A Review On Performance Comparison of VCRs &VARs

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Technology & Research

Volume 1, Issue 5, May 2017 Available at: www.dbpublications.org
International e-Journal For Technology And Research-2017
A Review on Performance Comparison of

VCRs &VARs
1
Madhvendra Kumar Dwivedi, 2 Mr. Dheerandra Singh
Mechanical Engineering Department
1, 2
Madan Mohan Malaviya University of technology
Gorakhpur, India
ABSTRACT: Vapour Absorption range of temperature for high coefficient of

performance. In this system the low pressure
Refrigeration Systems (VARS) and vapour
temperature of the vapour refrigerant is enters into
compression refrigeration system (VCRS) both are
the compressor through the inlet valve where its
widely used for refrigeration purpose. The major
compressed to a high temperature and pressure and
differences in both the system are in vapour
this refrigerant is discharge into the condenser
compression refrigeration systems the input supply
where heat is removed. An automatic expansion
is compressor work which is high grade of energy
valve is used for reducing the pressure and this low
whereas in vapour absorption systems main input is
pressure refrigerant enters into the evaporator [4].
heat supply in the generator which is low grade
energy. Energy is an essential requirement for the
economic development of any country, so our main
aim is to save energy, unless VCRS have high
performance future scope is VARS are primarily
used in large commercial and industrial
installations .In this paper discusses the various
methods for increasing the performance of both
systems so this paper focuses on the suitability of
both systems.
Keywords: Refrigeration, Coefficient of
Performance, Vapour Absorption Refrigeration
System, Vapour Compression Refrigeration
System.
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Vapour compression refrigeration system
(VCRS).
When the term refrigeration comes we make up

the mind about refrigerator that works on the Fig 1- A simple VCRS [4]
electrical supply and provides us cooling, ice and
1.2. Vapour Absorption refrigeration system (VARS).
preserves our beverages and food items from
getting exhausted. In these types of refrigerators the The vapour absorption refrigeration system
components that are used are compressor, (VARS) comprises all processes in the vapour
condenser, and evaporator and expansion valves. compression refrigeration system like
Basic principle taken from first and second law of Condensation, Expansion and Evaporation are
thermodynamics .This system would have wide same only change is replacing the Compressor with
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Generator Absorber and Pump. In the vapour
absorption system the refrigerant used is ammonia-
R. A. Saidur et.al The COP of VCRS is higher than
water, lithium bromide etc. The refrigerant gets
VARS for same temperature limit There is no any
condensed in the condenser and it gets evaporated requirement of superheating and sub cooling
when enter in the evaporator. Low pressure phenomenon in VARS but in VCRS some time
ammonia vapour increases its pressure and enters refrigerant which was in liquid form is the serious
into the generator by Pump. Weak solution reverses problem for the compressor. In VARS liquid refrigerant
back the absorber whereas strong solution enters in the evaporator is not a serious problem. The COP of
the condenser through the liquid separator. The VCRS decreases at part loads but VARS does not .Also
refrigerant produces cooling effect in the the VCRS has the severity of noise and vibration along
evaporator and releases heat to the atmosphere via with requirement of maintenance more than that of a
VARS. The VARS are the echo friendly so there are no
the condenser [3].VARS are primarily used in large
any issue regarding environment for using. [10]
commercial and industrial installations. Compared
with vapour-compression systems, ARS have one P. L.Vikas et.al. The result shows that the hot vapour
major advantage. The mixture should be safe, from the generator which enters the evaporator coil
chemically stable, noncorrosive, and inexpensive without disturbing its phase and thus reduced the cooling
and should be available easily. The refrigerant effect .Concentration of Ammonia was design for 50%
should have high heat of vaporization [17].A liquid but commercially 25% concentration is available in the
market [14].
is compressed instead of a vapour and as a result
the work input is very small (on the order of one V. K Gupta et.al .The system therefore has less power
percent of the heat supplied to the generator) The consumption and higher capacity due to the compression
NH3-H2O mixture is environmental friendly which of flash gas only from the intermediate pressure which is
is the only useful working pair currently used for higher than evaporating pressure and a low quality of
refrigeration purposes in absorption systems, and refrigerant which enters into evaporator. Its exergetic
despite of the new mixtures under investigation, the efficiencies were 26% and 24% higher than these of the
ammonia- Water mixture is the only one with a conventional single-stage cycle for R12 and R134a,
respectively although the addition of extra components
clear future [14]
such as flash tank, expansion valves etc causes extra
irreversibility. Total overall irreversible losses are lower
to the single stage cycle. [15] When the temperature
increases, heat pumps with a single-stage cycle become
increasingly inefficient. This is especially true for
conventional air-source heat pumps operating in colder
climates. The disadvantages may be overcome by
operating the two-stage heat pump of
compression/expansion. Figure 3 shows a two-stage
cycle utilizing for flash tank economizer. The flash tank
has three functions: separated the liquid and vapour
phases, desuperheat the discharge gas from low pressure
compressor and to cool the liquid with the condenser to
the saturated temperature for the intermediate
pressure.[15]
Figure: 2 A simple vapour absorption refrigeration

