NEW CARBON MATERIALS

Volume 27, Issue 5, Oct 2012

Online English edition of the Chinese language journal

Cite this article as: New Carbon Materials, 2012, 27(5): 337343. RESEARCH PAPER

Thermal properties of nanoporous carbons prepared by a

template method using different polymeric and organic
precursors
Magdalena Sobiesiak*
Faculty of Chemistry, MCS University, Plac Marii Curie-Sklodowskiej 5, 20-031 Lublin, Poland

Abstract: Six nanoporous carbons were prepared by a hard-template method using furfuryl alcohol (FA), 4,4-bismaleimidediphenyl
methane (BM), its copolymer with divinylbenzene (BM-DVB), and sucrose as carbon precursors, and two silica gels as templates. The
influence of the templates and precursors on the properties of the synthesized porous carbons was studied. Other factors affecting the
porous structure of the final products, such as surface activators and the final carbonization temperature, were also investigated. Results
indicated that the specific surface areas and total pore volumes of the samples with micropores were in the range of 836-1785 m2g-1 and
0.9-2.0 cm3g-1, respectively. The highest surface area was obtained for the systems when sulphosalicylic or/and phosphoric acids were
used as surface activators. The porous carbons were mesoporous when benzene vapor was present during carbonization under argon at-
mosphere. An increase in final carbonization temperature resulted in an increase in total pore volume. The influence of carbon precursors
on the properties of nanoporous carbons was not that obvious. The presence of nitrogen atoms in the precursors (BM and BM-DVB) im-
proved the thermal stability of the product.

Key Words: Porous carbons; Template method; Pore structure; Surface chemistry; TGA; DSC

1 Introduction Many different organic compounds, including polymers,

Template method is one of the most popular techniques
used for the preparation of porous carbons[1-2]. In this method,
inorganic materials with an ordered structure are used as the
template. The pores of the templates are filled with com-
pounds that decompose during carbonization to form a pore
wall after removal of the templates. Therefore, the texture of
the carbon is determined by the quality and homogeneity of
the templates. The selection of appropriate templates is very
important for controlling the porous structure of carbons[1-5].
Porous carbons are considered attractive materials that
are used for many applications, such as adsorption, separation,
catalysis, energy storage devices, and so on[6]. The popularity
of porous carbons can be ascribed to their characteristic prop-
erties such as porosity, chemical stability, heat resistance, and
electrical conductance. Another very important feature is their
surface chemistry. From a practical point of view, surface
chemistry is as important as porous structure, as functional
groups have a principal influence on the interactions between
solid surfaces and molecules in the fluid phase. It is very im-
portant that the porosity and surface chemistry of carbon ma-
terials can be either modified or adjusted, to some extent, for
certain purposes by using modification or activation proc-
esses[7-10].
are employed as carbon precursors. Polymers are a special
group of compounds that possess promising and flexible fea-
tures in this field. Their physical and chemical properties, for
example, hydrophobic or hydrophilic character, thermal sta-
bility, and ability to form carbon, can be modified in a wide
range, resulting in the formation of the most desirable prod-
uct[11-18].
Many authors have presented porous carbons prepared by
different types of templates. There are also studies revealing
the influence of carbon precursors on the chemical properties
of the obtained porous carbons. This article presents the prop-
erties of six nanoporous carbons obtained by the silica tem-
plate method. Furfuryl alcohol, sucrose, bismaleimide, for the
first time, and copolymer bismaleimide-divinylbenzene were
used as carbon precursors. The rich characteristics of their
physicochemical properties allow us to define the influence of
individual factors, including chemical structure, texture, and
hydrophilicity, on the properties of the obtained carbons.
This work also shows that not only the quality and ho-
mogeneity of the template play an important role in creating
the porous structure of the final carbon materials, but also
other factors have an impact on the structure and properties of
the final porous carbons.

