Titanic

RMS Titanic was the ocean liner Olympic-class ocean liner owned by the White Star
Line . In its time it was the largest passenger steamship world. It was designed for the
transportation of passengers and mail between Europe and North America . On this
route had to compete with similar companies liners Cunard Line - Mauretania and the
Lusitania . The capacity of the boat allowed to carry 2,453 passengers until
2603 [P. 1] and a limited number of carriages or cars . The ship operation and passenger
comfort has fostered 885-899 crew members.

Titanic but failed during its maiden voyage.

April 14. 1912 at 23:40 a steamer collided with an iceberg . After almost three hours, at
dawn on April 15 at 2:20, sank to the bottom. Killing around 1,500 passengers and
crew. The reason for the high death toll was especially the lack of lifeboats and poor
organization of rescue work.

Destruction of the Titanic have received wide publicity for the large number of victims,
among whom were many wealthy and celebrities, because of the legends that have
arisen about the causes and course of sinking, and finally after the discovery of well-
preserved shipwreck in the depths of the Atlantic .

Design and construction

The Titanic was built in Belfast in the shipyards of Harland & Wolff commissioned
by White Star Line , the second of a series of three Olympic class ships
( RMS Olympic , RMS Titanic andHMHS Britannic ). The construction of these ships
was a response to a rival company Cunard Line owns
liners RMS Lusitania and RMS Mauretania . Project Titanic, designed by Lord Pirrie ,
who was the director of the shipyard Harland and Wolff and the shipping company
White Star. On the building and construction work chief designer Thomas
Andrews , [12] site manager and chief designer Alexander Carlisle , [13] the general
manager and chief designer responsible not only for decoration and interior of the
vessel and which also proposed a mechanism for lowering the lifeboats . Carlisle
in 1910 but left the company Welin Davit & Engineering Company Ltd. and other works
on the Titanic did not participate.
Titanic was 269.1 meters long and 28.25 meters wide. Gross tonnage accounted for
46,328 GRT at discharge 52 31 tons at maximum draft 10.54 m. The height of the deck
from the waterline was 18 m. These figures reveal that the Titanic was larger than its
predecessor, Olympic , and in its time was the largest seagoing vessel . [7] The hull was
for safety reasons divided into 16 flood chambers and the bottom of the ship was
doubled. This design was Titanic ensure the highest safety and contributed to the notion
that it is unsinkable. This assumption is exaggerated and specialist
magazine Shipbuilder , who wrote that "after the closure of watertight doors in
bulkheads, the ship becomes practically unsinkable." The boat was afloat in case of
flooding to 4 of the watertight chambers simultaneously.
To drive the propellers, auxiliary units and power supply was installed a total of
29 steam generators (24 double-sided steam boilers 6 firebox and 5 unilateral boiler
furnace 3) in six separate boiler rooms , with a total of 159 furnace . All boilers have a
diameter of 4.79 m. Length sided boilers was 6.08 mA unilateral 3.5 meters. [15] The
smoke from the boilers was channeled into three, 19-meter tall, chimney , natural
draft. Use fans to blew air under the grate in the furnace . Besides the three main
chimney was installed and a fake chimney at the rear serving as the main
outlet ventilation and chimney kitchen . The ship then four chimneys looking more and
more dignified. In boilers developed steam for two four-cylinder combined steam
engines with three-stage sequential expansion, each rated at
15,000 horsepower with reversing operation , and a low pressure turbine with an output
of 16,000 horsepower without the possibility of reversing. [16] The steam turbine was
placed in the fifth watertight chamber from the rear, piston machines in the
sixth. Registered output was 50 000 hp , but the combined power of all sets was
estimated up to 55,000 hp . The ship had three propellers , the middle of a weight of
22 tons with four blades, extreme weighing 38 tons with three blades. The maximum
boat speed was estimated at 24 knots (44 km / h), but the Titanic never sailed.
Thomas Andrews, chief engineer

