Substation Automation and REL 670 Line Distance

Protection Training Protection IED

ABB AB, 2007

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

1

Main application

Line distance protection

terminal for:
Directly earthed networks
Isolated or impedance earthed
networks
OH-lines and Cables
Series Compensated Lines
Double circuit lines
Single-, two- or three pole trip
Quadrilateral (IEC) or MHO
(ANSI) characteristics
ABB AB, 2007

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

2
 Main characteristics

Line IED for protection,

monitoring and control
Building block in Substation
Automation Systems
Completely full scheme
Functional flexibility
Configuration flexibility
Extensive self- supervision
ABB AB, 2007

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

3

Main features in REL 670

Typical operate time: One cycle

Simultaneous measurement in
each loop and advanced phase
selection
Very low requirement of time to
saturation for CTs including
maximum remanence
Complete software library for all
applications
Full Bay control functionality
available.
ABB AB, 2007

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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ABB AB, 2007
Functionality Pre-configured IEDs (IEC)

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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Isolated / High Impedance Networks (A21)

52PD
PD
*)
Iload B
A

79
3ph
O->I DR
25/27
SC/VC
60
FF
50BF
3I>BF 21
Z<
59 86/94
Trip
3U> I->O
Bus
68PSB
27 Zpsb
Contr
3U< 50/51
Interl
3I>

51N/67N
I
Single-Breaker application
59N
UN 3 ph trip
60
FF
ABB AB, 2007

DR

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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 Single Breaker (A31, A32)
52PD
*) B
A PD
Iload

79
1/3ph
O->I DR
25/27
SC/VC
60
FF
50BF
3I>BF 21
Z<
59 86/94
Trip
3U> I->O
Bus
68PSB
27 Zpsb
Contr
3U< 50/51
Interl
3I>

51N/67N
I
Single-Breaker application
59N
UN 3 ph trip
60 1/3 ph trip
FF
ABB AB, 2007

DR *) Only 1/3 ph trip alternative

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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Multi-Breaker alternative (B31, B32)

52PD
PD
*)
Iload B
A

50BF
79 3I>BF
1/3ph
O->I 79 DR
94PD *) 1/3ph
PD O->I 25/27
SC/VC
60 50BF
FF 3I>BF
59 21
3U> Z< 86/94
I->O Contr
27 Interl
3U< 21PSB
Zpsb
25/27 50/51
3I>
SC/VC Multi-Breaker add-on:
50STUB 86/94 50STUB
60 3I> I->O 3I>BF
FF STUB
51/67N
O->I
I SC
PD
Multi-Breaker application TRIP
59N
3 ph trip UN FUSE FAIL
1/3 ph trip
ABB AB, 2007

60
FF *) Only 1/3 ph trip alternative

DR

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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ABB AB, 2007
Functionality Pre-configured IEDs (IEC)

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

9

Distance Protection algorithm

Measuring algorithm
Same reliable
algorithm as REL5xx
I

XS XL RL
U

X . di
u=i .R + .
o dt
ABB AB, 2007

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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 Remote back-up Load encroachment
The green area represents the
load encroachment area and ZM03
cuts any impedance
protection that might enter in it
(in the example ZM03 and
ZM04).
ZM02

ZM01

ZM04
ABB AB, 2007

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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Export and import of load

A B
Export Import
ZL

Um Um No compensation
Z< Z<

Adaptive
Export compensation Import
X X

ZL

R
R
ABB AB, 2007

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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 ZM: Operation characteristic for Ph-Ph loops

jX ( / phase)
RFPP/2 Characteristic for Ph-Ph loops
R1 RFPP/2

Fault resistance for reverse

direction is defined from the Y-
ArgNegRes
X1
axes
Few setting parameters = easy
L
handling
ArgDir
R ( / phase)
Setting parameters for forward
direction in blue
X1

R1+RFPP/2 RFPP/2
ABB AB, 2007

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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ZM: Operating characteristic Ph-E

Quadrilateral characteristic
improves sensitivity
Independent setting of:
Reactive reach direction
Resistive reach direction
Directionality
ABB AB, 2007

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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 ZM: Setting parameters

Setting parameters for measuring zones:

Positive sequence resistive reach:
R1 (/phase)
Positive sequence reactive reach:
X1 (/phase)

