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The fault on the power system which gives rise to symmetrical fault current i.e.,
equal fault currents in the lines with 1200 displacement is called a symmetrical fault
VR
VY
VB
IR IY IB
Short Circuit
The symmetrical fault occurs when all the three conductors of a three phase line
are brought together simultaneously into short circuit as shown in figure. This type of
fault gives rise to the symmetrical currents with 120 0 displacement. Fault currents IR, IY,
and IB wil be equal in magnitude with 1200 displacement among them. Because of the
unbalanced nature of fault, only one phase need be considered in calculations since the
conditions in the other two phases will be similar.
(i) The symmetrical fault rarely occurs in practice as majority of the faults are of
the unsymmetrical in nature. However, symmetrical fault calculations are
done to enable the power system problem
(ii) The symmetrical fault is the most severe and imposes more heavy duty on the
circuit breaker
If a fault occurs on the feeder at point F, Then the short circuit current from the
generating station will have a value limited by the impedance of generator and
transformer and the impedance of the line between generator and the point of faults. This
shows that the knowledge of the impedance of various equipment and circuits in the line
of the system is very important for the determination of short circuit currents.
In many situations , the impedances limiting the fault current are largely reactive,
such as transformers, reactors and generators , cables and lines are mostly resistive but
where the total reactance in calculations exceeds three times the resistance, the later is
usually neglected.
Percentage Reactance:
The reactance of the generators, transformers, reactors etc, is usually expressed in
percentage reactance
The percentage reactance of a circuit is defined as the percentage of total phase
voltage dropped in the circuit when full load current is flowing .
IX
%X 100
V
KVA X
%X 100
10 ( kV ) 2
V
I SC
X
100
I
%X
BaseKVA
% reactance at base KVA = % reactance at rated KVA
RatedKVA
The product of the normal system voltage and short circuit current at the point of
fault is expressed in KVA is known as short circuit current KVA.
100
Short circuit current, Isc = I
%X
Short circuit KVA for 3- circuit
3VI sc
1000
3VI 100
1000 % X
100
Short circuit KVA =Base KVA
%X
Draw a single line diagram of the complex network indicating the rating,
voltage and percentage reactance of each element of the network
Choose numerically convenient base KVA and convert all the percentage
reactance to this base value
Corresponding to the single line diagram of this network draw the
reactance diagram showing one phase of the system and the neutral.
Indicate the percentage reactance diagram. The transformer in the system
should be represented by the reactance in series.
Find the total % reactance of the network upto the point of fault . Let it be
X%.
Find the full load current corresponding to the selected base kVA and the
normal system voltage at the fault point. Let it be I
The various short circuit calculations are :
100
Short circuit current, Isc = I
%X
100
Short circuit KVA =Base KVA
%X
R L
V=
i = is + it
2V sin(t )
is = Z
it = -is .e-(R/L)t
2V sin( ) ( R / L ) t
= Z
e
i = is + it
Symmetrical Short circuit Current
DC offset current
V
is
2V
sin( )
Z
it
The sinusoidal steady state current is called the symmetrical short circuit current
and the unidirectional transient component is called as DC offset current, which causes
the total short circuit current to be unsymmetrical till the transient decays.
The maximum momentary short circuitMaximum current immMomentary
correspondscurrent
to the first peak. If
i
the decay of the transient current in this short time
mm is neglected.
i=is + it
2V 2V
imm sin( )
Z Z
Since the transmission line resistance is small , =90o
2V 2V
i mm cos
Z Z t
This has the maximum possible value for = 0 , i.e., short circuit occurring
when the voltage wave is going through zero. Thus,
2V
i mm (max imumpossible) 2
Z
= twice the maximum of symmetrical short circuit (doubling effect)
i.e., if the Dc offset does not die out and so contributes to the current to be
interrupted
Xl Xa
Eg Synchronous Reactance Xd
Consider now a sudden short circuit (three phase) of a synchronous generator
initially operating under open circuit conditions. The machine undergoes a transient in
all the three phase finally ending up in steady state conditions. The circuit breaker must
of course interrupt the current much before steady state conditions are reached.
Immediately upon short circuit DC offset currents appear in all the three phases, each
with a different magnitude since the point on the voltage wave at which the short circuit
occurs is different for each phase. These DC offset currents are accounted for separately
on an empirical basis and therefore for short circuit current is limited only by the leakage
reactance of the machine. Since the air gap flux cannot change instantaneously(theorem
of constant flux linkage) to counter the demagnetization of the armature short ci8rcuit
current, currents appear in the field winding as well as the damper winding in a direction
to help the main flux. The time constant of the damper winding which has low leakage
inductance is much less than that of the field winding, which has the high leakage
inductance. Thus during the initial part of the short circuit the damper and field windings
have transformer currents induced in them so that in the circuit model their reactance
Xf & Xdw appear in parallel to Xa.
1
Xl
The reactance presented by the machine in the initial period 1 1 1
X a X f X dw
= Xd is called the sub transient reactance while the effective after the damper winding
have died out i.e., Xd =Xl + (Xa Xf) is called the transient reactance of the machine
X dw
Xl Xf
Xd
+
Eg Direct axis sub- transient reactance
Xf
-
Xl Xa
Sub transient
Transient
Steady state
The machine offers atime varying reactance which changes from X d to Xd and
finally Xd Actual Envelope
Eg Em
STEP -1
F
Xdm
X dg
Vo
E g Em
+
Vo
STEP -2 -
The Thevenin equivalent of the circuit is given by
F
X
Xdg
G
The prefault voltage Io does not appear in the passive Thevenin impedance
network.
STEP-3
F
+
Vo
-
Zf
F
X
Xdg
X dm
I g If
(X '
dg X X dm )
'
X ' dg
I m If
'
( X dm X X dg )
'
Ifg = Io + Ig
Ifm = Io + Im(in the direction of Im)
n
1
r
2
Gr
G1 G2
gG
Consider an N-Bus system gGsystematically operating at steady load. The first step
towards short circuit computation is to obtain prefault gG voltages at all buses and currents in
all lines through load flow study. Let gG us indicate the prefault voltage vector as
V10
0
V2
V BUS
o
Vo
n
Let us assume that the r th
bus is faulted gG
gG gG through fault impedance Zf. The post fault
voltage vector is given by
f
V Bus V Bus
o
V
STEP-2
Figure shows the passive Thevenin network of the system with their subtransient
reactances.
n
1
r
2 If
-
Vf
+
Zf
X d1 Xd2
X dr X dn
STEP-3
We now excite the passive thevenin network with V or in series with Zf. The V
comprise of the bus voltages of this network.
gG
gG
V =ZBUS J f
gG
gG g
g
G
Z 11 Z 1n gGG
g
G
Z BUS = bus impedance matrix of the passive thevenin network.
Z n1 gG
Z nn
gG gG
gG gG
Jf = bus current injection vector
Since the network is injected with the current If only at the rth bus.
0
0
.
f
J = .
I rf I f
.
0
Vr = -Zrr If
Vr f Vr0 Vr0
Vr0 Z rr I f
However, the voltage must be equal.
Vr f Z f I f
Hence,
Z f I f Vr0 Z rr I f
Vr0
If f
Z Z rr
At the ith bus
Vi Z ir I f
Vi f Vi 0 Z ir I f
i = 1,2,3,n
Z rr
Vi f Vi 0 Vr0
Z rr Z f
Z f Vr0
Z rr Z f
Reference books:
Modern power System Analysis Nagrath & Kothari Chapter Number 9
Electric power system by C.L.Wadhwa Chapter Number 13
Principles of Power System by V.K.Metha Chapter Number 17
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