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SewerSystem
Elements of Wastewater Management Systems
Individual sources of wastewater
Processing facilities at the source
Collection Facilities
Transmission Facilities
Treatment Facilities
Disposal Facilities

InformationRequiredForSanitaryDesign
Topography(surfaceandsubsurfaceconditions)
WaterTableElevationsandsubsoilconditions
Locationofallundergroundutilitiesandstructures
Detailsofexistingsanitaryconnections
Locationofrightsofway,streets,obstructions
Informationaboutspecialconditions(environmentally
sensitiveareas...)
Populationinformationandtrends
Informationabouttypeofdevelopmentserved
Informationaboutanyfutureplansaffectingsystem
Serviceinformation(wastewatertreatmentprovider)
Ordinancesconcerningsystem

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General
Sewerageisthecollection,treatmentanddisposalofliquid
waste
Sewerageworkincludesallthephysicalstructuresrequired
forthatcollection,treatmentanddisposal
Sewageistheliquidconveyedbyasewerandmayinclude
domestic,industrialdischargesaswellasstormsewage,
infiltrationandinflow
Infiltrationiswaterwhichentersthesewersfromground
throughleaks
Inflowiswaterwhichentersthesewersfromthesurface
duringrainfalleventsthroughflawsinthesystemorthrough
basementdrains

WastewaterEstimation
EstimationofDomesticWastewater
Thequantityofdomesticwastewaterfromanareaisgenerallyabout60to
85%ofwatersupplied
Estimatesofwatersupplymustincludeallwaterfromprivateaswellas
publicsources
EstimationofIndustrialWastewater
Industrialflowsvarywiththetypeandsizeofindustry,thesupervision,the
degreeofwaterreuse,andtheonsitetreatmentmethodsthatareused
Wherethespecifictypeofindustryisunknown,anallowanceof5000
gal/ac.day(50m3/ha.d)isoftenused
EstimationofInfiltration/Inflow
Theamountofinfiltrationdependsonthegroundwaterlevelandthecare
exercisedintheconstructionofthesewer
Ifthegroundwatertableisbelowthesewer,infiltrationwilloccuronlywhen
waterismovingdownthroughthesoil.
IfthewatertableisHIGH,infiltrationratesof300to1500gal/ac.dayofarea
seweredmayoccur

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WASTEWATERCOLLECTIONANDPUMPING
SewerSystems
SeparateSewerSystems(sanitaryandindustrialwastewater)
CombinedSystems(sanitary+industrialwastewater+storm
runoff)
Collection&Transportation
TheconventionalGRAVITYFLOWSEWERSaremostlyusedfor
thecollection&transportofwastewaterfromresidencesand
commercialestablishments
Insomeareasforreasonsoftopography,highgroundwater,
structurallyunstablesoilsandrockyconditionsPressure,
SmallDiameterVariableSlopeandVacuumSewersareused
forthecollection&transportofwastewater

TypesofGravitySewers
Theprincipaltypesofgravitysewersare:
Buildingsewers:
Toconnectthebuildingplumbingtoalateralorbranch
LateralorBranchsewers:
Formtheupperendsofwastewatercollectionsystemandarelocatedin
streets&areusedtoconveywastewaterfrombuildingsewerstomainsewers
Mainsewers:
Usedtoconveywastewaterfromoneormorelateralsewerstotrunksewers
Trunksewers:
Largesewersusedtoconveywastewaterfrommainsewerstotreatment
facilitiesortolargeinterceptingsewers
Interceptingsewers:
Verylargesewersusedtointerceptandconveytheflowfromseveraltrunk
sewerstotreatmentorotherprocessingfacilities

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SewerMaterials
GravitySewerPipeMaterial
Severalpipematerialsareavailable
Pipeshavelifecyclesrangingfrom15tomorethan100
yearsdependingontwofactors:
1. Materialtype
2. Environment

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BackgroundInformationforPipe
MaterialSelection
Overburden, dynamic Chemical and physicl
and static loading properties of wastewater
Lengths of pipes Joint tightness
available Manholes, pits and other
Soil conditions, soil structures required
chemistry, water table, Compatibility with
stability existing systems
Joining materials Corrosion
required Temperature
Installation equipment
required

KeyPipeCharacteristics
Corrosionresistance
Scouringfactor
Leaktightness
Hydrauliccharacteristics

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CommonlyUsedPipeMaterials
Vitrifiedclay
Composedofcrushedandblendedclaythatare
formedintopipes,driedandfiredinasuccessionof
temperaturestogiveaglassyfinish
Vitrifymeanstochangeormakeintoglassora
glassysubstance,especiallythroughheatfusion.