Zero sequence resistive reach:

R0 (/phase)
Zero sequence reactive reach:
X0 (/phase)

Fault resistance for phase-phase fault:

RFPP (/loop)
Fault resistance for phase-earth fault:
RFPE (/loop)
ABB AB, 2007

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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ZM: Setting parameters

Each zone can

be set On/Off
be set NonDir/ Forw/Rev
For each zone
The Ph-Ph and Ph-E fault loops can individually be set On/Off
Individual timers for Ph-Ph and Ph-E fault loop
Both Ph-Ph and Ph-E fault loops have a settable
minimum operating current IMinOpPP, respective
IMinOpPE and IMinOpIN
ABB AB, 2007

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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 Phase selection (PS)

The main objective is

To release the Measuring zones for phase selective tripping
To give indication of faulty phase(s)
To ensure secure operation of the phase selector in
case of combination of line to earth fault and phase to
phase fault there is a check of the relation between IN
and Iph which is used to release the correct fault loop
ABB AB, 2007

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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Phase selection

Phase to earth fault Phase to phase fault

X /loop X /phase

RFRvPE KrX1 RFFwPE RFRvPP/2 KrX1 RFFwPP/2

X1+XN X1

60 deg 60 deg
R

/loop R /phase

X1+XN Kr = 1 / tan(60deg) X1 Kr = 1 / tan(60deg)

60 deg 60 deg

RFRvPE KrX1 RFFwPE RFRvPP/2 KrX1 RFFwPP/2

ABB AB, 2007

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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 General Fault & Phase Selection

Three phase fault Easy to coordinate GFPS-ZM

X
X

90 deg

2X1K3 R
RFFwPPK3
R

RFRvPPK3

K3 = 2 / sqrt(3) 30 deg
ABB AB, 2007

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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Load encroachment

X ZM4
ZM3
Maximum Load Angle

ZM2

ZM1

LOAD

R
TRIP ZM4
ZM5
Fault Resistance
(RFPE, RFPP/2)
Minimum Load Resistance
ABB AB, 2007

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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 Load encroachment

Load encroachment allows

better fault resistance
coverage without interference
with load
Releases the measuring zones
including the phase selection
for phase selective tripping
ABB AB, 2007

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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Isolated Networks Phase preference Logic

With a phase prreference logic
there is the possibility to detect a
cross country fault and to trip one
of the faulted lines only.

After the trip of one of the faulted

lines it is possible to keep the rest of
the power system in operation with a
single phase to ground fault.

With the phase preference logic it is possible to choose that ONLY ONE
faulted line WILL BE TRIPPED.
ABB AB, 2007

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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 Distance protection - Communication schemes
Permissive system
The communication schemes are
A B of two basic types:
Permissive schemes, where a
permissive condition to trip is
Z< sent. Gives high security but lower
Z<
dependability.
Carrier send CS = Z< Forward, under- or overreach underreaching,

Trip = Z< Forward Z1, Z2 or Z3 & Carrier received

overreaching,
Blocking schemes, where a
blocking signal preventing
Blocking system "instantaneous tripping" is sent.
A B Gives high
dependability but lower security.

Z< Z<

Carrier send CS = Z< Reverse zone

ABB AB, 2007

_____________
Trip = Z< Forward Z1, Z2 or Z3 & Carrier received &T0

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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Distance protection - Unblocking schemes

Permissive system
The loss of communication
A B
guard is considered equal to a
received signal and accelerate
21 21
the tripping
Z< Z<
Continuously
Carrier send CS = Z< Forward, under or overreach During a time window
Trip = Z< Forward Z1, Z2 or Z3 & Carrier received
or Loss of PLC Guard signal. The signal PLC Guard is
connected to the GRG input in
ZCOM logic.
ABB AB, 2007

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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 Local acceleration logic

Features
Instantaneous trips for faults on the whole line length
without telecommunication
Operation mode zone extension
An overreaching zone allows to trip instantaneous
Operation mode loss of load
An overreaching zone allows to trip instantaneous if
the current in one or two phases get low
Selective trip at auto reclosing
ABB AB, 2007

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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Current reversal logic

21 21 21 21

Z< Z< Z< Z<

21 21 21 21
CS CR CS CR?
Z< Z< Z< Z<

ZM2

CR
& Trip

60
ZM3R &
40

Carrier
&
send
ABB AB, 2007

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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 Weak-End Infeed

