Olbrich- Daniels 1

Kailey Olbrich-Daniels

Malcolm Campbell

UWRT 1104

May 2, 2017 Deleted: 1 April 2017

Title IX: Is it fair? Formatted: Font:Bold

A Oregon softball team from Lake Oswego High School is in need of facilities and Deleted: softball team

equipment that they do not currently have. The reason is that the school provides better facilities Deleted: nt

and equipment for the baseball team while the softball team keeps being promised they will

receive better facilities and equipment. There has yet to be any action towards giving the softball

team the things they have been promised over the years. Therefore, the softball team is filing a

Title IX lawsuit hoping that this will bring about changes and make sure that the softball team

will be treated as equals to the baseball team (Oregon Girls Softball Team). Formatted: Font:Italic

Deleted: Things like this still happens today even though

Title IX was passed in order to prevent these kinds of things.
In 1964, during the Civil Rights Movement there were many laws passed in order to help Formatted: Indent: First line: 0.5"

with gender discrimination including one known as Title VII, which was part of the Civil Rights

Act. Title VII was a law that was passed which, prohibits discrimination in employment based

on race, gender, or religious beliefs (Title IX, Women, and Sports). However, the issue is Formatted: Font:Italic
Deleted: since the
since they did not specifically mention gender in the writings of the law it allowed a loophole

which let companies still discriminate against gender when hiring. There were a couple US Deleted: law didnt specifically mention a gender there
were still many issues with gender discrimination. ... [1]
representatives who worked with an activist and they made complaints on how the education Deleted: ed

system is violating Title VII. Some of the issues that were brought to the senators attention were Deleted: are

that the education system discriminated against women when it came to admission, educational
 Olbrich- Daniels 2

programs, and certain resources within the school. Many Senators became aware of all the issues

within the education system and realized they needed to do something. Therefore, Indiana Deleted: that Title VII created

senator Birch Bayh became the primary Senate sponsor of the bill that became known as Title

IX, which expressly forbid sex and gender discrimination in any university program that received

federal funding. (Title IX, Women, and Sports). Title IX was passed on June 23,1972 and has Deleted: Senator Bayh introduced the bill to the Senate in
February of 1972.

helped stop gender discrimination because unlike Title VII it specifically mentioned gender and Deleted: is
Deleted: a law that requires gender equality in any
education program that receives federal funding. (Title IX,
that there cannot be discrimination within schools. Women, and Sports). Title IX
Formatted: Font:Italic
Deleted: .
Deleted:
After Title IX was passed it was met with various challenges including challenges from
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Senator John Tower. Senator John Tower challenged the Title IX law because he did not think
Deleted: .
that if athletic programs received money that they should be covered by the law. However, Deleted: The first major challenge to the law was proposed
by Senator John Tower,

Senator John Towers proposal was rejected because Title IX was created to make sure there was Deleted: who wanted to create an exemption for athletic
programs that produced revenue. (Title IX, Women, and
Sports).
not any gender discrimination anywhere. Senator Towers was not the only one who thought that Formatted: Font:(Default) Times New Roman, Italic
Formatted: Font:(Default) Times New Roman
since athletic programs made money that it was fair that the law covered athletics. Another
Deleted: was
Deleted: the law
Senator proposed that each of the sports should be given a set of regulations, which was adopted.
Deleted: nt

The regulations were proposed to make sure that all the sports were equal to prevent further

discrimination. Under Title IX, federally funded organizations were not required to provide Deleted: d. Under

