LEVLLING

The art of determining relative altitude of relative point

on surface of

Earth Or beneath of surface is called Levelling.

o Back Sight:
Back sight enable the surveyer to maintain the siht
of instrument.

o Intermediate Sight:
The fore sight taken on a levelling staff held at a
point b/w two turning

Point to determine the elevation of that point is known as Intermediate sight.

It may be noted that for one setting of level,there will

be one back sight

And fore sight but may be many intermediate sight.

o Fore Sight:
It is the last staff reading taken from setting of level.

o Change point:
The point on which both the back and fore sight are
taking during the operation of leveling.

o Reduced Level:
Height or depth of point above or below the assumed
datum is called Reduced level.

o Datum :
 Datum is an orbitrary place assumed level surface or line
with reference

To which level of other surface or line is calculated.

o Bench Mark:
Bench mark is the fixed reference point of known
elevation.

o Level Surface:
Surface which is parallel to the earth surface Is Called
level Surface.

Method For Calculating

The Reduced level
There are two methods to calculate the Reduced level.

1-Height of Instrument Method

2-Rise And Fall Method

HEIGHT OF INSTRUMENT METHOD:

(B.S+R.L=H.I) (Formula)

(H.II.S=R.L) (Formula)

B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L Remarks

1.297 m 101.297 100 DPC
1.46m 99.837 Katcha
Lawn
1.40m 99.897 Parking
 1.37m 99.927 Near
archi.
stairs
99.852 Main hole
1.445m
1.46m 99.837 Road
Pakka

CHECKING:

B.S - F.S = R.LLAST - R.LFIRST

1.297 1.46 = 99.837 100

-0.163 = -0.163 (PROVED)

RISE AND FALL METHOD:

B.S I.S F.S Rise Fall R.L Remar

ks
1.38m 100 DPC
1.51m -0.13 99.87 Katcha
lawn
1.84m -0.33 99.54 Grassy
lawn
1.45m +0.39 99.93 Tile lawn
2.135m -0.685 99.245 Grassy
lawn
1.46m +0.675 99.92 Road
Pakka
Rise = fall =
1.065 1.065

Rise = 1.065
fall= 1.065

CHECKING:
B.S - F.S = Rise - Fall

1.38 - 1.46 = 1.065 - 1.145

-0.08 = -0.08 (PROVED)