systems [1]
2. Literature Review on VARS

&VCRS


increase, decrease and remain same depends upon
the refrigerants.
3.3 Effect of increase in condenser pressure:
When increasing the condenser pressure this

causes Reduction in refrigerating effect (RE),
increase in compressor Work because it is the
function of initial temperature and pressure ratio.
Hence Reduction in COP, by increasing the
pressure ratio volumetric efficiency decreases. In
Figure: 3 Two-stage heat Pump
simple languages volumetric efficiency is the
breathing capacity of the compressor [8].
Siddhesh S. Arote et.al .Electric based VARS and

Evaluate the COP for mixture of lithium bromide water
and ammonia-water. When exhaust gas as a source of
energy the same COP obtained and observed that it
depends on the working conditions of the condenser,
absorber, evaporating temperature, and generator. The
water-ammonia vapour concept for utilizing exhaust
waste heat, because it is the important source of energy,
only to operate the pump very small electric power used.
The input heat energy potential power is the source for
VARS [16]. Figure:4 Increase in condenser pressure:
Khaled S.et.al. Worked on the topic for liquid absorption

and solid absorption system for household, industrial and
automobile applications .They show that liquid 3.4 Effect of decrease in evaporator pressure:
absorption is more common in industry applications,
where as solid absorption systems were suitable for When decrease the evaporator pressure or low
running automobiles, owing for their limitations of liquid pressure no change in refrigerating effect (RE), by
handling, with the recycle of waste heat and also the
increasing the pressure ratio increase in work input
utilization of clean solar energy [18].
so COP decreases and due to increase in pressure
ratio volumetric efficiency decreases.
3. Performance of V- C System.
3.1 Effect of sub cooling:
When sub cooling perform in the condenser

refrigerating Effect (RE) increases there are no
change work input so by the sub cooling COP
increases.
3.2 Effect of superheating (in evaporator):

If superheating is done there is increase in
refrigerating Effect (RE) for the same pressure ratio
refrigerants work input increases so COP may


Figure: 5 decrease in evaporator pressure coil of heat exchanger by the heat it was absorbed
and compressed in the second and pass through the
3.5 Effect of flash chamber use in V-C system: cooling chamber [5]
Thermodynamically there is no change in

refrigerating effect & cop of the system when using 4. Types of vapour absorption
flash chamber only liquid refrigerant was absorbing refrigeration system
heat from storage space and after using flash
chamber it is the same liquid refrigerant which 4.1: Water-Lithium Bromide (LiBr-H2O) System-
absorb heat from storage space. At the inlet of for moderate temperatures (0C and above)
evaporator only liquid refrigerant absorbs heat from applications especially in large capacity air
the storage so no need of vapour refrigerants in conditioning system. Here H2O is the refrigerant
evaporator therefore by using flash chamber liquid and Li Br is the absorbent. The Lithium Bromide-
refrigerants separate from vapour at the inlet of Water pair since water is use as refrigerant for
evaporator so this decreases the size of evaporator these reasons Li-Br - H2O systems are becoming
[6]. more popular. [4].
3.6 Decreasing the throttling losses 4.2 Ammonia-Water (NH3- H2O) System-for low
temperature less than 0 refrigeration applications
In VCRS throttling is one of the irreversible with NH3 as refrigerant and as H2O as a absorbent
processes so this device is one of the main causes [2].There is another substance used in combination
of irreversible loss in cycle efficiency. A portion of with refrigerant and that is known as absorbent.
the refrigerant flashing to vapour during the These pairs are frequently used in industrial
expansion process is reduces this losses. Other way purpose as cold storage; ice plant etc where
minimum temp. is requirement.
To eliminate these throttling losses is to change the
single-stage expansion to a multistage expansion
5 Modification of Vapour
where flash gas is removed after each throttling
stage. For smaller expansions and compressions Absorption Refrigeration System
reduce the refrigerant pressure to the required [5]
pressure of evaporator. [7]
There are some drawbacks which induced in VARS
3.7 Cascading of vapour compression system are as below:
In the cascade system consists there are two or

The rich solution entering the generator
three separate simple cycles operating in adding
are low temperature and the poor solution
with each other at different temperature levels. The
which was entering the absorber are at
connecting point is a heat exchanger between the
high temperature.
different stages. This interstate heat exchanger is
the condenser for the first stage and the second
.Present of absorbent in the vapors
stage is the evaporator .Starting with the low leaving the generator and going to
pressure cycle, the vapour from the evaporator was
refrigerant circuit.
compressed into the different stage compressor and
send to the interstate heat exchanger where it These two are discussed along with proposed
rejects up its heat to the second evaporator coil. modification.
The condensed liquid was flows to the first stage
expansion valve and the evaporator, complete the 5.1. Used liquid-liquid Heat exchanger in the
low pressure cycle. The vapour generated in the solution channel.