Received date: 11 May 2012; Revised date: 4 August 2012

*Corresponding author. E-mail: magdalena.sobiesiak@umcs.pl
Copyright2012, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier Limited. All rights reserved.
DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(12)60019-5
 Magdalena Sobiesiak et al. / New Carbon Materials, 2012, 27(5): 337343
2 Experimental
2.1 Preparation of nanocarbons
Nanocarbons were prepared using a hard-templating
method. Furfuryl alcohol (FA), 4,4-bismaleimidediphenyl
methane (BM), its copolymer with divinylbenzene (BM-DVB),
and sucrose (S) were used as carbon sources. The hard tem-
plate was silica gel (SG: grain size 0.063-0.2 mm, ZK: grain
size 2-7 mm). Acetone solutions of FA, BM, and BM-DVB
were applied to impregnate the template. Sulfosalicylic acid
(c1) and phosphoric acid (P1.5) were used as sur-
face-activating substances. When the total pore volume of the
template had been filled, the obtained composites were dried
and then heated in order to polymerize the precursors inside
the porous structure of the template. Next, carbonization was
performed, in which the temperature was gradually increased
to the final values of 800, 900, or 1 000 C, depending on the
sample, and maintained for 30 min. Heating was carried out in
an argon atmosphere with the aim of preventing oxidization.
To obtain a more uniform porous structure for four samples,
argon was enriched in benzene vapor (sign B1 in the name of
product). The silica template was removed by dissolution in
40 mass% HF after carbonization. The obtained products were
washed with distilled water and dried in air.
2.2 Characterization
Elemental analyses were made using a Perkin Elmer
CHN 2400 analyzer (Palo Alto, CA, USA). Before the analy-
sis, the samples were dried in a vacuum dryer for 24 h at 40 C.
ATR-IR spectra were obtained on a Bruker FTIR spectropho-
tometer TENSOR 27.
The porous structure of the polymeric beads was charac-
terized from the nitrogen sorption experiments performed at
-196 C using an adsorption analyzer ASAP2405 (Micromet-
rics Inc. USA). Before the analyses, the samples were out-
gassed at 140 C. The specific surface area (SBET) was calcu-
lated using the standard Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method,
whereas the total pore volume was calculated as the volume of
liquid nitrogen at a relative pressure of 0.99.
Thermogravimetric (TGA) measurements were carried
out using a Netzsch derivatograph STA 449 F1 Jupiter
(Netzsch, Germany) in the range from 40 to 1 000 C at a
heating rate of 10 Cmin-1. The measurements were carried
out in an open Al2O3 crucible under a helium or a synthetic air
atmosphere at a flow rate of 40 mLmin-1. An empty, open
crucible was used as a reference.
DSC analyses were carried out on a Netzsch DSC 204
calorimeter (Netzsch, Germany). Samples of about 10 mg
weight were placed in an aluminum pan with a pierced lid,
placed in a DSC oven, and heated to 500 C at a heating rate
of 10 Cmin-1. The measurements were conducted under a
