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Direct FM
In direct FM the instantaneous frequency of the
carrier is varied directly with the message signal
by means of a device known as a voltage
controlled oscillator. (VCO)
Thus a VCO is an FM modulator. If the input to the A typical implementation of the VCO is a Hartley
VCO is the message m(t) Oscillator that uses a voltage variable capacitor to
control the frequency of the oscillator.
=
= +
=
2
= 2 + 2
Thus the VCO output signal is Disadvantage of direct FM hard to build a stable
= cos
= cos (2 + 2 ) high frequency oscillator. Thus carrier frequency fc
tends to drift.
Which is the desired FM signal.
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Indirect FM Indirect FM
Indirect FM begins with a narrow band FM signal Consider a square law device for example:
which is passed through a frequency multiplier to
increase the frequency deviation to the desired level.
Indirect FM Indirect FM
Thus after filtering the first term (at DC), both the NB- to WB Conversion
carrier frequency and the modulation index are If the input to freq. multiplier is;
doubled.
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8. FM Demodulators 8. FM Demodulators
FM Limiters FM Detectors
Since in FM the message signal m(t) is contained Almost all FM detectors (discriminators) are of the
in the instantaneous frequency of the received form;
signal we may safely strip away the noisy envelope
of the received signal without distorting m(t). The
device that removes the amplitude fluctuations is
known as a limiter. In the limiter does not proceed
the FM detector additional noise will be included
in the demodulated output. {Exception to the above scheme are tracking filter
Many limiter circuits and techniques exist. Usually circuits such as phase locked loops.}
they take the form of large signal saturating
amplifiers located in the IF section of the receiver.
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8. FM Demodulators 8. FM Demodulators
FM Detectors
The input is assumed to be a limited FM wave: With AM envelope
8. FM Demodulators 8. FM Demodulators
The implementation of FM Detection can take at Differentiation techniques include:
least nine different forms, since there are 3
differentiation techniques and 3 amplitude 1. Direct Differentiation
demodulators.
The current through a capacitor equals
()
= where v(t) is the voltage across C.
AM demodulators include:
1. Peak envelope detectors
2. Average envelope detectors
3. Synchronous detection
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8. FM Demodulators 8. FM Demodulators
2. . Frequency Domain Differentiation 3. Time Delay Differentiation
The Fourier transform of a differentiator is Pass through a time delay network
= 2. = !"#$%& to obtain ( )
Hence we can pass through a filter with a (
H(f) -
transfer function that is linear over the range of +
1/to
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proportional to m(t)