The saturated rich solution must be heated from the 5.2. Using analyzers - the exhausting column
absorber temp. (ta) to the bubble temp t1 where the and Dephlegmator
saturated poor solution must be cooled to t 3 in the
absorber. This was insufficient since useful heat In NH3-H2O system the vapour coming out from
must be added in generator and rejected in the generator containing considerable amount of
absorber. System can be improved by inducing absorbent vapour which reaches evaporator after
regenerative heat exchanger .Thus reduction in the condensation this cause evaporation would not be
amount of heat added in generator and increase isothermal and required low temp. Would not be
COP. Size would also reduce in this system .[7] reach in the evaporator.fig 7
6. Components of VARS
6.1 Generator:
Generator denotes as the power house of absorption

refrigeration system. . Heat is then supplied to the
mixture, due to refrigerants vaporizes and leaves a
weak solution of ammonia where the weak solution
would drain out through the pressure reducing
valve from other side of absorber. Heat supply to
Generator uses waste energy sources so it is useful
in future or its higher scope.
6.2 Condenser:
The condenser is a finned tube heat exchanger

where coolant separated in both the low generator
Fig 6- Diagram shows cooling and heating of poor
and rich solution. and the single effect generator is directly
condensed by the outdoor air or water. Refrigerant
flows inside a cooper tube while air or water
circulates through the aluminum fins in a cross
flow configuration. As well know, the heat transfer
coefficients of the air are quite low but both have
the purpose of cooling.
6.3 Evaporator absorber assembly:
The evaporator and the absorber are assembled

together in the same chamber for the purpose of
water vapor generated in the evaporator is directly
absorbed by the solution in the absorber. This
minimizes the piping between both components its
Fig 7- Diagram shows the effect of absorbent in
also reduces the pressure drop and consequently
the evaporator.
improves the absorption process when the chilled
water circulates inside a cooper coil and the
refrigerant drops on its outer surface. With the
purpose of improving the heat transfer from the
chilled water to the refrigerant, both inner and outer


surfaces of the tube coil tube are enhanced surfaces because energy supplied to the generator decreases
fins. which is the only input for the system. Also, the
absorber heat rejection decreases, so the
6.4 Expansion devices: requirement of cooling media (water) decreases.
Two expansion valves where installed in the first at Apart from lower COP of vapour absorption
the outlet of the condenser and the second at the refrigeration system it is better to use because of its
exit of the sub-cooler. They consist of two flow eco-friendly in nature or behaviour.
restrictor devices generating a pressure drop in the
refrigerant entering the evaporator chamber. These
are hand controlled valves [2].
9 REFERENCES:
6.5 Pump:
[1] S.C. Kaushik, Akhilesh Arora, (2009), Energy
Pump helps to pumping of the rich solution from
and exergy analysis of single effect and series flow
evaporator pressure to condenser pressure. Specific
double effect waterlithium bromide absorption
volume of liquid is small which was present at the
refrigeration systems. 1247 1258
entry of pump (W= ) so pump work is
negligible in VARS. [8] [2]Demirocak, Dervis (2008), Emerging
thermodynamic and economic analysis of a solar
7 Coefficient of performance of thermal powered adsorption cooling system, Oct-
systems: 2008.
[3] Gomri, R (2009)., Second law comparison of

COPVCRS =
single effect and double effect vapour absorption
refrigeration systems, Energy Conversion and
In case of VCRS performance should be increased Management, Vol. 50, pp. (1279-1287 ).
either by increasing refrigerating effect or decrease
work input to the system. COP of VACRS is [4] Nwanya Stephen Chijioke, (2010), use of
usually greater than 1. [12] energy method to simulate the performance of
LiBr-H2O absorption system, Nigerian journal of

COPVARS= technology, vol. 29 no.1.

In vase of VARS performance should be increased [5] Uppal AH, Norton B, Probert SD (1986), A
by decreasing the heat supply to the generator.COP low-cost solar-energy stimulated absorption
of VARS is usually less than 1. refrigerator for vaccine storage Applied Energy
1986; 25: 16774.
8 CONCLUSIONS: [6] Nguyen Q. Minh, Neil James Hewitt, Philip
Charles Eames (2006) Improved Vapour
In VARS liquid refrigerant are not a serious Compression Refrigeration Cycles International
problem while is in VCRS it have very large Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference.
demerits. Unless VARS have low COP, this system
is more preferable because of scarcity of electricity [7] Sohail Bux, A.C.Tiwari (2014), Natural
and also waste heat is available and waste heat Refrigerants Based Automobile Air Conditioning
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Volume-2.
the absorber exit COP continuously increases


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International e-Journal For Technology And Research-2017