"equal" funding to athletic programs for men and women, but rather to provide equality in

opportunity and in the quality of educational options offered to both sexes. (Title IX, Women, Formatted: Font:(Default) Times New Roman, Italic

and Sports). In other words, many of the organizations could get away with not funding all the Formatted: Font:(Default) Times New Roman

athletic programs equally because they were fulfilling the law by allowing an equal opportunity

to men and women. This led to women still having a hard time because even with equality in the Deleted: getting the same opportunities as men

opportunity for athletics and educational options their programs were given the less then the
 Olbrich- Daniels 3

men. In 1979, the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare introduced three primary Deleted: finalized the requirements for Title IX compliance
in collegiate institutions and

methods by which a university could comply with the standards of the law, a system that became

known as the "three-prong test." (Title IX, Women, and Sports). The three-prong test allowed Formatted: Font:(Default) Times New Roman, Italic
Formatted: Font:(Default) Times New Roman
schools to pick from three options and if they satisfied one of the options then it showed that they

were compliant with Title IX. The options they had to satisfy Title IX were to provide athletic Formatted: Font:(Default) Times New Roman, 12 pt

participation opportunities that are substantially proportionate to the undergraduate enrollment,

demonstrate a continual expansion of athletic opportunities for the underrepresented sex, and

fully accommodate the interests and abilities of the underrepresented sex. (Title IX: the Three- Formatted: Font:Italic

Prong Test.). This test made it look like many places were following the requirements of Title Formatted: Font:(Default) Times New Roman
Deleted: as
IX because it looked like they had athletic opportunities for both male and females, even though Deleted: complying
Deleted: with
they did not. Due to the lack of enforcement of Title IX allowed for things like the three-prong Deleted: the places
Deleted: there werent equal opportunities
test to occur which let gender discrimination to still occur. This demonstrates how the Deleted: There
Deleted: was a
government did not really make sure that places were actually complying with Title IX. Which
Deleted: allowing gender discrimination to still occur and
the
led to a coalition of women's rights activists and congressional leaders passing the Civil Rights Deleted: d
Deleted: they
Restoration Act of 1988 ( Title IX, Women, and Sports). This act was important because it
Deleted: nt
Deleted: 1988
made sure that there couldnt be any gender discrimination in any educational institute even if

they receive federal funding. Finally made sure that every place even if it was federally funded
would comply with Title IX and making sure that there wasnt any gender discrimination. This
was put in place to make sure that people could not use the federal funding as a reason to get out
Deleted: , overriding a presidential veto from Ronald
Reagan; the act specifically outlawed gender discrimination
in any institution, if any part of the institution received
Deleted: (Title IX, Women, and Sports). This finall
Formatted: Font:(Default) Times New Roman, Italic
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of enforcing Title IX and letting gender discrimination happen. Another change to Title IX Deleted: y

came with an amendment to the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1994, which

required universities and high schools to release all information regarding their spending on

athletic programs.(Title IX, Women, and Sports). Before they created this amendment many Deleted:
 Olbrich- Daniels 4

of the colleges and high school did not have to release any information regarding how much they

spent on athletics. Since they did not have to release the information it made it difficult to know Deleted: Prior to this amendment, colleges and high schools
were not required to release this information; thus, it was
how much funding was going towards women organizations which made it hard to tell how the Deleted: for women's rights organizations
Deleted: determine precisely
institutions were fulfilling the Title IX funding requirements. With this amendment it made sure Deleted: each institution
Deleted: was attempting to address Title IX funding
that all athletic programs were following the Title X funding requirements and providing equal requirements. (Title IX, Women, and Sports).
Deleted: change
funding to all the athletic programs. Deleted: actually

Before Title IX was passed many women did not have a lot of athletic and educational Deleted: doing what they are supposed to under Title IX.
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opportunities and they could not get any scholarships for sports. In the 1972 Summer Olympics Deleted: nt
Deleted: nt
women were struggling to succeed on a professional level because the male athletes got a

significantly larger amount of medals than the females did. Also In 1972, according to the

