AASHTOLRFDDesignConsiderations Prestressed ConcreteBridges

forPrestresed ConcreteBridges Prestressed concreteoffersmanyadvantages

Dr.SamiW.Tabsh,P.E.
CivilEngineeringDepartment
AmericanUniversityofSharjah
overothermaterials:
Costsavings Reducedinitialconstructioncosts
andlowermaintenancecosts.
Durability ConcreteBridgescaneasilywithstand
extremetemperaturechangesandcorrosive
chemicalsinavarietyofconditions.
Competitiveness thevalueofconcreteis
repeatedlyrecognizedincompetitivebidding
situations.

Prestressed ConcreteBridges TypesofBridges

Thestructuralsystemofprestressed concrete
bridgesmayconsistof:
Slab
Beam/girder
Rigidframe
Cantilever
Cablestayed

BridgetrendintheUnitedStates

TypesofBridges TypesofBridges

CompositeIGirder

Pretensioned concrete Posttensionedconcrete

 AASHTOBackground
AASHTObeganpublishingthe
StandardSpecificationsforHighway
Bridgesinthe1930s.
Upuntil1970,theallowablestress
design(ASD)wasthemainmethod
ofstructuraldesign.
Inthe1970s,AASHTObeganvaryingthefactor
ofsafetyforeachloadinrelationtothe
uncertaintyintheload,referredtoastheload
factordesign(LFD).
DesignPhilosophy
TheLoadandResistanceFactorDesign(LRFD)
philosophyinAASHTOisbasedon:
where =factorrelatedtotheductility,
redundancyandoperationalimportance,
Qi =loadeffect,
i =loadfactor(statisticallybased),
Rn =nominalresistance,
=strengthreductionfactor(statisticallybased).
MajorChangesofAASHTOsLRFD
ThemajorchangesintheLRFDspecification
fromthestandardLFDspecificationsare:
Newliveloadmodelandloaddistributionfactors.
Calibratedloadandresistancefactors.
Adoptionofthemodifiedcompressionfieldtheory,
andstrutandtiemodelingforconcretestructures.
Limitstatebasedprovisionsforfoundationdesign.
Considerationofshipcollision.
Guidanceonthedesignofcurvedsteelgirderand
segmentalconcretebridges.
AASHTOBackground
AASHTOmadethechangefromASDtoLFDinthe
formofinterimrevisionstotheStandard
Specifications.AASHTOhadnevertotally
rewrittenitsStandardSpecifications.
Thisintroducedgapsandinconsistenciesinthe
LFDspecificationsthatmadeitdifficultto
maintainandmodernize.
Today,thebridgedesignprofessionhasmovedto
LoadandResistanceFactorDesign(LRFD).
ContentsofAASHTOsLRFD
SpanCapability
Foroptimizeddesign,considerthefollowingissues:
Continuousspansaremoreeconomicalthanaseriesof
simplespans.
Incontinuousspans,proportionthespanlengthssuch
thattheendspansare75%82%oftheinteriorspans.
ThisresultsinM+ nearlyequalinallspans.
Formaximumeconomy,thelengthofdeckslaboverhangs
is0.280.35oftheinteriorgirderspacing.
Usethesamesizeforbothinteriorandexteriorgirders.
Usingfewergirdersatwidespacing(upto5m)ismore
economicalthanusingmanygirdersatsmallspacing.
 CAST-IN-PLACE, POSTTENSIONED CONCRETE BOX GIRDER
PC/PS I-GIRDER

SPAN RANGE (m) DEPTH/SPAN COST/SQ-FT

SIMPLE CONT SPAN RANGE (m) DEPTH/SPAN COST/SQ-FT

25-75 0.045 0.040 $75-$145 SIMPLE CONT

Advantages Disadvantages 15-40 0.055 0.050 $90-$170

Commonly used in the UAE
Longer construction time than Advantages Disadvantages
Low cost
precast concrete Simple construction method
Low depth/span ratio Has to be prismatic
Labor intensive Low cost
High seismic resistance due to Poor seismic resistance
Requires shoring for falsework No false-work required
large torsional stiffness Low negative moment capacity
Require little or no maintenance
Note: Costsareforyear2000dollarsinCalifornia Note: Costsareforyear2000dollarsinCalifornia