L1N/L2N
A Forw L1N/L2N B

G
L1N
G
Z< Z<
WEI

Z< Z<
WEI

For cases when one side has a weak, or non-existant source a WEI logic is
advantageous.
Strong side will send Permissive OVERREACH signal.
At Weak-end the signal received will be
mirrored back on detection of low voltage to accelerate the strong end
tripping
Tripping with local undervoltage (Ph-Ph, Ph-E) check logic
ABB AB, 2007

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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Power swing detection

jX ZL
Based on the same
principles as REL5xx
X1InFw * KLdRFw
but:
X1InFw
Load encroachment
R1FInRv R1FInFw algorithm introduced
R1FInRv * KLdRRv
L
L Allows better fault
KLdRRv*RLdOutRv ARGLd resistance coverage
without interference with
RLdOutRv
L load
RLdOutFw

KLdRFw*RLdOutFw
R

R1LIn

X1InRv

X1InRv * KLdRRv
ABB AB, 2007

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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 Switch On To Fault (SOTF)

A basic protection function which enables

U=0 V instantaneous trip at closing of breaker.
Z< Non directional to cover zero voltage due
to forgotten earthing switch
jX ( / phase)
Two versions:
Zone2 or Zone3

Zone1 A binary input (bc) which releases

the SOTF overreaching zone at
ArgNegRes
breaker closing command
Internal measurement detects that
no voltage and no current is
L
available for a certain time(DLD).
R ( / phase)
The instantaneous, non directional
ArgDir measurement is then activated
internally.

Internal fault detection, based on U
and I check.
ABB AB, 2007

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

29

STUB protection

Instantaneous overcurrent
protection of busbar
connection (STUB) when a
line disconnector is open
Required in Multi-breaker
arrangements with CVT
(VT) on line side of DS
Z< (21) function cannot
measure when line
disconnector is open and
must be blocked.
Line discon. 25 ms
open
& Trip
I STUB >
ABB AB, 2007

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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 Fuse Failure Supervision

Measuring quantities are selectable

between:
IL zero sequence voltage and
current:
U0 > Uref and I0 = 0
negative sequence voltage and
current:
U2 > Uref and I2 = 0
Sudden change in current and
voltage:
DI/Dt and DU/Dt
>Z Boolean or smart combination of
measuring principles is possible.
ABB AB, 2007

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

31

Single Pole Tripping

Simultaneous and independent
measurement for all fault loops
in separate phase selectors is
T R necessary for correct phase
R S
selection and single pole tripping
because:
S T Line faults represent 85% of all
faults in power systems
75% of the line faults are single
phase to earth faults
5% of the line faults are evolving
faults
80-95% are transient.
ABB AB, 2007

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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 Auto-Recloser

Single-/ Two-/ Three-phase reclosing programs

Program 1st attempt 2nd attempt 3rd and 4st attempt
1 3 phase 3 phase 3 phase 3 phase
2 1/2/3 phase 1 phase 3 phase 3 phase
2 phase 3 phase 3 phase
3 phase 3 phase 3 phase
3 1/2 phase 1 phase 3 phase 3 phase
(No 3 phase) 2 phase 3 phase 3 phase
4 1/2 phase 1 phase 3 phase 3 phase
(No 3 phase) 2 phase ---- ----
5 1/2/3 phase 1 phase 3 phase 3 phase
2 phase 3 phase 3 phase
3 phase ---- ----
6 1/2/3 phase 1 phase 3 phase 3 phase
2 phase ---- ----
3 phase ---- ----
ABB AB, 2007

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

33

Auto-Recloser

Start Quick AR without

synchrocheck

Skip a step and continue

with next (at multiple shots)

Put AR on hold e.g. waiting

for Thermal relays to reset
to have less sag before
reclosing
ABB AB, 2007

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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 Synchrocheck function

U-Bus
Energizing check
U-Line

Freq bus
U Synchronism Check
SLIP

Freq-Line
Synchronizing

Voltage Selection

1U B1Q B2Q
SYNC U-Bus
1U
UB1 UB2

SYN1
Line
Fuse fail reference
BLOCK voltage
ULN1

3U
ABB AB, 2007

2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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