nitrogen atmosphere. An empty pan was used as a reference.
3 Results and discussion
Elemental analysis is used for the characterization of
materials. This technique provides information on carbon,
hydrogen, and nitrogen percentages in their chemical structure.
It indirectly allows us to make a prediction of the chemical
nature of the analyzed material. A high content of carbon in an
organic sample suggests its hydrophobicity, whereas a high
content of other elements (especially N, S, or O that are often
derived from functional groups) is responsible for the hydro-
philic character of the analyzed material.
The results of the elemental analyses for the obtained
porous carbons are presented in Table 1. It revealed that the
highest content of carbon (93-94%) is observed in the P6, P1
and P3 samples. The percentage contents consist of not only H,
N, and other elements, mainly oxygen, but also sulphur or
phosphorus; the contents of these materials is rather low,
which indicates a relatively small amount of functional groups
present on the surface. P6 was carbonized at 900 C, whereas
P1 and P3 samples were carbonized at 1 000 C, because su-
crose decomposes easier than furfuryl alcohol. The carbons
prepared from BM (P4) and the co-polymer BM-DVB (P5)
contain about 85% of carbon. For these samples, the N con-
tents are high, owing to the fact that two nitrogen atoms are
built in the structure of each BM molecule. Both possess about
9.8 % of non-carbon elements. The P2 sample was carbonized
at 800 C in the presence of phosphoric acid; therefore, the
percentage of carbon was only 71.75%, whereas the values for
H and the other elements (oxygen and phosphorus) were 1.54
% and 26.39%, respectively. The impact of carbonization con-
ditions on elemental composition is considered the most sig-
nificant for the P2 sample. During carbonization, phosphoric
acid reacted with the precursor, resulting in numerous func-
tional groups. The decomposition of these groups could not
take place, because the carbonization temperature (800 C)
was not high enough.
The differences in the surface functional groups are con-
firmed by ATR-IR analyses. The most intensive bands that are
observed in Fig.1 are derived from surface functional groups
containing oxygen. A band at 3 600-3 200 cm-1 is caused by
the stretching vibrations of the O-H bonds of alcohols and
phenols. A large extension of this band not only indicates the
presence of numerous hydrogen bonds but can also be caused
by the water adsorbed on the surface of the porous carbons (3
600-3 100 cm-1). The band in the range of 1 300-1 000 cm-1 is
Table 1 Elemental contents (mass%) of obtained carbons
Name Sample C H N Others
P1 C(SG/FAc1)-Ar1000 93.54 0.48 0.33 5.65
P2 C(SG/FAc1)-P800/1.5 71.75 1.54 0.32 26.39
P3 C(ZK-FAc1B1-Ar900)-Ar1000 93.40 0.30 0.38 5.92
P4 C(SG/BM-B1)Ar900 85.00 0.71 4.43 9.86
P5 C(SG/BM-DVB-B1)Ar900 86.30 0.85 3.03 9.82
P6 C(SG/Sc1B1-Ar900) 94.60 0.50 0.35 4.55
 Magdalena Sobiesiak et al. / New Carbon Materials, 2012, 27(5): 337343