TypesofLoads TypesofLoads
Ingeneral,loadsimposedonbridgescanbe Transientloadsareloadsthatarenotalways
classifiedinto:(1)Permanent,and(2)Transient. presentonthebridge,orchangeinmagnitude
Permanentloadsareloadsthatarealways duringitslife.Theyinclude:
presentonthebridgeanddonotchangein BR:VehicleBrakingForce IC:IceLoad
magnitudeduringitslife.Theyinclude: CE:Vehicle Centrifugal Force PL:PedestrianLiveLoad
DC:weightofStructuralComponentsandAttachments SE:Settlement
CT:Vehicle CollisionForce
DW:WeightofWearingSurfacesandUtilities
CV:Vessel CollisionForce TG:TemperatureGradient
EH:HorizontalEarthPressure
ES:EarthSurchargeLoad EQ:Earthquake TU:UniformTemperature
EV:VerticalPressureofEarthFill LL:VehicleLiveLoad WL:WindonLiveLoad
IM:DynamicLoadAllowance WS:WindonStructure

TypesofLoads TypesofLoads

Earthquake PedestrianLoad Vessel Collision Vehicle Collision

17 18
Wind VehicleLiveLoad Settlement IceLoad
 LoadCombinations LoadCombinations
Therearefiveloadcombinationsforthe Therearetwoloadcombinationsfortheextreme
strength limitstate: event limitstateandonefatiguelimitstate:

*determinedonaprojectspecificbasis.

LoadCombinations ApplicationofDeadLoad
Therearefourloadcombinationsforthe Inadditiontoselfweight,provisionsareoften
serviceability limitstate: madeinthedesignfor:
1.0to1.5kPa forfuture
wearingsurfacetothedeck.
0.75kPa foruseofstayin
placemetaldeckformsin
projectsinvolvingstructural
steelorprecastconcrete.
Theweightoftheintegral
sacrificialwearingsurface
(thickness=10 to30mm).

ApplicationofLiveLoad ApplicationofLiveLoad
35kN 145kN 145kN 110kN 110kN
4300mm 4300to 1200mm
TheDesignLiveLoadisHL93consistsofadesign 9000mm 9.3N/mm 9.3N/mm
truckordesigntandemappliedsimultaneously OR
withadesignlaneload,whichevergivesthe designtruck+designlane designtandem+designlane
largereffectonthebridge.
Fornegativemomentbetweeninflectionpoints,
145kN
145kN

145kN
145kN
35kN

35kN

90%oftheeffectoftwodesigntrucksspacedat 15000mm
0.90x
aminimumof15000mmcombinedwith90%of MIN
9.3N/mm
thedesignlaneload.
ForNegativeMomentBetweenInflectionPoints
 ApplicationofLiveLoad ApplicationofLiveLoad
DesignTruck,DesignTandem andDesignLane loadsare
appliedovera3.0mwidth,withinthe3.6mlanewidth. Theextremeliveloadeffect
shallconsideranumberof
DesignTruckLoad 145kN
145kN transverselyloadedlanes
1.8m 35kN multipliedbyamultiple
1.8m presencefactortoaccount
DesignLaneLoad 3.0m 3.0m fortheprobabilityof
3.1kPa simultaneouslane
occupationbythefullHL93
3.0mlane
designliveload.
Adpated from:Cole(PCAseminar)

ApplicationofLiveLoad AnalysisofDeckSlab
Thedynamicload AASHTOapprovesthe
allowance,IM,accounts analysisoftheconcrete
forthedynamicportion slabbysubdividingit
ofthetruckloadonthe intostripsoriented
bridge.Itisequalto: perpendiculartothe
DeckJoints:75% supportingcomponents
Fatigue:15% (girder)andtreatingthe
Allothercases:33% stripasabeamonrigid
appliedtothetruck supports.
AASHTOsstripmethodforslabs
portionofliveload.

AnalysisofDeckSlab AnalysisofDeckSlab
AppendixA4.1includesliveloadmomentsfor
typicalconcretedecks,inlieuofmoreprecise
=660+0.55S
calculations,iftheymeetspecifiedcondition.
=1140+0.833X =1220+0.25S