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, there were 31,852 women participating in

collegiate athletics (as compared to 170,526 male athletes) (Title IX, Women, and Sports). In Formatted: Font:Italic, Font color: Auto

other words, there were more male athletes participating in collegiate sports than women due to

male athletes receiving scholarships and that women were being discriminated in athletics. After

the passage of Title IX many women were participating in sports due to more athletic programs Deleted: more
Deleted: are
being available to women. Also more and more sports are being added to the Olympics therefore

more and more women are participating. In the 2012 London Olympics, U.S. women won more

medals than American men 58 to 45 for the first time. London also marked the first time

the U.S. sent more women to the games than men (U.S. Women Will Rule In Rio). The Formatted: Font:Italic

London Olympics showed the world that women are just as good as men and that they deserve to

be in the world of athletics. Women were finally able to succeed in sports especially on a Deleted: are finally

professional level. This an important step moving toward the future of gender equality in
 Olbrich- Daniels 5

athletics. Since more and more sports are being added to the Olympics more and more women

are participating President Barack Obama described the historic legislation as an important step

in gender equality in the United States and emphasized the importance of the continued effort to

promote equality in educational and athletic benefits. (Title IX, Women, and Sports). Deleted: .
Formatted: Font:Italic
According to Obama he thinks that Title IX has really helped with moving towards gender

equality. President Obama also remarked that he shared the belief that the psychological and Deleted:

sociological benefits of Title IX expanded beyond allowing equality in sports participation to

helping inculcate in generations of young women in the United States the idea that they are free

to pursue achievement in any field. (Title IX, Women, and Sports). President Obama Formatted: Font:Italic

mentions that Title IX is very helpful because not only is it helping with equality in athletics but

it is also encouraging girls to pursue their goals. Having many women succeeding in education

allows girls to look up to them and know that they can make it. Having many successful Deleted: With Title IX and
Deleted:
professional women athletes encourages many young girls to participate in sports. All of the Deleted: it

successful athletes show girls wanting to participate in sports that they can and they can make it.

Young girls looking to go into sports have people like Gabby Douglas, Simone Biles, Katie

Ledecky to look up to as role models. Title IX makes sure that there is equality for women in Deleted: Also the law
Deleted: equal quality
sports and has also made sure that the quality of women athletic facilities is increased. Many

women are also succeeding in collegiate sports and many of them are moving on to play

professionally. Many of the national women teams and professional teams are doing much better

since the passage of Title IX. Increasing the quality of facilities for women also encourages girls

to participate because they are going into sports feeling they are getting the short end of the stick.

What the history of Title IX shows us is that if you provide women with quality sports Formatted: Font:(Default) Times New Roman

opportunities, they'll come and they'll excel, said Nancy Hogshead-Makar, winner of three gold Formatted: Font:(Default) Times New Roman
Formatted: Font:(Default) Times New Roman
 Olbrich- Daniels 6

medals and a silver as a swimmer at the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles.(U.S. Women Will

Rule In Rio. In other words, since Title IX and the multiple amendments have allowed women

more athletic opportunities is the reason women are doing so well in sports. Title IX has also

made sure that many women are now receiving scholarships for playing sports. However, even Deleted: M
Deleted:
though they receive scholarships they still receive less scholarship opportunities than male Deleted: less

athletes. Even though Title IX has improved athletics for women there is still more that needs to

be done to make sure that there is equality among all athletes male and female. Deleted: s

Title IX did not end all the issues of gender discrimination like many hoped it would Deleted: nt

when the law was passed. Even today female high school athletes are offered approximately 1.3

million fewer opportunities than their male counterparts. At the collegiate level, women have

sixty thousand fewer opportunities to become involved in athletics. (Title IX, Women, and Formatted: Font:Italic

