg
4. Actual Cyborgation at tempts...........................................................................................12
a. Successful Cyborgation attempts
b. Animal cyborg
5. Hybrot ............................................................................................................................16

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REAL LIFE CYBORGS
A Cyborg can be defined as the human being who is technologically complemented

by external or internal devices that compliment or regulate various human body
functions. Cyborgology is a technical and socio-philosophical study which deals with
the development and spreading of the technology to the society. According to some
definitions of the term, the physical attachments humanity has with even the most basic
technologies have already made them Cyborgs. In a typical example, a human with an artificial
cardiac pacemaker or implantable cardioverter-defibrillator would be considered a cyborg, since
these devices measure voltage potentials in the body, perform signal processing, and can deliver
electrical stimuli, using this synthetic feedback mechanism to keep that person alive. Implants,
especially cochlear implants that combine mechanical modification with any kind of feedback
response are also Cyborg enhancements. Some theorists cite such modifications as contact
lenses, hearing aids, or intraocular lenses as examples of fitting humans with technology to
enhance their biological capabilities.
FIG-1 A human Cyborg with prosthetic limbs

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ROBOTS V/S CYBORGS
The main difference between a cyborg and a robot is the presence of life. A robot is basically a
machine that is very advanced. It is often automated and requires very little interaction with
humans. In comparison, cyborgs are a combination of a living organism and a machine. It
doesnt necessarily have to be human; it can be a dog, a bird, or any other living thing.
The living component is what separates a cyborg from a robot. This basically means that a
cyborg is alive while a robot isnt. Even though some robots can simulate certain aspects of
living beings, it never truly is alive. A robot is only capable of doing what it was programmed to
do while a cyborg, especially human cyborgs, exercise free will on their activities.
There are a number of good examples for robots. Among them are the robots working in
factories that do the repetitive tasks. These robots are better than humans at these tasks as they
are very quick and do not get tired. Cyborgs also walk among us. People who have robotic
prosthetics generally qualify as cyborgs. Even people with pacemakers qualify as their existence
depends partly on the continuing function of the electronic device that keeps their hearts rhythm.
Another area where the robots and cyborgs vary is complexity. Robots can be fairly complex like
the factory robots mentioned above. There are, however, also robots that are very simple. There
are simple robotic kits made available to young children to spark their curiosity and show them
the basic principles behind robotics. In comparison, the machine part of a cyborg is often very
complex as it interfaces with the organic part in order to function. Some prosthetic arms can
function pretty much like a real limb, and some people can even reach out and grab things.
Summary:

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1 .A robot is an automated machine cyborg is a combination of an organism with a machine.
2. Robots arent alive while cyborgs are.
3. Robots can be simple or very complex while cyborgs are typically very complex
FIG 2- A human sized robot

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TYPES OF CYBORGS
There are basically two types of cyborg :-
FIG 3- Human Cyborgs with bionic limbs
1. Convenient cyborg
2. Conditional cyborg
CONVENIENT CYBORG CONDITIONAL CYBORG

Convenient Cyborgs may refer to any external Conditional Cyborgs include bionic implants
provision of an exoskeleton for the satisfaction replanting the lost or damaged body for the
of the altered fancy needs of the body normal person living in the present
environment

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FIG 4- A convenient flying cyborg FIG 5- Bionic Eye Conditional cyborg
from the movie IRONMAN
Actual cyborgization attempt

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FIG 6 :-Neil Harbisson, first person to be officially recognized as a cyborg by a government and co-founder of
the Cyborg Foundation (2004)
In current prosthetic applications, the C-Leg system developed by Otto Bock HealthCare is used
to replace a human leg that has been amputated because of injury or illness. The use of sensors in
the artificial C-Leg aids in walking significantly by attempting to replicate the user's natural gait,
as it would be prior to amputation. Prostheses like the C-Leg and the more advanced iLimb are
considered by some to be the first real steps towards the next generation of real-world cyborg
applications. Additionally cochlear implants and magnetic implants which provide people with a
sense that they would not otherwise have had can additionally be thought of as creating cyborgs.
In vision science, direct brain implants have been used to treat non-congenital (acquired)
blindness. One of the first scientists to come up with a working brain interface to restore sight
was private researcher William Dobelle.
Successful Cyborgation attempts :-

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William Dobelle's first prototype was implanted into "Jerry", a man blinded in adulthood, in
1978. A single-array BCI containing 68 electrodes was implanted onto Jerry's visual cortex and
succeeded in producing phosphenes, the sensation of seeing light. The system included cameras
mounted on glasses to send signals to the implant. Initially, the implant allowed Jerry to see
shades of grey in a limited field of vision at a low frame-rate. This also required him to be
hooked up to a two-ton mainframe, but shrinking electronics and faster computers made his
artificial eye more portable and now enable him to perform simple tasks unassisted.
In 1997, Philip Kennedy, a scientist and physician, created the world's first human cyborg from
Johnny Ray, a Vietnam veteran who suffered a stroke. Ray's body, as doctors called it,
was "locked in". Ray wanted his old life back so he agreed to Kennedy's experiment. Kennedy
embedded an implant he designed (and named "neurotrophic electrode") near the part of Ray's
brain so that Ray would be able to have some movement back in his body. The surgery went
successfully, but in 2002, Johnny Ray died.
In 2002, Canadian Jens Naumann, also blinded in adulthood, became the first in a series of 16
paying patients to receive Dobelle's second generation implant, marking one of the earliest
commercial uses of BCIs. The second generation device used a more sophisticated implant
enabling better mapping of phosphenes into coherent vision. Phosphenes are spread out across
the visual field in what researchers call the starry-night effect. Immediately after his implant,
Naumann was able to use his imperfectly restored vision to drive slowly around the parking area
of the research institute.
In contrast to replacement technologies, in 2002, under the heading Project Cyborg, a British
scientist, Kevin Warwick, had an array of 100 electrodes fired into his nervous system in order to
link his nervous system into the internet to investigate enhancement possibilities. With this in
place Warwick successfully carried out a series of experiments including extending his nervous
system over the internet to control a robotic hand, also receiving feedback from the fingertips in
order to control the hand's grip. This was a form of extended sensory input. Subsequently, he
investigated ultrasonic input in order to remotely detect the distance to objects.