Definitionofthestripwidth,SW(mm)
 GirderDistributionFactors
TheAASHTOSpecificationsusethedistribution
factorconcepttoapproximatethesharingofloadby
thegirdersinabridge.
Thedistributionfactor(DF)allowsa3dimensional
loadtransfermechanismtobereplacedwithamuch
simpleronedimensionalsystem.
P
GirderDistributionFactorsforMoment
GirderDistributionFactorsforMoment&Shear
(d)
TableDistributionofLiveLoadperLaneforMomentinInteriorBeams.
TableDistributionofLiveLoadperLaneforShearinInteriorBeams.
GirderDistributionFactors
Thegirderdistributionfactordependson:
Consideredlimitstate(flexureversusshear)
Locationofgirder(exteriorversusinterior)
Typeofbridgesuperstructure
Geometryofbridge(i.e.skewness,overhangwidth)
Spacingandstiffnessofgirders
Thicknessofthedeckslabandlengthofbridge
Theyareappliedasfollows:
Mdesign/girder =DF (Mper lane)LL
Vdesign/girder =DF (Vper lane)LL
GirderDistributionFactorsforShear
TableDistributionofLiveLoadperLaneforShearinInteriorBeams.
Prestressed Concrete
Prestressing consistsofpreloadingthestructure
beforeapplicationofdesignloadsinsuchaway
soastoimproveitsgeneralperformanceby:
Reducingoreliminatingtensilestressesinthe
concrete
Controllingdeflection
Allowingtheuseofhighstrengthsteelandconcrete
Permittingtheuseofshallowerstructures
Eliminatingfatigueproblems
Increasingdurability
 TypesofPrestressing
Prestressing ofconcretecanbeachievedby:
Prestensioning: requirestensioning
betweenrigidabutments,ina
fabricationplantandtransporting
theelementtothesite.Thus,itis
suitedformassproduction.
Posttensioning: requirestensioning
againsthardenedconcreteonsite.It
allowsforvaryingtheprestressing
eccentricityalongthememberto
suittheparticularloadeffectwithin
thestructure.
Pretensioned Concrete
Pretensioning Sequence:
1. Thesteelstrandsare
stretchedthroughtheform
betweentwoendanchors.
2. Apredeterminedamountof
stressisappliedtothesteel
strands.
3. Theconcreteisthenpoured,
encasingthesteel.
4. Strandsarecutwhenthe
concretereachesaspecified
earlystrength.

Pretensioned Concrete Pretensioned Concrete

PosttensionedConcrete PosttensionedConcrete
Posttensioningsequence:
1. Placesteelcageandpost
tensioningductsinformwork.
2. Castconcreteintheformwork
andcuretheconcrete.
3. Afterconcreteishardened,
thetendonsaretensionedand
anchoredagainstthemember.
4. Theductisthengroutedto
completetheposttensioning
operation.
 Prestress Losses Concrete
Levelofprestress varieswithtime.Lossesdueto Prestressed concretecanbenefitfromhigh
anchorageset,frictionandelasticshorteningare strengthconcrete(5070MPa)becauseweget:
instantaneous.Lossesduetocreep,shrinkageand
relaxationaretimedependent. Higherallowablestresses(to
prestress atanearlystage)
Increasedelasticmodulus
(lesslossofprestress dueto
elasticshortening)
Reducedcreepandshrinkage
(lesslossofprestress dueto TypicalStressStrainCurvesfor
volumechanges) ConcreteinCompression

Prestressing Steel Prestressing Steel

Widerangeofwires,strandsand Uncoated,stressrelievedorlowrelaxation,7
barsavailable
Highstrength(1860MPa for
wirestrand,oruncoatedplainordeformedhigh
strands&1000MPa forbars) strengthbarsshallconformto(5.4.4.1):
Diameters:
Wires<Strands<Bars
12.7mmdiameter,7wirestrand
(Area=98.7mm2)ismost
commoninprestressed concrete
Recently,the15.2mmdiameter,
7wirestrand(Area=140mm2) StressStrainCurvesfor
Prestressing andMildSteel
hasbeenintroduced.

Prestressing Steel FlexuralDesignConsiderations

DesignofPrestressed ConcreteMembers:
ServiceLimitState Flexure
determinemagnitudeandlocationofP/Sforce
Satisfystresslimits
Considerstagesofconstruction
Almostalwaysgoverns

StrengthLimitState Flexure
StrengthLimitState Shear
Materials:TypesofPrestressing Steel
 FlexuralDesignConsiderations FlexuralDesignConsiderations
GeneralAssumptionsforFlexuralDesignof
Prestressed ConcreteMembers
ServiceLoadDesign:
Concreteisuncracked
Stressinprestressing steelislinearlyrelatedtostrain
Iteratetodeterminestrandpatternandsatisfystress
limits
CheckStrengthatCriticalSections:
Concrete
inelasticincompressiveregions
tensilestrengthisneglected
Prestressing steel
BehaviorofPrestressed ConcreteMembers inelastic