as specific surface areas (SBET), total pore volume (vtot), or

micropore contribution are presented. These data, along with
the pore size distribution (PSD) curves depicted in Fig.2, pro-
vide very interesting information on the porous structure of
the obtained porous carbons. Porosity parameters are differen-
tiated depending on the carbon precursor used and the car-
bonization conditions. Specific surface areas change from 836
to ca. 1 785 m2g-1, whereas the total pore volume is in the
range of 0.9-2.0 cm3g-1. The highest values of SBET were ob-
tained for P1 and P2 samples. The silica template and the car-
bon precursor (FA) were the same for these carbons. P1 and P2
samples possess pores with a width in the range of 1-12 nm,
and their PSD curves are not identical. The observed differ-
Fig.1 ATR-IR spectra of obtained porous carbons (Samples denoted ences are the result from the carbonization conditions (1 000
the same meaning as in Table 1) or 800 C) and the surface-activating substances
used-sulphosalicylic (c1) or/and phosphoric acids (P1.5). The
shape of the PSD curve for sample P2 suggests a differentiated
porous structure, and no pore size is predominant. The P1 sam-
ple also possesses a wide PSD curve, but in contrast to P2, the
pore width in the range of 3-5 nm prevails in its structure.
From this observation, the following conclusion can be drawn.
The use of surface activators and the relatively low carboniza-
tion temperature (800 C for P2 sample) result in a consider-
able development of the microporous structure, whereas the
use of a high carbonization temperature (1 000 C for P1) re-
sults in the formation of mesopores. A part of the mesopores
was probably formed from micropores that were combined
together, as the value of vtot for P1 sample is much higher than
that for P2. In the case of the P3 sample, the influence of the
template on the porous structure of the obtained carbon is
Fig.2 Pore size distribution of the obtained porous carbons (Sam-
apparent. As the wide-pore silica (ZK) was applied, its PSD
ples denoted as the same meaning in Table 1)
curve was shifted to the right into the high values of pore
Table 2 Porous structure of obtained carbons widths. The wide range of the PSD curve proves the hetero-
Name SBET /m2g-1 vtot/ccg-1 vmic / % vmeso /% geneity of its porous structure, in which pores of an 8.8 nm
P1 1 785 1.556 21 79
width are dominant (about 50 % of the total pore volume). P4
P2 1 523 0.983 38 62
and P5 samples were prepared from the same silica template
P3 963 1.844 4 96
and under the same carbonization conditions. Thus, the ob-
P4 1 013 1.337 7 93
served differences are the result of the different structure and
P5 836 1.258 5 95
chemical nature of the precursors. The carbon precursors were,
P6 1 232 2.069 3 97
respectively, bismaleimide polymer (BM) and copolymer
BM-DVB with 8:2 of the molar ratio of monomers. Parame-
ters such as SBET or vtot are very similar. The PSD curve for P5
derived from the stretching vibrations of the C-O bonds pre-
sample is a little wider than that for P4, which means that the
sent in the following functional groups: anhydride (980-1 300
structure of P5 obtained from the co-polymer BM-DVB is
cm-1), esteric (1 310-1 250 cm-1 and 1 150-1 080 cm-1), lac-
more heterogeneous than that of P4. The P6 sample was ob-
tonic (1 160-1 370 cm-1), alcoholic (1 280-1 050 cm-1), pheno-
tained in the same manner as were P4 and P5 except that su-
lic (1 220-1 000 cm-1), and etheric (1 300-1 000 cm-1). The
crose was used as a carbon source and a surface activator was
region of 2 000-1 500 cm-1 is characteristic of double-bond
applied, which influenced the specific surface areas and the
vibrations. In this region, the vibrations of C=C (1 680-1 620
total pore volume. In the case of P4-P6 samples, the pore
cm-1), aromatic rings (1 600-1 585 cm-1), C=O from carbox-
widths are almost an identical value of 6 nm. The high and
ylic (1 760-1 665 cm-1), carbonyl (1 600-1 590 cm-1), quinonic
sharp PSD peaks for P4 and P6 indicate a narrow range of pore
(1 680-1 550 cm-1), lactonic groups (1 790-1 675 cm-1), and
sizes.
anhydrides (1 880-1 740 cm-1) can be observed. Vibrations of
Although the silica template (SG) was the same in all
the CH3 and CH2 groups are in the range of 3 000-2 800 cm-1
[10,19] cases except ZK, which was used in the preparation of P3
.
sample, the differences in PSD are apparent. Some further
In Table 2, the results of porous structure analyses such
 Magdalena Sobiesiak et al. / New Carbon Materials, 2012, 27(5): 337343
Fig.3 TGA curves of obtained porous carbons under helium atmos-