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Finally, with electrodes also implanted into his wife's nervous system, they conducted the first
direct electronic communication experiment between the nervous systems of two humans.
Since 2004, British artist Neil Harbisson, has had a cyborg antenna implanted in his head that
allows him to extend his perception of colors beyond the human visual spectrum through
vibrations in his skull.[ His antenna was included within his 2004 passport photograph which has
been claimed to confirm his cyborg status. In 2012 at TEDGlobal,Harbisson explained that he
started to feel cyborg when he noticed that the software and his brain had united and given him
an extra sense.
Fig 7 :- Passport of convenient human cyborg Neil Harbisson
Furthermore many cyborgs with multifunctional microchips injected into their hand are known to
exist. With the chips they are able swipe cards, open or unlock doors, operate devices such as
printers or, with some using a cryptocurrency, buy products, such as drinks, with a wave of the
hand.

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FIG 8:- An animal cyborg popularly known as ROBOROACH
Animal cyborgs
The US-based company Backyard Brains released what they refer to as "The world's first
commercially available cyborg" called the RoboRoach. The project started as a University of
Michigan biomedical engineering student senior design project in 2010 and was launched as an
available beta product on 25 February 2011.The RoboRoach was officially released into
production via a TED talk at the TED Global conference, and via the crowd sourcing website Kick starter in
2013,]the kit allows students to use micro stimulation to momentarily control the movements of a
walking cockroach (left and right) using a Bluetooth-enabled Smartphone as the controller. Other
groups have developed cyborg insects, including researchers at North Carolina State University
and UC Berkeley, but the RoboRoach was the first kit available to the general public and was
funded by the National Institute of Mental Health as a device to serve as a teaching aid to promote an
interest in neuroscience. Several animal welfare organizations including the RSPCA and PETA have
expressed concerns about the ethics and welfare of animals in this project.

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Hybrots
(Short for "hybrid robot") is a cybernetic organism in the form of a robot controlled by a
computer consisting of both electronic and biological elements. The biological elements are rat
neurons connected to a computer chip. This feat was first accomplished by Dr. Steve Potter, a
professor of biomedical engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology. What separates a
hybrot from a cyborg is that the latter term is commonly used to refer to a cybernetically
enhanced human or animal; while a hybrot is an entirely new type of creature constructed from
organic and artificial materials. It is perhaps helpful to think of the hybrot as "semi-living," a
term also used by the hybrot's inventors. Another interesting feature of the hybrot is its longevity.
Neurons separated from a living brain usually die after a short period of time; however, due to a
specially designed incubator utilizing a new sealed-dish culture system, a hybrot may live as
long as two years.
FIG 9:- A hybrot

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Genuine Cybernetics Technologies :-
1. Vision Enhancing Contact Lens ........................................................................18.
2. Cochlear Implant ...............................................................................................19
3. Touch Bionics I-Limb.........................................................................................21
4. ProprioTooth and Ear Cell phone Implant...........................................................23
5. Otto Bock C-Leg Intelligent Prosthetic Leg .......................................................24
6. MC3 Biolung Artificial Lung................................................................................25
7. Artificial Heart .....................................................................................................26
8. AWAK A Wearable Artificial Kidney.................................................................27
9. Neuro-Controlled Bionic Arm...............................................................................28

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Genuine Cyborg Technologies
Vision Enhancing Contact Lens
Ocumetics Technology Corp claims to have developed a painless eight-minute procedure that
would give vision that is supposedly three times better than 20/20. The "bionic" lenses would
give even 100-year-olds better vision than anything currently available..
Freedom from glasses and contact lenses is a goal that is now a reality, Ocumetics says on its
website. The CEO, Dr Gareth Webb, a Canadian optometrist, invented the "button-shaped" lens
and has been working on the product for eight years of research, costing $3m.
"This is vision enhancement that the world has never seen before. If you can just barely see the
clock at 10 feet, when you get the Bionic Lens you can see the clock at 30 feet away,"
Webb told CBC.
The procedure is similar to cataract surgery. It involves removing your original lens and
replacing it with an Ocumetics' Bionic Lens, which is folded into a syringe in a saline solution
and injected directly into your eye. Webb says that the specialized lens would also prevent
people from developing cataracts as the procedure replaces natural lenses, which decay over
time.The Bionic Lens would make contacts lenses, glasses and laser surgery obsolete.
FIG 10:-Vision Enhancing Contact Lenses

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Bionic Eye
The first spectacles were invented in the 13th century and their technical progress was a slow
evolution driven mainly by style and fashion rather than medical need. The pace of change
accelerated in the 20th century, but we are now in an unprecedented era when technology is
supercharging vision.
It uses a special camera, processor pack and a retinal implant to bypass the photo processors that
atrophy in a range of conditions. A camera in a pair of goggles, linked by a lead to the processor
worn on the hip, picks up movement and light, and sends commands via infra-red LED signals to
an implant surgically inserted into the eye. The impulses then travel along the healthy optic nerve
to create a form of vision.
Dr Webb has been refining and engineering the bionic lens since 2008 and, aside from its vision-
correcting potential, the lens will be fitted with a special shield that sits on the cornea which can
link with future developments to supply data and imagery. His product could be in use by 2018
with a predicted price tag of 400 to 800. Success will be based on the underlying

