CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Problem Background
English is the language used by almost every person in the world. at the
present time, learning English is very important. English language is not only
used to talk to the west, but has become a requirement to enter the world of
work. children in schools in Asian countries, must learn English. There is so
much discussion in English. but that will be discussed in this paper is about
the adjective. Adjective is a very important discussion because it is very often
used both in conversation especially in the writing of English. in this paper, I
will attempt to explain a little about the adjective.

B. Problem Formulation
1. What is the definition of adjective?
2. What are types of adjective?
3. How is the usual patterns of adjectives?
4. How to use adjective?
5. How is the position of adjective?

C. Writing Purpose
To fulfill Grammar task.

D. Writing methods
1. Fetching data from literature sources.
2. Looking for material from the internet

CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
A. Defenition Of Adjective

1
 Adjective is a group of words which contains a Subject and Predicate of its
own, and does the work of an adjective. Adjectives can be reduced to adjective
phrases under certain grammatical conditions. In the examples below, you
will see a noun modified by an adjective and then an example of the same
noun modified by the shorter adjective phrase. The red dots indicate that the
main clause is incomplete as you are focusing only on clause-to-phrase
reduction in these examples. For such reductions to occur, the relative
pronoun must be a subject pronoun in all cases.
Grammatical Condition Clause Phrase
Verb in adjective is an People who live in large people living in large
active verb cities... cities...
Students who are
Verb in adjective is Students studying at
studying at urban
progressive urban campuses...
campuses...
Children born with
Children who are born
Verb in adjective is congenital heart
with congenital heart
passive disease... (the preferred
disease...
style)
Adj. clause has the verb Children who are most Children most likely to
be + adjective + infinitive likely to recover from recover from serious
complement serious illness... illness...
Dr. Francisco Ramirez,
Dr. Francisco Ramirez, chief pediatric surgeon
Adj. clause has another
who is chief pediatric at Children's Hospital,...
name for the modified
surgeon at Children's the appositive phrase is
noun (an appositive)
Hospital,... preferred style and is
non-restrictive.
Relative pronoun use who subject or object pronoun for people which
subject or object pronoun for animals and things which referring to a whole
sentence whose possession for people animals and things whom object
pronoun for people, especially in non-defining relative clauses (in defining
relative clauses we colloquially prefer who) that subject or object pronoun for

2
 people, animals and things in defining relative clauses (who or which are also
possible).

relative
use
pronoun
who subject or object pronoun for people

which subject or object pronoun for animals and things

which referring to a whole sentence

whose possession for people animals and things

object pronoun for people, especially in non-defining relative

whom
clauses (in defining relative clauses we colloquially prefer who)

subject or object pronoun for people, animals and things in

that
defining relative clauses (who or which are also possible)

B. Type Of Adjective
An adjective may be classified according to the antecedent that the
introductory word refers to.
Noun Introductory Illustrative Sentence
Antecedent Word
Meaning

3
 A person (1) Relative Subject-He paid the money to the man who (or
Pronoun: that) had done the work.
Who (whom or Object of verb-He paid the man whom (or that)
whose) or that he had hired.
Object of Preposition-He paid the man from
whom he had borrowed the money.
Possesive adjective-This is the girl whose
picture you saw.

Which or that
Subject-Here is a book which (or that) describes
animals.
Object of verb-The chair which (or that) he
A thing broke is being repaired.
Object of preposition-She was wearing the coat
for which she had paid $2,000.

(2) Relative
A time Adverb: This is the year when the Olympic Games are
When
held.
A place Where Here is the house where I live.
Give me one good reason why you did that.
Why
A reason
C. Usual Patterns Of Adjectives
S + Be/V + N/Pronoun Adjective

Relative Pronoun + S + V

Example:
1. A pilot is a person who flies an air plane.
2. This is the picture that I like very much.
3. An expert is a person who has special knowledge in one area.
4. I have just met the girl whose car is Mitsubishi.
5. Lucia wears suit which cost US $ 250.
6. That is the place where the victim was found.

4
 7. The man whose hause is blue works for PT. EXXON MOBILE.
8. This is the girl whom the car belong to will be sold.
9. This was the month when I was born.
10. Students who are intelligent understand adjectives.
11. I love sentences which extol the virtues of English teachers.
12. Students whom I admire want to become English teachers.
13. My English teacher, who wears old fashioned ties, is laughed at by the
students.
14. My English book, which is a monument of boredom, is used mainly as a
door stop.