phere (Samples denoted as the same meaning in Table 1)
Fig.4 TGA curves of obtained porous carbons under air (Samples
denoted as the same meaning in Table 1)
relations should also be emphasized:
If the activator (c1) was used and the carbonization
temperature was 900 or 1 000 C, then obtained porous mate-
rials possessed high total pore volumes.
The use of P 1.5 along with c1 resulted in a highly mi-
croporous carbon.
The addition of benzene vapor during carbonization
caused a filling of the micropores by carbon deposits, yielding
mesoporous carbons with a rather homogeneous structure.
The results of the total pore volume for the prepared
samples show that carbonization temperature had an influence
on total pore volume values, with the lowest value obtained
for P2. In air atmosphere processes of destruction begin in the
range from 150 to 250 C depending on type of precursor and
carbonization temperature.
Fig.3 presents the thermogravimetric results of the ob-
tained materials. Analyses were performed in a helium at-
mosphere. In these conditions, decomposition occurs without
oxidation, and, consequently, weight decrease of the samples
is slow. Thus, a relatively low mass loss is observed. Residual
masses in this analysis had quite high values of 73-83%. The
decomposition of P1 sample is very fast, and the mass loss is at
10 % between 100 and 450 C. Above 450 C, the decomposi-
tion occurs less intensively. P2 sample is more stable than P1.
The most intensive thermal destruction is from 700 to 900 C
for P2 sample. Although P3-P6 samples were obtained from
different precursors, their decompositions show a similar pat-
tern of TGA curvesthe samples gradually lose their weight,
and no stable product is observed. A rather little influence of
carbon precursors on thermal properties could be observed in
the case of these samples.
In air, atmosphere destruction is in the range from 150 to
250 C, depending on the type of precursors and carbonization
temperature (Fig.4). In oxidizing conditions, the destruction
occurs rapidly. At 500-550 C, the decomposition is almost
complete. For the studied carbons, the less stable ones are P3,
P1, and P6, which have about 93% of carbon and only 0.3 % of
nitrogen. These porous carbons also have the highest values of
total pore volumes. For P3 and P1, the porous structures are
heterogeneous (broad PSD curves). For homogenous structure
of P6 sample very high value of vtot is a decisive factor. The
highly developed porous structure results in the easier diffu-
sion of the released gaseous products and consequently faster
destruction. A little more thermally resistant are P4 and P5. The
high content of nitrogen in their chemical structures is the
main reason for their stability[20-22]. For these carbons, the in-
fluence of the porous structure on thermal properties is not as
strong as for the previous samples.
For the obtained porous carbons, P2 sample has a
well-developed porous structure (a high value of specific sur-
face area and a large amount of micropores) and is the most
stable carbon under the analyzed conditions. It is obtained by
carbonization in the presence of P 1.5. In this case, the acid
has an impact not only on the creation of the porous structure,
but also on the considerable improvements observed in the
thermal properties. At a high temperature during carbonization,
phosphorus-containing compounds are built into the carbon
structure, resulting in thermal resistance for the final product.
This observation is in agreement with information available in
the literature [23].
Further details on the decomposition of the samples can
be obtained from the courses of DTG curves (Fig.5). The de-
composition of the P1 carbon occurs in three stages. Each
stage is well separated from others. For the P2-P6 samples, the
decompositions are much more complicated. The irregular
shape of the DTG curves proves that two, three, or even more
reactions can occur either simultaneously or competitively.
For these samples, kinetic analyses should be performed for
an exact description of a course of reactions. An interesting
fact is that all the complex reactions proceed up to 400 C.
Chemical and porous structures play an important role in these
reactions. Above this temperature, the destruction of the car-
bonaceous product will probably lead to a loss of their poros-
ity, and the most important reaction is the burning off the car-
bon residue.
Porous carbons are able to adsorb small amounts of mois-
ture from their surroundings. This hygroscopic nature of car-
bons is determined by two features: the presence of micropores
 Magdalena Sobiesiak et al. / New Carbon Materials, 2012, 27(5): 337343