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conditionofthe eye, but for some the results will be three times better than 20/20 vision,
FIG 11:-The Bionic Eye
Cochlear Implant
Hearing aids amplify sounds so they may be detected by damaged ears. Cochlear
implants bypass damaged portions of the ear and directly stimulate the auditory nerve. Signals
generated by the implant are sent by way of the auditory nerve to the brain, which recognizes
the signals as sound. A cochlear implant (CI) is a surgically implanted electronic device that
provides a sense of sound to a person who is profoundly deaf or severely hard of hearing in both
ears; as of 2014 they had been used experimentally in some people who had acquired deafness in
one ear after learning how to speak. Cochlear implants bypass the normal hearing process; they

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have a microphone and some electronics that reside outside the skin, generally behind the ear,
which transmits a signal to an array of electrodes placed in the cochlea, which stimulate
the cochlear nerve.
The procedure in which the device is implanted is usually done under general anesthesia. Risks
of the procedures include mastoiditis, otitis media (acute or with effusion), shifting of the
implanted device requiring a second procedure, damage to the facial nerve, damage to the chorda
tympani, and wound infections. People may experience problems with dizziness and balance for
up to a few months after the procedure; these problems generally resolve, but for people over 70,
they tend not to.
There is low to moderate quality evidence that when CIs are implanted in both ears at the same
time, they improve hearing in noisy places for people with severe loss of hearing. There is some
evidence that implanting CIs to improve hearing, may also improve tinnitus but there is some
risk that it may cause people who never had tinnitus to get it.
Cochlear implants bypass most of the peripheral auditory system which receives sound and
converts that sound into movements of hair cells in the cochlea; the inside-portion of these hair
cells release potassium ions in response to the movement of the hairs, and the potassium in turn
stimulates other cells to release the neurotransmitter, glutamate, which makes the cochlear
nerve send signals to the brain, which creates the experience of sound. Instead, the devices pick
up sound and digitize it, convert that digitized sound into electrical signals, and transmit those
signals to electrodes embedded in the cochlea. The electrodes electrically stimulate the cochlear
nerve, causing it to send signals to the brain.
There are several systems available, but generally they have the following components:

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FIG 12:- An illustration of a cochlear implant.
External:
one or more microphones that pick up sound from the environment
a speech processor which selectively filters sound to prioritize audible speech
a transmitter that sends power and the processed sound signals across the skin to the
internal device by electromagnetic induction
Internal:
FIG 13 :-The internal part of a cochlear implant (model Cochlear Freedom 24 RE)
a receiver/stimulator, which receives signals from the speech processor and converts
them into electric impulses.
an electrode array embedded in the cochlea

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Touch Bionics I-Limb

The i-limb is an externally powered prosthesis often controlled by myoelectric signals, meaning
it uses muscle signals in the patients residual limb to move the device. Electrodes are placed on
the users bare skin above two pre-selected muscle sites. When a user contracts these muscles,
the electrodes pick up subtle changes in the electrical patterns and send these signals to a
microprocessor which instructs the i-limb to open and close. The i-limb can open and close into
several different grip such as a lateral grip or precision pinch. Users can assign their most
commonly used grip to up to four different muscle triggers.
1. `hold open (using the open signal for a set period of time)
2. `double impulse (two quick open signals after the hand is fully open)
3. `triple impulse (three quick open signals after the hand is fully open)
4. `co-contraction (contracting both the open and close muscles simultaneously)
When the user activates any one of these triggers, the i-limb will move into the grip that has been
assigned to it. The number of triggers programmed depends on each individuals ability to
control and activate the signals. As the users control and strength improves over time with
practice, the user can assign more triggers to grips for improved dexterity and function.

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FIG 14 :- Bionic I-limb hand
ProprioTooth and Ear Cell phone Implant
A cell-phone implant does not have a typical user interface (UI). It uses the person's body
instead. Taking the place of a keypad is a six-axis piezoelectric accelerometer attached to the
angle of the mandible, or the jawbone. This accelerometer can detect when the jaw opens and
closes or moves from side to side. Since the jaw moves along with a person's head, the
accelerometer also detects head movements. It does this using crystals that create electrical
pulses when they change shape. After receiving the cell-phone implant, the user learns a series of
head and jaw gestures that control the phone. This is similar to the stylus shorthand used with
older PDAs. It's also a little like sign language, but it uses the head and jaw instead of the hands.
Before beginning a gesture, the user touches a small on/off switch located on the mastoid
process, a bony protrusion on the skull just behind and below the ear. This lets the implant know
to be ready for the user's input and prevents it from mistaking ordinary conversation or
movement for gestures. The user can also turn the implant completely off by holding the switch
down for three seconds.

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FIG 15 :- The modules of a cell-phone implant are inserted under the skin
and the jaw.

During a gesture, a flexible circuit and conductive ink carry the accelerometer's electrical
impulses to the implant's microprocessor, located on the back of the ear. This processor, made of
a flexible thin-film transistor, is a custom-fitted piece that lies precisely along the cartilage in
the back of the ear. The processor uses a lookup table stored on a nearby ROM chip to match a
person's movements with the cell phone's commands. If a person makes the gesture for "four,"
the processor finds the corresponding pattern of electrical impulses in the lookup table. It then
holds the number four in a memory buffer until all of the gestures are complete. An
implanted radio frequency (RF) transmitter sends the data using radio waves.
C-Leg Intelligent Prosthetic
An intelligent prosthetic leg blending robotics and electronics to allow the knee and the ankle to
communicate and give amputees a level of mobility previously unheard of.C-Legs greatest
strength is helping people achieve independence. The mechatronic leg prosthesis system is
trusted by as many users worldwide. More than 60,000 fittings for people with transfemoral
amputations have been carried out since 1997. With its numerous innovative features, the new C-
Leg marks the start of a new era: Its the best C-Leg of all time safer, more dynamic and easier.
From stairs and ramps to varying surfaces and walking backwards the C-Leg leg prosthesis
system adjusts itself dynamically to various everyday situations .

