C3L3 Directional Derivatives

Directional Derivative
C3L3
2014 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)
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Name of Presenter Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) 2014 1
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson students should be able to
Define and understand the meaning of directional derivative
Use directional derivative
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Motivation
f f
The partial derivatives and represent the rate of change
x y
of f(x, y) in directions parallel to the x- and the y-axes, respectively.
slope f x
slope f y

Name of Presenter Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) 2014
3 3
Motivation
Figure below shows a contour map of sea surface temperature.
The level curves join locations with the same temperature:
4
Motivation
Let T(x, y) be the temperature distribution, meaning that at
each point (x, y) the temperature is T(x, y). Then the partial
derivative Tx at a location (x, y) is the rate of change of
temperature with respect to distance if we travel east.
5
Motivation
Similarly, the partial derivative Ty at a location (x, y) is the rate
of change of temperature with respect to distance if we travel
north.
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Motivation
Given a path on the map, what is the rate of change of the
temperature if we travel along the path? How to calculate?
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Vector Differential Operator
Before we answer this question, let us first define

i j in 2 space
x y

i j k in 3 space
x y z

where is called the vector differential operator, or del.
The vector differential operator can act on the scalar
function and the vector function as well.
8
Gradient
If the differential operator acts on a scalar function, it is
called the gradient.
If f(x, y) is a function of x and y, then the gradient is defined

by

grad f f ( x, y ) i j f ( x, y )
x y

i f ( x, y ) j f ( x, y )
x y
f x ( x, y )i f y ( x, y ) j
9
Gradient
If f(x, y, z) is a function of x, y, and z then the gradient is
defined by

grad( f ) f ( x, y, z ) i j k f ( x, y, z )
x y z

i f ( x, y, z ) j f ( x, y, z ) k f ( x, y , z )
x y z
f ( x, y, z )i f ( x, y, z ) j f ( x, y, z )k
x y z
10
Example 1
Find the gradient of the function f ( x, y ) e x sin( y )
11
Example 2
x y
Find the gradient of the function f ( x, y , z ) at the
point (1,1,-1) z
12
We are now ready to answer the question raised.
Theorem:
If f(x, y) is differentiable and if u u1i u2 j is a unit vector in
2-space, then the rate of change of f(x, y) in the direction
of is given uby

Du f ( x, y ) u f ( x, y )

u1i u2 j i
f f j

x y
u1 f x ( x, y ) u2 f y ( x, y )
This is called the directional derivative of the function f(x, y)

with respect to distance in the direction u
13
Similarly, in 3-space, the directional derivative of the
function f(x, y, z) with respect to distance in the
direction u u1i u2 j u3k3 is
Du f ( x, y, z )

u f ( x, y, z )
u1 f x ( x, y, z ) u2 f y ( x, y, z ) u3 f z ( x, y, z )
Note:
The vector u has to be a unit vector.
14
Example 3
Given temperature distribution function for the
sea level of the world be T ( x, y ) (1 xy ) 3 / 2
Find the rate of change of temperature along the
i j
direction u at the point P (3,1)
2 2
Solution:
3y 3x
f ( x, y ) 1 xy i 1 xy j
2 2

f (3,1) 3, 9
1 1
Du f f u 3, 9 , 6 2
2 2
15
Note the following:

a ) If f 0 at P, all directional derivatives of f at P are 0.

b) If f 0 at P, the largest value/magnitude of directional derivative is

f at P.

c) If f 0 at P, the smallest value/magnitude of directional derivative is

f at P which is opposite in direction.
16
Example 4
Let f ( x, y ) 3x 2 e y . Find the maximum and minimum
value of the directional derivative at (-2,0). In what
direction do the maximum and minimum value occur?
Solution:
Ans:

f ( x, y ) 6 xe y i 3 x 2 e y j

f (2,0) 12, 12

f 1,1
f 12 2 ; u
f 2
17
Example 5
Find the directional derivative of the function at the given point

in the direction of the vector . v

1. f ( x, y ) 1 2 x y , P (3,4) , v 4,3
x
2. f ( x , y , z ) , P (4,1,1) , v 1, 2, 3
yz

18 18
Summary

Du f ( x, y ) u f ( x, y )

Du f ( x, y, z ) u f ( x, y, z )

19 19

C3L3 Directional Derivatives

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Directional Derivative

2014 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

All rights reserved. No part of this document may be

Presentation Title (acronym) ;

Presentation Title (acronym) ;

Before we answer this question, let us first define

If f(x, y) is a function of x and y, then the gradient is defined

This is called the directional derivative of the function f(x, y)

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