ConcretePipes
Concreteisanimportantsewermaterial
Speciallyforlargetrunksewers
Twotypesofconcretepipesareused:
1. Prestressedconcretecylinderpipe(PCCP)
2. Reinforcedconcretepipe(RCP)
PCCPisusedforforcemains
RCPisusedforgravitylines
http://www.ppic.com/video/ppic_promo.shtml

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PlasticPipes
Plasticpipeismadefromeitherthermoplasticor
thermoset plastics
Thermoplasticscanchangeshapewhentheyareheated
Plasticsusedinpipemanufacturinginclude
Polyvinylchloride(PVC) strong,lightweightandflexible
Polyethylene(PEofHDPEforhighdensityPE) morerigid
Acrylonitrilebutadienestyrene(ABS)
Polybutylene (PB)
Thermosetplasticsarecomposed
ofepoxy,polyester,phenolic resins
andareusuallyreinforcedwith
fiberglass
Thermosetplasticsaremorerigid

AdvantagesandDisadvantagesofPipeMaterials

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DuctileIronPipes
Ductileironpipeisanoutgrowthofthecast
ironpipeindustry
Improvementsinmetallurgyofcastironinthe
1940sincreasedthestrengthofcastironand
addedductility(anabilitytodeformslightly
withcracking)
Ductileironpipethanquicklybecamethe
standardpipematerial
Asbestoscement(previouslyused)

Manholes
Theyareundergroundvaults(burialchamber)that
provideanaccesspointformakingconnections or
performingmaintenance
Theyareoutfittedwithmetalorpolypropylenesteps
installedintheinnersideofthewalltoalloweasy
access
Manholesarerequiredatjunctionsofgravitysewers
andateachchangeinpipedirection,sizeorslope.
Distancebetweenmanholesmustnotexceed400ft
(123m)insewersoflessthan18in.(450mm)in
diameterinvert

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STRENGTH&BEDDINGOFSEWERS
Assewersarenotordinarilypressurized,theyareoftenmoredeeplyburied
Astheyaremadeofbrittleandratherweakmaterials,theeffectofsoil&other
externalloadsisquiteimportant
StaticloadonaburiedpipemaybecalculatedfromMarstonsequation.
W=CwB2
Where W=loadonthepipeperunitlength
C=coefficientthatdependsonthedepthoftrench,characterof
constructionandfillmaterial
w=weightoffillmaterialperunitvolume
B=widthoftrenchjustbelowtopofpipe
Forordinarytrenchconstruction,Cmaybecalculatedfrom,
C=1e2KH/B
2K
whereH=depthoffillabovepipe
B=widthoftrenchjustbelowtopofpipe
K=ratioofactivelateralpressuretoverticalpressure
=coefficientofslidingfrictionbetweenfillmaterialandsidesoftrench
TheproductKrangesfrom0.1to0.16formostsoils

FLOWINGRAVITYSEWERS
Sewersrarelyflowfullandaredesignedasopen
channels
ForceMains(Invertedsiphonsanddischargelines)
fromsomepumpingstationsflowunderpressure
Minimumvelocityof2ft/sec(0.6m/sec)shouldbe
maintained
Topreventdepositionofsandandgravelavelocityof
0.75m/s(2.5ft/s)isrecommended
Toavoiddamagingtosewersthemaximumflow
velocitiesshouldbelimitedtovaluesequaltoorless
than10ft/sec(3m/sec)

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SEWERVENTILATION
Ventilationinsewersisneededtoavoid
Dangerofasphyxiationofsewermaintenance
employees
Thebuildupofodorousgases
Thedevelopmentofexplosivemixturesofsewergases
(CH4&O2)

Sulphide GenerationMechanism
inSewerNetwork

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