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The hydraulic unit controls the C-Leg. It generates movement resistance for flexion and
extension during the stance and swing phase.
FIG 16 :- Otto Bock C leg intelligent prosthetics

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MC3 Biolung Artificial Lung
A Biolung is a device designed to fully support the respiratory needs of adult patients as a bridge
to lung transportation or lung recovery. The lung is used for carrying both the oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood. Some types of chronic disease that affect the lungs are pulmonary
fibrosis and emphysema.
The artificial lung uses tiny hollow fibers to mimic the structure of a human lung, and increase
the surface area available for oxygen to pass into the blood. About the size of a soda can, the
device is connected to the heart's right ventricle. Inside the artificial lung, blood and air are
separated by a very thin membrane. This membrane allows gas - oxygen and carbon dioxide - to
freely pass through it by the process of diffusion. Due to a difference in partial pressure, oxygen
flows from the air through the membrane and into blood, enriching it It relies on the heart, not
a mechanical pump, to send blood through the lung, where it receives oxygen (and
offloads carbon dioxide) as it flows through arrays of microfibers,
or membrane oxygenators. Oxygen rich blood passes from the device into the left atrium and
then to the rest of the body.
An implantable lung could keep patients with serious lung diseases alive long enough for them to
beat potentially deadly infections. The resulting device could be small enough to
allow implantation into the body, where it would be attached to the pulmonary artery, the
main blood vessel from the heart to the lungs. From here, the heart's own pumping power would
drive blood through it

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Artificial Heart
An artificial heart only replaces the two ventricles and connects to the natural atrium. Unlike the
normal heart, which pumps blood to the lungs and body at same time, an artificial heart can force
blood out of only one ventricle at a time . Currently, there are two leading designs of the artificial
heart that utilize different methods to force the blood out of the ventricles. SynCardia Systems,
Inc. has developed a heart with two ventricles separated by a diaphragm, similar to the muscle
that expands and contracts in our bodies when we breathe. Blood fills one ventricle and is ejected
when an external pump ejects air into the other side of the diaphragm. This model has been
approved by the FDA but the only downside is that it requires an external pump weighing
about 13-and-a-half pounds that can fit in a backpack. Having external parts can increase the risk
of infection. AbioCor, the artificial heart developed by AbioMed addresses this problem by
having all the necessary components inside the body. Instead of a diaphragm and an air pump,
this heart uses a hydraulic pump. When the hydraulic fluid moves to the right, blood in the right
ventricle gets pumped to the lungs. Conversely, when hydraulic fluid moves to the left, the blood
in the left ventricle gets pumped to the rest of the body. Both artificial hearts need a source of
energy to ensure that the heart beats continuously so that a patient doesnt succumb to cardiac
arrest. The SynCardia Total Artificial Heart has two external rechargeable batteries and can also
be plugged into a wall outlet. The AbiCor heart also has an external battery pack but utilizes a
wireless energy transfer system to transmit power through the skin without penetrating the
surface. Generally, the hearts are made of titanium and plastic.

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AWAK A Wearable Artificial Kidney
The key to the implantable artificial kidney is a microchip. Its called silicon nanotechnology. It
uses the same processes that were developed by the microelectronics industry for computers The
chips are affordable, precise and make ideal filters. William Fissell and his team are designing
each pore in the filter one by one based on what they want that pore to do. Each device will hold
roughly fifteen microchips layered on top of each other. The microchips are also the scaffold in
which living kidney cells will rest. His team is using live kidney cells that will grow on and
around the microchip filters. The goal is for these cells to mimic the natural actions of the kidney.
The focus is on the following product lines.
Sorption materials and catalytic processes to improve blood purification in current dialysis
systems
Miniature portable artificial kidney for use as a handy home hemodialysis device
Miniature wearable artificial kidney for continuous blood cleansing via the abdomen
The miniature portable and wearable artificial kidney is an ideal solution for end stage renal
diseased patients providing a significant improvement in their health status and quality of life.
With many important features for both the patient as well as the healthcare system.
Improved blood purification via adsorption filtering
Improved health condition thanks to continuous or semi-continuous treatment
Increased life expectancy
Higher mobility and employability
Less nursing and medical care needed, resulting in lower healthcare costs

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Neuro-Controlled Bionic Arm
Bionic arms are more complex than artificial hearts, as their motion is not constant and is based
on conscious commands from the user.
When humans move a limb to perform an action, many things happen in quick succession. The
brain sends signals to appropriate muscles in the limb, which send feedback information to the
brain in order to constantly adjust the amount of force that needs to be applied. Nerves also send
information to the brain to detect the position of the limb. In order for limbs to be functional,
three major components must be present: biosensors, controllers, and actuators. Biosensors are
the nerve cells and muscle cells, controllers are the brain and anything related to nerve signaling,
like the spinal cord, and actuators are the muscles that actively move the limbs.
Biomechatronic limbs have the same components. Mechanical biosensors detect electrical
activity through many devices, including special kinds of wires placed on the skin or electrodes
directly implanted into the muscles themselves. They detect the intention of the wearer and send
this information to the controller. Mechanical sensors, like force meters or accelerometers, relay
information such as limb position and force. The controller connects the wearers muscles or
nerves to the electronic arm and interprets and controls the signals from the biosensors as
movement, which it relays to the actuator. The actuator, usually a motor, controls the physical
movements of the device, moving the limb or providing force.
The concept is very simple, but currently, bionic limbs do not provide much feedback and cannot
truly adapt to a varied number of scenarios as a real limb can. Researchers around the world are
working to make prosthetic limbs more accurately mimic the complex motions of real limbs

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APPLICATIONS :-
1. IN MEDICAL FIELD..............................................................................................30
2. IN MILITARY.........................................................................................................33
3. IN SPORTS..............................................................................................................34
4. IN ART.....................................................................................................................35
5 .IN POPULAR CULTURE .......................................................................................38

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Applications of cyborg:-
In medicine
In medicine, there are two important and different types of cyborgs: the restorative and the
enhanced. Restorative technologies "restore lost function, organs, and limbs. The key aspect of
restorative cyborgization is the repair of broken or missing processes to revert to a healthy or
average level of function. There is no enhancement to the original faculties and processes that
were lost.
On the contrary, the enhanced cyborg "follows a principle, and it is the principle of optimal
performance: maximizing output (the information or modifications obtained) and minimizing
input (the energy expended in the process)".[Thus, the enhanced cyborg intends to exceed normal
processes or even gain new functions that were not originally present.
Although prostheses in general supplement lost or damaged body parts with the integration of a
mechanical artifice, bionic implants in medicine allow model organs or body parts to mimic the
original function more closely. Michael Chorost wrote a memoir of his experience with cochlear
implants, or bionic ear, titled "Rebuilt: How Becoming Part Computer Made Me More
Human."Jesse Sullivan became one of the first people to operate a fully robotic limb through a
nerve-muscle graft, enabling him a complex range of motions beyond that of previous
prosthetics. By 2004, a fully functioning artificial heart was developed. The continued
technological development of bionic and nanotechnologies begin to raise the question of
enhancement, and of the future possibilities for cyborgs which surpass the original functionality
of the biological model. The ethics and desirability of "enhancement prosthetics" have been
debated; their proponents include the transhumanist movement, with its belief that new
technologies can assist the human race in developing beyond its present, normative limitations
such as aging and disease, as well as other, more general incapacities, such as limitations on
speed, strength, endurance, and intelligence. Opponents of the concept describe what they
believe to be biases which propel the development and acceptance of such technologies; namely,
a bias towards functionality and efficiency that may compel assent to a view of human people
which de-emphasizes as defining characteristics actual manifestations of humanity and
personhood, in favor of definition in terms of upgrades, versions, and utility.

36
A brain-computer interface, or BCI, provides a direct path of communication from the

brain to an external device, effectively creating a cyborg. Research of Invasive BCIs, which
utilize electrodes implanted directly into the grey matter of the brain, has focused on restoring
damaged eyesight in the blind and providing functionality to paralyzed people, most notably
those with severe cases, such as Locked-In syndrome. This technology could enable people who
are missing a limb or are in a wheelchair the power to control the devices that aide them through
neural signals sent from the brain implants directly to computers or the devices. It is possible that
this technology will also eventually be used with healthy people.
Deep brain stimulation is a neurological surgical procedure used for therapeutic purposes. This
process has aided in treating patients diagnosed with Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's
disease, Tourette syndrome, epilepsy, chronic headaches, and mental disorders. After the patient
is unconscious, through anesthesia, brain pacemakers or electrodes, are implanted into the region
of the brain where the cause of the disease is present. The region of the brain is then stimulated
by bursts of electric current to disrupt the oncoming surge of seizures. Like all invasive
procedures, deep brain stimulation may put the patient at a higher risk. However, there have been
more improvements in recent years with deep brain stimulation than any available drug
treatment.
Retinal implants are another form of cyborgization in medicine. The theory behind retinal
stimulation to restore vision to people suffering from retinitis pigmentosa and vision loss due to
aging (conditions in which people have an abnormally low amount of ganglion cells) is that the
retinal implant and electrical stimulation would act as a substitute for the missing ganglion cells
(cells which connect the eye to the brain.)
While work to perfect this technology is still being done, there have already been major advances
in the use of electronic stimulation of the retina to allow the eye to sense patterns of light. A
specialized camera is worn by the subject, such as on the frames of their glasses, which converts
the image into a pattern of electrical stimulation. A chip located in the user's eye would then
electrically stimulate the retina with this pattern by exciting certain nerve endings which transmit
the image to the optic centers of the brain and the image would then appear to the user. If
technological advances proceed as planned this technology may be used by thousands of blind
people and restore vision to most of them.

37
Vocal Implants
A similar process has been created to aide people who have lost their vocal cords. This
experimental device would do away with previously used robotic sounding voice simulators. The
transmission of sound would start with a surgery to redirect the nerve that controls the voice and
sound production to a muscle in the neck, where a nearby sensor would be able to pick up its
electrical signals. The signals would then move to a processor which would control the timing
and pitch of a voice simulator. That simulator would then vibrate producing a multitonal sound
which could be shaped into words by the mouth.
3 D Printed Replacements for pacemakers
In 2014, researchers from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and Washington

University in St. Louis had developed a device that could keep a heart beating endlessly. By
using 3D printing and computer modeling these scientists developed an electronic membrane that
could successfully replace pacemakers. The device utilizes a "spider-web like network of sensors
and electrodes" to monitor and maintain a normal heart-rate with electrical stimuli. Unlike
traditional pacemakers that are similar from patient to patient, the elastic heart glove is made
custom by using high-resolution imaging technology. The first prototype was created to fit a
rabbit's heart, operating the organ in an oxygen and nutrient-rich solution. The stretchable
material and circuits of the apparatus were first constructed by Professor John A. Rogers in
which the electrodes are arranged in a s-shape design to allow them to expand and bend without
breaking. Although the device is only currently used as a research tool to study changes in heart
rate, in the future the membrane may serve as a safeguard from heart attacks.