Fig.5 DTG curves of P1-P6 samples under air (Samples denoted as
the same meaning in Table 1)
Fig.6 DSC curves of P1-P6 samples under N2 atmosphere (Samples
denoted as the same meaning in Table 1)
and active sites in the porous carbons. Both these peculiarities
are responsible for sorption processes. For carbon materials,
usually oxygen-containing or other superficial functional
groups possessing a hydrophilic nature are considered the
active sites[24-25]. These moieties presenting an affinity toward
moisture promote and strengthen interactions between the
carbon surface and water molecules. A DSC analysis that was
carried out with two following heating courses is a quick and
easy method of determining moisture. As shown in Fig.6, in
the first cycle of heating in the temperature ranging from 25
up to even 250 C, a peak from the desorption of water can be
observed. The surface area under the peak is proportional to
the contents of the adsorbed water, and its quantity can be
calculated from mass change of the sample both before and
after the analysis. In the second heating cycle, this peak
should be absent, while other processes or transformations
occur in the sample.
In this work, all samples were stored under similar condi-
tions, and the masses used for analyses were very similar;
therefore, a comparison of the obtained results was possible.
Since a sorption of water on porous carbons is possible in only
their hydrophilic functional groups, the quantity of adsorbed
water is proportional to the concentration of these moieties on
the surfaces of the samples. The desorption peaks for P1-P6
samples are differentiated. Their surface areas are proportional
to the contents of other elements provided in Table 1. Besides
the peak surface area, the position of the peak is an important
factor that can be obtained in DSC analysis. In P1-P6 samples,
the peaks are located at different temperatures. This feature is
related to the porous structure of the carbon analyzed. The
largest peak was obtained for P2 sample, which possesses not
only a very hydrophilic surface but also a microporous struc-
ture (38 % of micropores). The release of water for this sam-
ple requires a lot of time and energy, because desorbed mole-
cules have to overcome the forces dominant in narrow pores.
P1, P3 and P6 samples possess almost identical contents of
other elements; thus, differences in DSC curves emerge from
various values of total pore volumes. Both P4 and P5 have a
similar chemical composition and textural characteristics. For
P5, the peak is larger than that for P4, because the contribution
of pores of a width less than 3 nm is high.
The second course of heating did not reveal any tem-
perature-dependent transitions up to the decomposition
temperature (400-500 C), which means that the samples after
the removal of moisture are both chemically and thermally
stable, and no other processes related to the loss-of-functional
groups are present. For this reason, the results are not pre-
sented in this work.
4 Conclusions
These studies show that many factors influence the prop-
erties of the obtained porous carbons by the template method.
A similar carbonization degree in the final products can be
achieved by applying a low carbonization temperature and an
easily decomposing precursor (e.g. sucrose). The chemical
structure of the precursors and the conditions of thermal
treatment affect the porosity, hydrophilicity, and thermal sta-
bility of carbonaceous products.
The porous carbons obtained from furfuryl alcohol pro-
duced differentiated products depending on the conditions in
preparation processtemperature, activators, and atmosphere.
The most thermally resistant products were obtained
from BM and BM-DVB precursors and, in the case, when
carbonization was carried out in the presence of phosphoric
acid. Heteroatoms such as N or P were incorporated into the
carbon structure, where their thermal stability was improved.
The most homogenous porous structure with only very
little percentage of micropores was obtained when argon was
saturated with benzene vapor.
The narrowest PSD curves were obtained for P4 and P6
samples that were synthesized from BM and sucrose precur-
sors, respectively.
The most developed surface was obtained from the FA
precursor (P1).
The porous structure of a carbon sample affects its ther-
mal properties. The larger the surface area, the higher is the
percentage of micropores and the faster is the decomposition
rate.
Sorption of water was the strongest for samples with
 Magdalena Sobiesiak et al. / New Carbon Materials, 2012, 27(5): 337343