Sports). This shows that Title IX is not completely solving the issue of gender discrimination

since gender discrimination is still an issue. Even if we encourage girls to pursue what they want

that is all good but they should also have equal options as boys do when they are pursuing their

goals. For many women who are involved in athletics, those athletic programs that they are Deleted: If
Deleted: e
involved in receive less funding then male athletic programs do. Many people argue that

women simply have lower levels of interest in athletics participation, studies indicate that female

sports programs receive proportionately lower levels of funding even if adjusted to account for

differing levels of interest. (Title IX, Women, and Sports). In other words, even if less women Formatted: Font:Italic
Deleted: This shows that
participate women do indeed receive less funding then men do. With Title IX in place even if the

participation levels are low they should still receive the proper amount of funding. Participation

levels should not affect how much funding the programs do or do not get. There are many
 Olbrich- Daniels 7

women and women rights advocates out there who are fighting for gender equality and they are

targeting all the places that are violating Title IX. The advocates are hoping if they keep fighting Deleted: who are
Deleted: how there are
that they will eventually make a change that will bring about an end to gender discrimination. Deleted: many places

The discrimination that the Oregon softball team experienced is happening in a majority of other

places and there needs to be change so that there is equality for both genders in athletics.

Laws and amendments are created in order to help fix issues. Title VII was created to

help fix the issue of gender discrimination. However, it did not help bring an end to gender Deleted: There were many
Deleted: issued at the time with
discrimination which led to the passage of Title IX. Title IX was passed in hopes of gender Deleted: that
Deleted: It
equality in athletics and educational institutes. This shows how fighting for a cause can lead to Deleted: making sure many places treated both male and
females equally
change. However, sometimes the change will take a while but if you are passionate about it and

stick to it it will eventually happen. Women started to get the equality they hoped they would get Deleted: After it was passed there was some challenges that
had to be dealt with but actually strengthened the law.
Eventually
from the law. However, just like anything else there will not be an immediate change there will
Deleted: w
Deleted: They finally were able to do more in athletics and
always be more that needs to be done. Hopefully there will be equality for both male and female education wise.
Deleted: is still
athletes in the future.
Deleted: before there is equality among women and men.
... [2]

Deleted: ... [3]

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 Olbrich- Daniels 8

Works Cited Formatted: Indent: First line: 0"

Issitt, Micah. "Title IX, Women, and Sports." Points of View: Reference Shelf- Sports Culture,

May 2014, p. 1. EBSCOhost,

librarylink.uncc.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com.librarylink.uncc.edu/login.asp

x?direct=true&db=pwh&AN=96411800&site=pov-live. Web.

Jacobo, Julia. Oregon Girls' Softball Team Files Title IX Lawsuit Against School District.ABC

News, ABC, 6 Apr. 2016, abcnews.go.com/US/oregon-girls-softball-team-files-title-ix-

lawsuit/story?id. Web. Accessed 18 Mar. 2017.

Myre, Greg. U.S. Women Will Rule In Rio (You Can Thank Title IX). NPR, NPR, 4 Aug.

2016, www.npr.org/sections/thetorch/2016/08/04/487765827/u-s-women-will-rule-at-the-

olympics-you-can-thank-title-ix. Web. Accessed 18 Mar. 2017.

Staff, Times-Dispatch. Title IX: the Three-Prong Test. Richmond Times-Dispatch, 23 June Formatted: Font:Times New Roman, 12 pt
Formatted: Indent: Left: 0", Hanging: 0.56", Tabs:Not at
2012, www.richmond.com/sports/title-ix-the-three-prong-test/article_be3ede40-9561- 0.56"

53ff-bdbb-6c426b1e6286.html. Accessed 2 May 2017. Formatted: Font:

Title IX and Mens Sports: A False Conflict. National Women's Law Center, 11 Aug. 2015,

nwlc.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/title_ix_and_mens_sports_8.11.15.pdf. Web.

Accessed 18 Mar. 2017.

Title IX Enacted. History.com, A&E Television Networks, www.history.com/this-day-in- Formatted: Line spacing: double

history/title-ix-enacted. Accessed 6 Apr. 2017.

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law didnt specifically mention a gender there were still many issues with gender

discrimination.

There

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before there is equality among women and men.

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