38
In the military
Military organizations' research has recently focused on the utilization of cyborg animals for the
purposes of a supposed tactical advantage. DARPA has announced its interest in developing
"cyborg insects" to transmit data from sensors implanted into the insect during the pupal stage.
The insect's motion would be controlled from a Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) and
could conceivably survey an environment or detect explosives and gas. Similarly, DARPA is
developing a neural implant to remotely control the movement of sharks. The shark's unique
senses would then be exploited to provide data feedback in relation to enemy ship movement or
underwater explosives.
In 2006, researchers at Cornell University invented a new surgical procedure to implant artificial
structures into insects during their metamorphic development. The first insect
cyborgs, moths with integrated electronics in their thorax, were demonstrated by the same
researchers.[The initial success of the techniques has resulted in increased research and the
creation of a program called Hybrid-Insect-MEMS, HI-MEMS. Its goal, according
to DARPA's Microsystems Technology Office, is to develop "tightly coupled machine-insect
interfaces by placing micro-mechanical systems inside the insects during the early stages of
metamorphosis".
The use of neural implants has recently been attempted, with success, on cockroaches. Surgically
applied electrodes were put on the insect, which were remotely controlled by a human. The
results, although sometimes different, basically showed that the cockroach could be controlled by

39
the impulses it received through the electrodes. DARPA is now funding this research because of
its obvious beneficial applications to the military and other areas
In 2009 at the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Micro-electronic

mechanical systems (MEMS) conference in Italy, researchers demonstrated the first "wireless"
flying-beetle cyborg. Engineers at the University of California at Berkeley have pioneered the
design of a "remote controlled beetle", funded by the DARPA HI-MEMS Program This was
followed later that year by the demonstration of wireless control of a "lift-assisted" moth-cyborg.
Eventually researchers plan to develop HI-MEMS for dragonflies, bees, rats and pigeons. For the
HI-MEMS cybernetic bug to be considered a success, it must fly 100 meters (330 ft) from a
starting point, guided via computer into a controlled landing within 5 meters (16 ft) of a specific
end point. Once landed, the cybernetic bug must remain in place.
In sports :-
Cyborgs can be used to enhance the performance of the sportsman by giving them super human
abilities , also sports injuries too can be avoided and aided in case of any mishaps
Paralympics is one of the events which could be greatly stepped up with the use of appropriate
medical cybernetic technologies .

40
In art:-
FIG 17 :-Cyborg artist Moon Ribas founder of the Cyborg Foundation performing with her seismic sense implant
at TED (2016)
The concept of the cyborg is often associated with science fiction. However, many artists have
tried to create public awareness of cybernetic organisms; these can range from paintings to
installations. Some artists who create such works are Neil Harbisson, Moon Ribas, Patricia
Piccinini, Steve Mann, Orlan, H. R. Giger, Lee Bul, Wafaa Bilal, Tim Hawkinson and Stelarc.
Stelarc is a performance artist who has visually probed and acoustically amplified his body. He
uses medical instruments, prosthetics, robotics, virtual reality systems, the Internet and
biotechnology to explore alternate, intimate and involuntary interfaces with the body. He has
made three films of the inside of his body and has performed with a third hand and a virtual arm.
Between 19761988 he completed 25 body suspension performances with hooks into the skin.
For 'Third Ear' he surgically constructed an extra ear within his arm that was internet enabled,
making it a publicly accessible acoustical organ for people in other places. He is presently
performing as his avatar from his second life site.

41
Tim Hawkinson promotes the idea that bodies and machines are coming together as one, where
human features are combined with technology to create the Cyborg. Hawkinson's
piece Emoter presented how society is now dependent on technology.
Wafaa Bilal is an Iraqi-American performance artist who had a small 10 megapixel digital
camera surgically implanted into the back of his head, part of a project entitled 3rd I. For one
year, beginning 15 December 2010, an image is captured once per minute 24 hours a day and
streamed live to www.3rdi.me and the Mathaf: Arab Museum of Modern Art. The site also
displays Bilal's location via GPS. Bilal says that the reason why he put the camera in the back of
the head was to make an "allegorical statement about the things we don't see and leave
behind." As a professor at NYU, this project has raised privacy issues, and so Bilal has been
asked to ensure that his camera does not take photographs in NYU buildings.
Machines are becoming more ubiquitous in the artistic process itself, with computerized drawing
pads replacing pen and paper, and drum machines becoming nearly as popular as human
drummers. This is perhaps most notable in generative art and music. Composers such as Brian
Eno have developed and utilized software which can build entire musical scores from a few basic
mathematical parameters.
Scott Draves is a generative artist whose work is explicitly described as a "cyborg mind".
His Electric Sheep project generates abstract art by combining the work of many computers and
people over the internet.
Artists as cyborgs
Artists have explored the term cyborg from a perspective involving imagination. Some work to
make an abstract idea of technological and human-bodily union apparent to reality in an art form
utilizing varying mediums, from sculptures and drawings to digital renderings. Artists that seek

42
to make cyborg-based fantasies a reality often call themselves cyborg artists, or may consider
their artwork "cyborg". How an artist or their work may be considered cyborg will vary
depending upon the interpreter's flexibility with the term. Scholars that rely upon a strict,
technical description of cyborg, often going by Norbert Wiener's cybernetic theory and Manfred
E. Clynes and Nathan S. Kline's first use of the term, would likely argue that most cyborg artists
do not qualify to be considered cyborgs. Scholars considering a more flexible description of
cyborgs may argue it incorporates more than cybernetics. Others may speak of defining
subcategories, or specialized cyborg types, that qualify different levels of cyborg at which
technology influences an individual. This may range from technological instruments being
external, temporary, and removable to being fully integrated and permanent. Nonetheless, cyborg
artists are artists. Being so, it can be expected for them to incorporate the cyborg idea rather than
a strict, technical representation of the term, seeing how their work will sometimes revolve
around other purposes outside of cyborgism.
FIG 18 Body modification cyborg
In body modification
As medical technology becomes more advanced, some techniques and innovations are adopted
by the body modification community. While not yet cyborgs in the strict definition of Manfred
Clynes and Nathan Kline, technological developments like implantable silicon silk electronics,

43
augmented reality and QR codes]are bridging the disconnect between technology and the body.
Hypothetical technologies such as digital tattoo interfaces would blend body modification
aesthetics with interactivity and functionality, bringing a transhumanist way of life into present
day reality.
In addition, it is quite plausible for anxiety expression to manifest. Individuals may experience
pre-implantation feelings of fear and nervousness. To this end, individuals may also embody
feelings of uneasiness, particularly in a socialized setting, due to their post-operative,
technologically augmented bodies, and mutual unfamiliarity with the mechanical insertion.
Anxieties may be linked to notions of otherness or a cyborged identity.
In popular culture
Cyborgs have become a well-known part of science fiction literature and other media. Although
many of these characters may be technically androids, they are often referred to as cyborgs.
Well-known examples from film and television include Robocop, The
Terminator, Evangelion, United States Air Force Colonel Steve Austin in both Cyborg and, as
acted out by Lee Majors, The Six Million Dollar Man, Replicants from Blade
Runner, Daleks and Cybermen from Doctor Who, the Borg from Star Trek, Darth
Vader and General Grievous from Star Wars, Inspector Gadget, and Cylons from the
2004 Battlestar Galactica series. From manga and anime are characters such as 8 Man (the
inspiration for RoboCop), Kamen Rider, Ghost in the Shell's Motoko Kusanagi, as well as
characters from western comic books like Tony Stark (after his Extremis and Bleeding Edge
armor) and Victor "Cyborg" Stone. The Deus Ex videogame series deals extensively with the
near-future rise of cyborgs and their corporate ownership, as does the Syndicate series. William
Gibson's Neuromancer features one of the first female cyborgs, a "Razorgirl" named Molly

44
Millions, who has extensive cybernetic modifications and is one of the most
prolific cyberpunk characters in the science fiction canon.
In space
Sending humans to space is a dangerous task in which the implementation of various cyborg
technologies could be used in the future for risk mitigation. Stephen Hawking, a renowned
physicist, stated "Life on Earth is at the ever-increasing risk of being wiped out by a disaster such
as sudden global warming, nuclear war... I think the human race has no future if it doesn't go into
space." The difficulties associated with space travel could mean it might be centuries before
humans ever become a multi-planet species. There are many effect of spaceflight on the human
body. One major issue of space exploration is the biological need for oxygen. If this necessity
was taken out of the equation, space exploration would be revolutionized. A theory proposed by
Manfred E. Clynes and Nathan S. Kline is aimed at tackling this problem. The two scientists
theorized that the use of an inverse fuel cell that is "capable of reducing CO2 to its components
with removal of the carbon and re-circulation of the oxygen..." [could make breathing
unnecessary. Another prominent issue is radiation exposure. Yearly, the average human on earth
is exposed to approximately 0.30 rem of radiation, while an astronaut aboard the International
Space Station for 90 days is exposed to 9 rem.To tackle the issue, Clynes and Kline theorized a
cyborg containing a sensor that would detect radiation levels and a Rose osmotic pump "which
would automatically inject protective pharmaceuticals in appropriate doses." Experiments
injecting these protective pharmaceuticals into monkeys have shown positive results in
increasing radiation resistance.
Although the effects of spaceflight on our body is an important issue, the advancement of
propulsion technology is just as important. With our current technology, it would take us about
260 days to get to Mars.A study backed by NASA proposes an interesting way to tackle this issue
through deep sleep, or torpor. With this technique, it would "reduce astronauts' metabolic
functions with existing medical procedures". So far experiments have only resulted in patients

45
being in torpor state for one week. Advancements to allow for longer states of deep sleep would
lower the cost of the trip to mars as a result of reduced astronaut resource consumption.
In cognitive science
Theorists such as Andy Clark suggest that interactions between humans and technology result in
the creation of a cyborg system. In this model "cyborg" is defined as a part biological, part
mechanical system which results in the augmentation of the biological component and the
creation of a more complex whole. Clark argues that this broadened definition is necessary to an
understanding of human cognition. He suggests that any tool which is used to offload part of a
cognitive process may be considered the mechanical component of a cyborg system. Examples
of this human and technology cyborg system can be very low tech and simplistic, such as using a
calculator to perform basic mathematical operations or pen and paper to make notes, or as high
tech as using a personal computer or phone. According to Clark, these interactions between a
person and a form of technology integrate that technology into the cognitive process in a way
which is analogous to the way that a technology which would fit the traditional concept a cyborg
augmentation becomes integrated with its biological host. Because all humans in some way use
technology to augment their cognitive processes, Clark comes to the conclusion that we are
"natural-born cyborgs".
Cyborgization in critical deaf studies
Joseph Michael Valente, describes "cyborgization" as an attempt to codify "normalization"

through cochlear implantation in young deaf children. Drawing from Paddy Ladd's work on Deaf
epistemology and Donna Haraway's Cyborg ontology, Valente "use[s] the concept of the cyborg
as a way of agitating constructions of cyborg perfection (for the deaf child that would be to
become fully hearing)". He claims that cochlear implant manufacturers advertise and sell

46
cochlear implants as a mechanical device as well as an uncomplicated medical "miracle cure".

Valente criticizes cochlear implant researchers whose studies largely to date do not include
cochlear implant recipients, despite cochlear implants having been approved by the United States
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) since 1984. Pamela J. Kincheloe discusses the
representation of the cochlear implant in media and popular culture as a case study for present
and future responses to human alteration and enhancement
Cyborg advantages & disadvantages:-
1. Cyborg foundation.....................................................................................42
2. Disadvantages.............................................................................................43
3. Advantages.................................................................................................43
4. List of Figures.............................................................................................44
5. Bibliography................................................................................................45

47
Cyborg Foundation
In 2010, the Cyborg Foundation became the world's first international organization dedicated to
help humans become cyborgs. The foundation was created by cyborg Neil Harbisson and Moon
Ribas as a response to the growing amount of letters and emails received from people around the
world interested in becoming a cyborg.The foundation's main aims are to extend human senses
and abilities by creating and applying cybernetic extensions to the body, to promote the use of

48
cybernetics in cultural events and to defend cyborg rights. In 2010, the foundation, based
in Matar (Barcelona), was the overall winner of the Cre@tic Awards, organized by
Tecnocampus Matar.
In 2012, Spanish film director Rafel Duran Torrent, created a short film about the Cyborg
Foundation. In 2013, the film won the Grand Jury Prize at the Sundance Film Festival's Focus
Forward Filmmakers Competition and was awarded with $100,000 USD.

49
Advantages of Cyborg
Prolongs life
Returning function
Increased strength
Added functionality
Increased intelligence/computational power/perception
Enables one to lead a normal life
Gives a part of the body back
Improves the quality of life
Disadvantages of Cyborg
Training is needed for doctors
Cyborgs do not heal body damage normally
They are all expensive
Required maintenance
Psychological problems
Feeling different to everyone else
The risk of rejection/infection
Physical limitations
Pain during operation

50
LIST OF FIQURES:-
FIG-1 A human Cyborg with prosthetic limbs

FIG 2- A human sized robot
FIG 3- Human Cyborgs with bionic limbs
FIG 4- A convenient flying cyborg from the movie IRONMAN
FIG 5- Bionic Eye Conditional cyborg
FIG 6 :-Neil Harbisson, first person to be officially recognized as a cyborg by government
FIG 7 :- Passport of convenient human cyborg Neil Harbisson
FIG 8:- An animal cyborg popularly known as ROBOROACH
FIG 9:- A hybrot
FIG 10:-Vision Enhancing Contact Lenses
FIG 11:-The Bionic Eye
FIG 12:- An illustration of a cochlear implant.
FIG 13 :-The internal part of a cochlear implant (model Cochlear Freedom 24 RE)
FIG 14 :- Bionic I-limb hand
FIG 15 :- The modules of a cell-phone implant are inserted under the skin and the jaw.
FIG 16 :- Otto Bock C leg intelligent prosthetics
FIG 17 :-Cyborg artist Moon Ribas founder of the Cyborg Foundation performing with her seismic sense
FIG 18:- Body modification cyborg
BIBLIOGRAPHYH

51
1. www.scribd.com
2. www.wikipedia.com
3. www.studystuff.com
4. CYBERNETICS AND CYBORGS by Jazeel J
5. Cyborgs v1.0 by Marcon Chackon
6. Electronics for you Article

52

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Department of electronics and communication Engineering

Submitted by: - Diksha Koul Submitted to:-Dr. Navneet Agrawal

Submitted by: - Diksha Koul Submitted to:-Dr. Navneet Agrawal

1. Overview & origin..........4

4. The real human cyborg.............................................................................................8

5. Difference between a cyborg and robot....................................................................9

7. Actual Cyborgation at tempts....................................................................................12

9. Genuine Cybernetic Technologies.............................................................................18

10. Application in various fields....................................................................................30

11. Cyborg Foundation..................................................................................................42

11. Advantages & Disadvantages..................................................................................43

12. List of Figures..........................................................................................................44

Submitted by: - Diksha Koul Submitted to:-Dr. Navneet Agrawal

INTRODUCTION ABOUT CYBERNETICS :-

1.Overview & origin5

a. Coining of the term Cyborg

b. Coining of the term and characteristics

Submitted by: - Diksha Koul Submitted to:-Dr. Navneet Agrawal

Cyborgs are originated from the concept of cybernetics, which is referred as

Submitted by: - Diksha Koul Submitted to:-Dr. Navneet Agrawal

Submitted by: - Diksha Koul Submitted to:-Dr. Navneet Agrawal

1. The real human cyborg....................................................................................................8

a. Various types of human cyborg

b. Example of a human cyborg

2. Difference between a cyborg and robot............................................................................9

b. Summary and illustration

4. Actual Cyborgation at tempts...........................................................................................12

a. Successful Cyborgation attempts

Submitted by: - Diksha Koul Submitted to:-Dr. Navneet Agrawal

REAL LIFE CYBORGS

A Cyborg can be defined as the human being who is technologically complemented

FIG-1 A human Cyborg with prosthetic limbs

Submitted by: - Diksha Koul Submitted to:-Dr. Navneet Agrawal

ROBOTS V/S CYBORGS

Submitted by: - Diksha Koul Submitted to:-Dr. Navneet Agrawal

1 .A robot is an automated machine cyborg is a combination of an organism with a machine.

2. Robots arent alive while cyborgs are.

FIG 2- A human sized robot

Submitted by: - Diksha Koul Submitted to:-Dr. Navneet Agrawal

CONVENIENT CYBORG CONDITIONAL CYBORG

Submitted by: - Diksha Koul Submitted to:-Dr. Navneet Agrawal

FIG 4- A convenient flying cyborg FIG 5- Bionic Eye Conditional cyborg

from the movie IRONMAN

Actual cyborgization attempt

Submitted by: - Diksha Koul Submitted to:-Dr. Navneet Agrawal

Successful Cyborgation attempts :-

Submitted by: - Diksha Koul Submitted to:-Dr. Navneet Agrawal

Submitted by: - Diksha Koul Submitted to:-Dr. Navneet Agrawal

Fig 7 :- Passport of convenient human cyborg Neil Harbisson

Submitted by: - Diksha Koul Submitted to:-Dr. Navneet Agrawal

FIG 8:- An animal cyborg popularly known as ROBOROACH

Submitted by: - Diksha Koul Submitted to:-Dr. Navneet Agrawal

FIG 9:- A hybrot

Submitted by: - Diksha Koul Submitted to:-Dr. Navneet Agrawal

Submitted by: - Diksha Koul Submitted to:-Dr. Navneet Agrawal

Genuine Cybernetics Technologies :-

1. Vision Enhancing Contact Lens ........................................................................18.

2. Cochlear Implant ...............................................................................................19

3. Touch Bionics I-Limb.........................................................................................21

4. ProprioTooth and Ear Cell phone Implant...........................................................23

5. Otto Bock C-Leg Intelligent Prosthetic Leg .......................................................24

6. MC3 Biolung Artificial Lung................................................................................25

7. Artificial Heart .....................................................................................................26