(a USUAL: I like the people who In everyday informal usage, often one
live next to me. adjective pattern is used more commonly
LESS USUAL: I like the
than another. In (a): As subject pronoun,
people that live next to me.
who is more common than that.
(b) USUAL: I like books that In (b): As a subject pronoun, that is more
have good plots. common than which.
LESS USUAL: I like books
which have good plots.
(c) USUAL: I like the people I In (c) and (d): Object pronouns are
met last night. commonly omitted, especially in speaking.
(d) USUAL: I like the book I read
last night.

D. USING ADJECTIVE
1. Using Whose

5
 I know the man
His bicycle was stolen.
(a) I know the man whose his, her, its, and their. Like his, her, its, and
bicycle was stoles
The student writes well
I read her composition
(b) The student whose
composition I read writes well.
Mr. Catt has a painting.
Its value is inestimable.
(c) Mr, Chatt has a painting
whose value is inestimable.
Whose is used to show possession. It
carries the same meaning as other
possessive pronouns used as adjectives:
their, whose is connected to a noun:
His bicycle whose bicycle
Her composition whose composition
Both whose and the noun it is connected to
are placed at the beginning of the adjective.
Whose cannot be omitted.
Whose usually modifies people, but it may
also be used to modify things, as in (c).

2. Using Where
The building is very old. Where is used in an adjective to
He lives there (in that building)
modify a place (city, country,
(a) The building where he lives is very room, house, etc.).
If where is used, a preposition in
old.
(b) The building in which he lives is very NOT included in the adjective,
old. as in (a). If where is not used,
(c) The building which he lives in is very
the preposition must be
old.
included, as in (b).
(d) The building that he lives in is very
old.
(e) The building he lives in is very old.

3. Using When
Ill never forget the day.
I met you then (on that day).
(a) Ill never forget the day when
I met you.
(b) Ill never forget the day on which
When is used in an adjective to
modify a noun of time (year, day,
time, century, etc.).
The use of a preposition in an
adjective that modifies a noun of

6
 I met you. time is somewhat different from
(c) Ill never forget the day that
yhat in order adjectives: a
I met you.
(d) Ill never forget the day I met you. preposition is used preceding
which, as in (b). Otherwise, the
preposition is omitted.

4. Using Adjectives to Modify Pronouns

(a) There is someone (whom) I want Adjectives can modify indefinite
you to meet. pronouns (e.g., someone,
(b) Everything he said was pure
everything, everybody). Object
nonsense.
pronouns (e.g., who(m), that,
(c) Anybody who wants to come is
which) are usually omitted in the
welcome.
adjective.
(d) Paula was the only one I knew at Adjectives can modify the one(s)
the party. and those.
(e) Scholarship are available for those
who need financial assitance.
(f) INCORRECT: I who am student at Adjectives are almost never used to
this school come from a country in modify personal pronouns. Native
Asia. speakers would not write the
(g) It is I who am responsible.
sentence in (f). (g) is possible, but
(h) He who laughs last laughs best.
very formal and uncommon. (h) si
awell-known saying in which he is
used as an indefinite pronoun
(meaning anyone, any person.

5. Using Subject Pronouns: Who, Which, That

Adjective / Relative Clause with Subject Pronouns: "Who", "Which",

"That"
Without adjective /
Using adjective / relative clause
relative clause
I will introduce you to a I will introduce you to a friend who runs

7
 a successful business.
friend. He runs a
I will introduce you to a friend that runs a
successful business.
successful business.

The book which has raised controversy is

The book is about religion. about religion.
It has raised controversy. The book that has raised controversy is
about religion.

a. "Who", "which" or "that" is the subject of the adjective.

b. "Who" is used to change the form of the subject.
c. "Which" is used to change the subject in the form of objects.
d. "That" is used to change the form of the subject and the object, and is
more commonly used than "which". However, "that" can only be used
in defining relative clause only. (Read MenggunakanAdjectiveClause
Combining Sentences (Relative Clause).

6. Using Object Pronouns: Who(m), Which, That

Adjective / Relative Clause with Object Pronouns: "Who(m)", "Which",

"That"
Without adjective / relative
Using adjective / relative clause
clause
I will introduce you to a friend
I will introduce you to a
(who(m)) you have never met before.
friend. You have never met
I will introduce you to a friend (that)
him before.
you have never met before.

The book (which) I bought in

The book is about religion. I Gramedia bookstore last week is about
bought it in Gramedia religion.
bookstore last week. The book (that) I bought in Gramedia
bookstore last week is about religion.

The song was very popular in The song to which I am listening was

8

1990's. I am listening to it.
very popular in 1990's.
The song (which) I am listening to was
very popular in 1990's.
The song (that) I am listening to was
very popular in 1990's.

a. "Whom" is used to change the form of the object, commonly used in

formal English. For an informal and conversational English, "who" is
used more often replace "Whom".
b. "Which" is used to replace an object in the form of objects.
c. "That" is used to change the form of the object or objects, and is more
commonly used than "which". However, "that" can only be used in
defining relative clause only. (Read Combining Sentences Using
Adjective (Relative Clause).
d. In conversational English (oral), "who", "which" or "that" is often
omitted.
E. Position Of Adjectives
The normal position of an adjective is immeditelyafter the noun or
pronoun to which it refers. However, sometimes a prepositional a participal
phrase may intervene-He greetedall his old friends from Paris, who were
delighted to see him again. Where such a phrase intervenes, the antecedent of
the adjective may be ambiguous. For example, in the sentence The Dean wrote
to the parents of the students who had helped with the annual carnival, it is not
clear whether the antecedent of who is the parents or the students.
Occasionally an adjective referring to the subject comes after the verb,
especially when the antecedent is a pronoun-Everyone came who could afford
the price of the ticket. Such a construction may have a literary or even an
archaic flavor:
Alls well that ends well (Shakespeare)
He prayeth best who loveth best (Coleridge)
CHAPTER III
CLOSING
A. Conclucion

9
 Adjective is a group of words which contains a Subject and Predicate of its
own, and does the work of an adjective. Adjectives can be reduced to adjective
phrases under certain grammatical conditions. In the examples below, you
will see a noun modified by an adjective and then an example of the same
noun modified by the shorter adjective phrase. The red dots indicate that the
main clause is incomplete as you are focusing only on clause-to-phrase
reduction in these examples. For such reductions to occur, the relative
pronoun must be a subject pronoun in all cases.
Conjunction between one another clause in the adjective are:
1. Who
Its function is to replace the subject (Person)
Example: - This works very diligently Manager who is my brother
`- This Man who lives next to me is very friendly
2. Whom
Its function is to describe the object (person)
Example: - This Man Whom I met is very friendly
- The Lady Whom I met the party last night is our secretary
3. Whose
Functions adalahberhubungan ownership
Example: - The Man Whose car stolen called the police
- The secretary Whose bag is red entered the seminar room
4. Which
Its function is used for objects, either in subject or object position.
Example: - The laser printer roomates I saw at the exibilition last night is
very expensive. - The computer executes the roomates the program is very
expensive very fast

B. Suggestion
As English University student, we have to always concern and develop
our knowledge about English, especially in Adjective.

10
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Wren and Martin, High School English Grammer and Composition, (Malaysia:
Crescent Press, 1989).

11
The adjective modifies a preceding noun or pronoun. Te noun or pronoun being
modified is called the antecedent.

Marcella Frank, Modern English A Practical Reference Guide, (United States Of

America: Prentie Hall, 1972), p. 276-277.

Stace Witney Wright, Toefl Super Lengkap, (Yogyakarta: Kalarana Press, 2012).

Betty Schramptfer Azar, English Grammar Third Edition, International Edition,

(United States of America: Longman, 1999), p.270-278.

12
 FOREWORD

Assalamualaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh

Praise and thanksgiving authors say over the presence of God Almighty, for His
grace, His taufiq and guidance was, I can finish this paper. This paper is intended to fulfill
the first task of the author in this course, which can thank God the author completed on
time. Authors say thank you to those who have helped in the completion of this paper.

Hopefully this paper can be useful not only for authors, but also for those who
deign to take the time to read this paper. Given the limitations of the writer as an ordinary
man who did not escape the errors and sins, the authors realized that this paper is very far
from perfect. Therefore, criticism and constructive suggestions very authors expect. So
that the future can be better writers. Wrong and make mistakes authors apologize. to God,
the author of forgiveness.

Wassalammu'alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh.

Bengkulu, 2017

Author

i
13
 LIST OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE

FOREWORD............................................................................................................i

LIST OF CONTENTS.............................................................................................ii

CHAPTER I PRELIMINARY

A.Background.......................................................................................................1

B.Problem Identification.......................................................................................1

C.Purpose..............................................................................................................2

CHAPTER II DISCUSION

A. Defenition of adjective ........................................................................2

B. Type of adjective ..................................................................................4

C. Usual patterns of adjectives .................................................................5

D. Using adjective..................................................................................... 6

E. Position of adjectives ...........................................................................7

CHAPTER III CLOSING

A. Conclusion....................................................................................................11

B. Suggestion ...................................................................................................12

BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................... iii

ii
14