abundant hydrophilic functional groups, that is, P2 sample. 52-57.

The present work shows that the structure of porous car-
bons determined by the template method can be prepared with
the aim of creating the most desirable properties for a particu-
lar application.
Acknowledgments
[12] Sobiesiak M, Gawdzik B, Puziy AM, et al. Analysis of structure
and properties of active carbons and their copolymeric precur-
sors[J]. Appl Surf Sci, 2010, 256: 5355-5360.
[13] Wang Z, Lu Z, Huang X, et al. Chemical and cristalline structure
characterizations of polyfurfuryl alcohol pyrolized at 600 C[J].
Carbon, 1998, 36: 51-59.

The author would like to express her appreciation to Pro- [14] Yenisoy-Karakas S, Aygun A, Gunes M, et al. Physical and

fessor A. M. Puziy, O. I. Poddubnaya, and other scientific chemical characteristics of polymer-based spherical activated

personnel of the Institute for Sorption and the Problems of carbon and its ability to absorb organics[J]. Carbon, 2004, 42:

Endoecology for their assistance during the preparation of the 477-484.

carbon samples. [15] Laszlo K, Bota A, Nagy L G. Comparative adsorption study on

carbons from polimer precursors[J]. Carbon, 2000, 38:
References 1965-1976.
[16] Yang J B, Ling L C, Liu L, et al. Preparation and properties of
[1] Inagaki M. Pores in carbon materials-importance of their con-
phenolic resin-based activated carbon spheres with controlled
trol[J]. New Carbon Materials, 2009, 24(3): 193-222.
pore size distribution[J]. Carbon, 2002, 40: 911-916.
[2] Inagaki M, Kaneko K, Nanocarbons N T. Recent research in
[17] Skubiszewska-Ziba J, Leboda R, Charmas B, et al. On the
Japan[J]. Carbon, 2004, 42: 1401-1417.
preparation of synthetic carbon adsorbents using the sulfonated
[3] Calvillo L, Celorrio V, Moliner R, et al. Control of textural
ion exchange resin duolite c-20[J]. J Therm Anal Calorim,
properties of ordered mesoporous materials[J]. Micropor Me-
2006, 86: 187-194.
zopor Mater, 2008, 116: 292-298.
[18] Villar-Rodil S, Martnez-Alonso A, Tascn JMD. Nanoporous
[4] Tosheva L, Parmentier J, Valtchev V, et al. Carbon spheres pre-
carbon fibres by pyrolysis of nomex polyaramid fibres. TG and
pared from zeolite Beta Beads[J]. Carbon, 2005, 43: 2474-2480.
DTA studies. [J] J Therm Anal Calorim, 2005, 79: 529-532.
[5] Choma J, Jaroniec M, Kloske M. et al. Mezoporowate materiay
[19] Boehm H P. Surface oxides on carbon and their analysis: a criti-
wglowe: Synteza z wykorzystaniem matryc krzemionkowych i
cal assessment[J]. Carbon, 2002, 40: 145-149.
charakterystyka waciwoci adsorpcyjnych[J]. Ochrona ro-
[20] Sazanov Y N, Gribanov V. Cocarbonization of polymers as a
dowiska, 2008, 30: 3-15.
new concept for synthesis of carbon composites[J]. Russian J
[6] Blazso M. Recent trends in analytical and applied pyrolysis of
Appl Chem, 2006, 79(3): 433-438.
polymers[J]. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis, 1997, 39(1): 1-25.
[21] Gribanov A V, Mokeev M V, Sazanov Y N. Structural features of
[7] Hu Q, Pang J, Wu Z, et al. Tuning pore size of mesoporous car-
carbonization of copolyimides[J]. Russian J Appl Chem, 2002,
bon via confined activation process[J]. Carbon, 2006, 44:
75(9): 1481-1484.
1349-1352.
[22] Sazanov Y N, Gribanov A V, Lysenko V A. The role of nitrogen
[8] Molina-Sabio M, Rodriguez-Reinoso F. Role of chemical acti-
atoms in forming the carbon structure in the carbonization of
vation in the development of carbon porosity[J]. Colloids Surf A,
polymer composites[J]. Fibre Chem, 2008, 40(4): 355-364.
2004, 241: 15-25.
[23] Puziy A M, Poddubnaya O I. Microbalance techniques in design
[9] Puziy A M, Poddubnaya O I, Gawdzik B, et al. Heterogeneity of
and control of synthetic carbons[J]. J Therm Anal Calorim, 2000,
synthetic carbons obtained from polyimides[J]. Appl Surf Sci,
62: 491-497.
2002, 196: 89-97.
[24] Brennan J K, Bandosz T J, Thomson K T, et al. Water in porous
[10] Stein A, Wanh Z, Fierke M. Functionalization of porous carbon
carbons[J]. Colloids Surf A, 2001, 187-188: 539-568.
materials with designed pore architecture[J]. Adv Mater, 2009,
[25] Inagaki M, Omura M, Tanaike O. Reversible water adsorption
21: 265-293.
into carbonized polyimide films in ambient atmosphere[J].
[11] Gawdzik B, Sobiesiak M. Chemical composition of plasma
Carbon, 2002, 40: 2502 -2505.
treated polyimide microspheres[J]. Appl Surf Sci, 2003, 214: