Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Copyright Cmassengale 1
Uses of Organic Molecules
Americans consume
an average of 140
pounds of sugar
per person per
year
Cellulose, found in
plant cell walls, is
the most abundant
organic compound on
Earth
Copyright Cmassengale 2
Uses of Organic Molecules
A typical cell in
your body has
about 2 meters
of DNA
A typical cow
produces over
200 pounds of
methane gas
each year
Copyright Cmassengale 3
Water
About 60-90 percent
of an organism is
water
Water is used in
most reactions in
the body
Water is called
the universal
solvent
Copyright Cmassengale 4
Water Properties
Polarity
Cohesiveness
Adhesiveness
Surface
Tension
Copyright Cmassengale 5
Carbon-based Molecules
Although a cell is
mostly water, the
rest of the cell
consists mostly of
carbon-based
molecules
Organic chemistry
is the study of
carbon compounds
Copyright Cmassengale 6
Carbon is a Versatile Atom
It has four electrons
in an outer shell that
holds eight
Carbon can
share its
electrons with
other atoms to
form up to four
covalent bonds
Copyright Cmassengale 7
Hydrocarbons
Copyright Cmassengale 8
Carbon can use its bonds to::
Attach to other
carbons
Form an
endless
diversity of
carbon
skeletons
Copyright Cmassengale 9
Large Hydrocarbons:
Are the main
molecules in the
gasoline we burn
in our cars
The hydrocarbons
of fat molecules
provide energy for
our bodies
Copyright Cmassengale 10
Shape of Organic Molecules
Each type of
organic molecule
has a unique
three-dimensional
shape
The shape
determines its
function in an
organism
Copyright Cmassengale 11
Functional Groups are:
Groups of atoms that give properties to
the compounds to which they attach
Copyright Cmassengale 13
Giant Molecules - Polymers
Large molecules
are called polymers
Polymers are built
from smaller
molecules called
monomers
Biologists call
them
macromolecules
Copyright Cmassengale 14
Examples of Polymers
Proteins
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acids
Copyright Cmassengale 15
Most Macromolecules are Polymers
Nucleic Acid
Monomer
Copyright Cmassengale 16
Linking Monomers
Cells link monomers by a process called
condensation or dehydration synthesis
(removing a molecule of water)
Remove
H
H2O Forms
Remove OH
Copyright Cmassengale 17
Breaking Down Polymers
Cells break down
macromolecules
by a process
called
hydrolysis
(adding a
molecule of
water)
Water added to split a double sugar
Copyright Cmassengale 18
Macromolecules in Organisms
Nucleic Acids
Copyright Cmassengale 19
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates include:
Small sugar molecules
in soft drinks
Long starch molecules
in pasta and potatoes
Copyright Cmassengale 20
Monosaccharides:
Called simple sugars
Include glucose,
fructose, & galactose
Copyright Cmassengale 21
Monosaccharides
Glucose is found in
sports drinks
Fructose is found
in fruits
Honey contains
both glucose &
fructose
Galactose is called
milk sugar
-OSE ending means SUGAR
Copyright Cmassengale 22
Isomers
Glucose &
fructose are
isomers
because
theyre
structures are
different, but
their chemical
formulas are
the same
Copyright Cmassengale 23
Rings
In aqueous (watery) solutions,
monosaccharides form ring structures
Copyright Cmassengale 24
Cellular Fuel
Monosaccharides
are the main
fuel that cells
use for cellular
work
ATP
Copyright Cmassengale 25
Disaccharides
A disaccharide is a
double sugar
Theyre made by
joining two
monosaccharides
Involves removing
a water molecule
(condensation)
Bond called a GLYCOSIDIC bond
Copyright Cmassengale 26
Disaccharides
Maltose is
composed of 2
glucose molecules
Lactose is made
of galactose +
glucose GLUCOSE
Copyright Cmassengale 28
Polysaccharides
Complex
carbohydrates
Composed of many
sugar monomers
linked together
Polymers of
monosaccharide
chains
Copyright Cmassengale 29
Examples of Polysaccharides
Glucose Monomer
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Copyright Cmassengale 30
Starch
Starch is an example of a
polysaccharide in plants
Copyright Cmassengale 31
Glycogen
Glycogen is an example
of a polysaccharide
in animals
Animals store excess
sugar in the form of
glycogen
Glycogen is similar in
structure to starch because
BOTH are made of glucose
monomers
Copyright Cmassengale 32
Cellulose
Cellulose is the most abundant organic
compound on Earth
It forms cable-like fibrils in the
tough walls that enclose plants
It is a major component of
wood
It is also known as dietary fiber
Copyright Cmassengale 33
Cellulose
SUGARS
Copyright Cmassengale 34
Dietary Cellulose
Most animals cannot derive nutrition
from fiber
They have
bacteria in
their digestive
tracts that can
break down
cellulose
Copyright Cmassengale 35
Sugars in Water
Simple sugars and double sugars dissolve
readily in water WATER
MOLECULE
They are
hydrophilic,
or water-
loving
-OH groups
SUGAR
make them MOLECULE
water soluble
Copyright Cmassengale 36
Lipids
Lipids are hydrophobic water fearing
Do NOT mix with water
Includes
fats,
waxes,
steroids,
& oils
FAT MOLECULE
Copyright Cmassengale 37
LIPIDS
Copyright Cmassengale 38
Function of Lipids
Fats store energy, help to insulate the
body, and cushion and protect organs
Copyright Cmassengale 39
Classes
Fatty Acids
Triglycerides
Phosphatidic Acids
Sphingolipids
Waxes
Glycolipids
Steroids
Terpenes
Eicosanoids
Copyright Cmassengale 40
Types of Fatty Acids
Saturated fatty acids have the
maximum number of hydrogens bonded
to the carbons (all single bonds
between carbons)
Copyright Cmassengale 41
Types of Fatty Acids
Single
Bonds in
Carbon
chain
Copyright Cmassengale 42
Triglyceride
Monomer of lipids
Composed of
Glycerol & 3
fatty acid chains
Glycerol forms
the backbone
of the fat
Organic Alcohol
(-OL ending)
Copyright Cmassengale 43
Triglyceride
Copyright Cmassengale 44
Fats in Organisms
Most animal fats have a high proportion
of saturated fatty acids & exist as
solids at room temperature (butter,
margarine, shortening)
Copyright Cmassengale 45
Fats in Organisms
Most plant oils tend to be low in
saturated fatty acids & exist as
liquids at room temperature (oils)
Copyright Cmassengale 46
Fats
Dietary fat consists largely of the
molecule triglyceride composed of
glycerol and three fatty acid chains
Glycerol
Copyright Cmassengale 47
Lipids & Cell Membranes
Cell membranes are made
of lipids called
phospholipids
Phospholipids have a head
that is polar & attract
water (hydrophilic)
Phospholipids also have 2
tails that are nonpolar and
do not attract water
(hydrophobic)
Copyright Cmassengale 48
Steroids
The carbon skeleton
of steroids is bent
to form 4 fused
rings Cholesterol
Cholesterol is
the base Estrogen
steroid from Testosterone
Copyright Cmassengale 49
Synthetic Anabolic Steroids
They are variants
of testosterone
Some athletes use
them to build up
their muscles quickly
Copyright Cmassengale 50
Lipid-Soluble Vitamins
11 12 14 16 18 20
13 15 17 19
Prostanoic acid
Prostaglandins
11 12 14 15
Arachidonic acid
Prostaglandins
HO HO
HO
COOH
PGF2
HO HO
Prostaglandins
COOH
15
HO
HO CH3
15-Methyl-PG F2
Prostaglandins
O
COOCH 3
Misoprostol HO CH3
16
15
HO
Leukotrienes
H S L-cysteine
-
CH2 CH2 COO
Leukotriene C N H3 +
(its synthesis and release is
triggered by allergic reactions)
Thromboxanes
O COOH
H O
OH
Thromboxane A 2
(a potent vasoconstrictor)
PROTEINS
Copyright Cmassengale 60
Proteins
Proteins are polymers made of
monomers called amino acids
Copyright Cmassengale 61
Four Types of Proteins
Storage
Structural
Contractile
Transport
Copyright Cmassengale 62
20 Amino Acid Monomers
Copyright Cmassengale 63
Structure of Amino Acids
Amino Carboxyl
Amino acids have a group group
central carbon with
4 things boded to R group
it:
Amino group NH2
Carboxyl group -COOH
Hydrogen -H Side
groups
Side group -R Serine-hydrophillic
Leucine -hydrophobic
Copyright Cmassengale 64
Linking Amino Acids
Carboxyl
Cells link amino
acids together to Amino
make proteins Side
Group
The process is
called condensation Dehydration
or dehydration Synthesis
Peptide bonds
form to hold the
amino acids
together Peptide Bond
Copyright Cmassengale 65
Proteins as Enzymes
Many proteins act as biological catalysts
or enzymes
Thousands of different enzymes exist
in the body
Enzymes control the rate of chemical
reactions by weakening bonds, thus
lowering the amount of activation
energy needed for the reaction
Copyright Cmassengale 66
Enzymes
Enzymes are globular proteins.
Copyright Cmassengale 67
Enzyme + Substrate = Product
Copyright Cmassengale 68
How the Enzyme Works
Enzymes
are
reusable!!!
Active site
changes
SHAPE
Called
INDUCED
FIT
Copyright Cmassengale 69
Primary Protein Structure
The primary
structure is
the specific
sequence of
amino acids in
a protein
Called
polypeptide
Amino Acid
Copyright Cmassengale 70
Protein Structures
Hydrogen bond
Pleated sheet
Polypeptide
Amino acid (single subunit)
Hydrogen bond
Alpha helix
Copyright Cmassengale 72
Denaturating Proteins
Changes in temperature & pH can
denature (unfold) a protein so it no
longer works
Cooking denatures
protein in eggs
Copyright Cmassengale 73
Changing Amino Acid Sequence
Substitution of one amino acid for
another in hemoglobin causes sickle-cell
disease
2 7. . . 146
1 3 6
4 5
(a) Normal red blood cell Normal hemoglobin
2 7. . . 146
1 3 6
4 5
(b) Sickled red blood cell Sickle-cell hemoglobin
Copyright Cmassengale 74
Other Important Proteins
Copyright Cmassengale 76
NUCLEIC ACIDS
Copyright Cmassengale 77
Nucleic Acids
Store hereditary information
Contain information for making all
the bodys proteins
Copyright Cmassengale 78
Copyright Cmassengale 79
Nucleic Acids
Nitrogenous base
(A,G,C, or T)
Nucleic
acids are
polymers of Phosphate
group
Thymine (T)
nucleotides
Sugar
(deoxyribose)
Phosphate
Base
Sugar
Nucleotide
Copyright Cmassengale 80
Nucleotide Nucleic acid monomer
Copyright Cmassengale 81
Nucleic Acids
Copyright Cmassengale 82
Bases
Each DNA
nucleotide has one
of the following
bases:
Thymine (T) Cytosine (C)
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Adenine (A) Guanine (G)
Copyright Cmassengale 83
Nucleotide Monomers
Backbone
Nucleotides are
joined by sugars
& phosphates on
the side
Bases
DNA strand
Copyright Cmassengale 84
DNA
Two strands of
DNA join
together to form
a double helix Base
pair
Double helix
Copyright Cmassengale 85
RNA Ribonucleic Acid
Nitrogenous base
Ribose sugar
(A,G,C, or U)
has an extra
OH or
hydroxyl
group
Uracil
It has the
Phosphate
group
Copyright Cmassengale 86
ATP Cellular Energy
Copyright Cmassengale 87
ATP Cellular Energy
Copyright Cmassengale 89
Macromolecules
Copyright Cmassengale 90
Macromolecules
Copyright Cmassengale 91
End
Copyright Cmassengale 92