StrengthReductionFactors ServiceLimitState
1.ComputeStressesatRelease
Theresistancefactorsforthestrengthlimitstate
NonCompositeSection(BareGirder)
forprestressed concreteare:
Flexure:
Loads:
Girderselfweight
Tensioncontrolledregion: 1.00
Initialprestress
Compressioncontrolledregion: 0.75 Pi Pi e M gdl
Topofgirder: ftR
Shearandtorsion: 0.90 A St St
Compressioninanchoragezone: 0.80
Tensioninanchoragezone: 1.00 Bottomofgirder: f Pi Pi e M gdl
bR
A Sb Sb

ServiceLimitState ServiceLimitState
2.ComputeStressesatService LimitStateAfter
LosseswithPermanent&TransientLoads:
LoadsonNonCompositeSection
Girder,deckdeadloads
Otherdeadloadsappliedbeforeplacingdeck(e.g.
diaphragms)
Finalprestress (afterlosses)
LoadsonCompositeSection
Barrierandfuturewearingsurface
Otherdeadloads(utilities,etc.)
ComputeStressesatRelease Vehicularliveloadandimpact
 ServiceLimitState ServiceLimitState
ComputeStressesatServiceLimitStateAfter
LosseswithPermanentandTransientLoads
M cdl M LL I
Topofdeck: f td P L
Stcd

Pe Pe e M gdl M ncdl M cdl M LL I

Topofgirder: f tg P L
A St St Stcg

Pe e M gdl M ncdl M cdl M LL I

Bottomofgirder: f bg P L Pe StressesatServiceLimitStateAfterLosseswith
A Sb Sb Sbcg
PermanentandTransientLoads

ServiceLimitState ServiceLimitState
StressLimitsforPrestressing Tendons(5.9.31)for
StressLimitsforPrestressing Tendons(5.9.31) Posttensioned Construction:
forPretensioned Construction:

ServiceLimitState ServiceLimitState
Tensile StressLimitsforConcrete forTemporary
Compression StressLimitsforConcrete (5.9.4.1.1
StressesBeforeLosses(Pretensioned orPost
&5.9.4.1.2):
tensioned):
ForTemporary StressesBeforeLosses
(FullyPrestressed,Pretensioned orPost
tensionedComponents):0.60fci
 ServiceLimitState ServiceLimitState
Tensile StressLimitsforConcrete atService Limit
Compression StressLimitsforConcrete atService
State(SERVICEIII)AfterLosses(FullyPrestressed
LimitState(SERVICEI)AfterLosses(Fully
Components,Pretensioned orPosttensioned):
Prestressed,Pretensioned orPosttensioned):

wherew =1.0formemberswithspan/thicknessratio<15.SeeLRFD5.7.4.7.2.

StrengthLimitState StrengthLimitState

Thenominalflexuralstrengthofaprestressed
concretesectionatultimateisequalto:
Rectangular:
a 1c
a C 0.85fcba
M n Aps f ps (d p )
2 T Apsfps

Flanged(TorL):
a a hf
M n Aps f ps (d p ) 0.85 f 'c (b bw )h f ( ) Equivalentrectangularconcretestressblockatnominal
2 2 2 flexuralresistance (5.7.3.2)

StrengthLimitState StrengthLimitState
TheStrengthreductionfactorforflexure,,

P/S
dependsonmaximumnettensilestrain,t,at 1.00
nominalresistance,Mn:
=0.583+83.3t
=0.583+0.25(dt/c1)
t =0.003(dt c)/c
0.003
c
0.75
dp dt Compression- Transition Tension -
Controlled Controlled
t 0.002 0.005
StrainDiagram NetTensileStrain,t
 StrengthLimitState Conclusions
Theminimumflexuralreinforcementisbasedon Therearemanybenefitsforusingprestressed
(LRFD5.7.3.3.2): concreteinbridgestructures.
NewAASHTOLRFDcoderequirementsaremuch
Mr =Mn 1.2Mcr
differentfromtheoldStandardrequirements.
NotethatthecrackingmomentMcr isobtained Prestressed concretetakesfulladvantageofhigh
from: performanceconcreteandhighstrengthsteel.
S Structuraldesignofprestressed concrete
M cr Sc (f r f cpe ) - M dnc c 1 S c f r membersrequirescheckingserviceabilityand
S nc
ultimatestrengthatvariousstagesofloading.
where fr =0.97fc