Rudder was Titanic , only one, moreover, was short and small flat.The rudder moved
quadrant ( 45 ) and was ruled over by transfer gear . To reduce vibrations resulting
flow of water propellers and in case of rapid changes of position are inserted into the
mechanism stiff springs , damping these vibrations. Rudder was dominated by the twin
steam engines. The operation was used but only one,
the second was a backup, and to work on a common shaft. In case of emergency it was
possible to control the rudder rope transfers through two winches .
With the construction of RMS Titanic was started 31. March 1909 and construction was
funded by J. P. Morgan and his company International Mercantile Marine Co. The hull
was water running 31. May 1911 at 12:13. Further work on the completion lasted almost
another year and be completed by 31. March 1912 , which was followed by a test
cruise.

Facilities

Comfort

Already in the interior design and equipment for the Titanic reckoned that should
represent luxury and wealth . The ship was equipped with an
onboard telephone communication system, a library and a barber shop . [20] For first-
class passengers were also available pool , gym , playground for squash , Turkish
bath , electric bath and Veranda Cafe . [21] Also, the Caf Parisien offered specials for
first class passengers, which could consume the sunny porch decorated with
lattice. [22] Meeting rooms First Class were lined with carved wood paneling,
expensive furniture and other decorations. In third grade equipment was
modest, pine paneling and sturdy teak furniture. [21]

The difference cabins and facilities provided comfort evidenced by the price
differences boat tickets . Price saloon cabin : 350 4 USD / 870 pounds (at today's
prices 128 000 USD); Cabin in first class: 150 USD / 30 (in today's prices 4 400
USD); Cabin in the second grade: USD 60 / 13 (in today's prices 1 900 USD) and
boarding pass for a third class: 20-40 USD / 3-8 pounds (at today's prices from 440 to
1,170 USD). [23]

The ship had been equipped with sophisticated technology. These achievements
included the three electric elevators in first class and one in second class and the ship
was fully equipped with electric lighting . Communication with the outside world ships
provide two radio stations Marconi about 000 power 5 of watts . At one station in shifts
they alternated two Marconi operators and their task was to send and receive personal
messages. [24]The telegraphic service was designed for first-class passengers. The most
 [25]
expensive one-way transatlantic transmission was 870 pounds, which is equivalent to
63,837 pounds in 2011, or $ 1,363, ie. $ 30,917 in 2011.

Other features belonged space for walking dogs, hospital with an operating theater
instead of a conventional ship's infirmary, refrigerated warehouse cut flowers, quarters
for servants and other first-class. [26]

Lifeboats
RMS Titanic , as well as other vessels for the transport of passengers by water, must be
equipped with lifeboats . White Star in approving the number of lifeboats and their
capacities based on the then current maritime regulations and requirements of
the Board of Trade . These regulations require only the capacity of lifeboats, which
corresponds to the discharge vessel and the expected amount of passengers. For this
determination but were improperly used data from a sister ship Olympic dating
from 1911 , when the number of passengers on the Olympic did not exceed 1,100
people. [27] The result was the installation of only 20 lifeboats with a total capacity of
1,178 people, it is about 1/3 of the total capacity of the Titanic . [P. 5] At the time of the
disaster were on the Titanic over 2,200 people. According to regulations, the Board of
Trade was to determine the number of lifeboats correct because the British ships with a
displacement of 10,000 tons should bear 16 boats with a total tonnage of 5,500 ft
(cubic feet), ie. 160 m plus other sufficient capacity for other rescue vessels capacity of
75%, which is reduced to 50% for vessels with watertight bulkheads, compared to the
capacity of the lifeboats. In this case, allow the company White Star Line benefit from
the exemption for vessels with watertight bulkheads and total capacity in emergency
appropriations reduced by up to 756 people. Under these regulations allow the
company White Star Line to install and fewer boats, but gave them more than it was
imposed regulations. [28] Even this increase, above requirement regulations, not enough
then.

One of Engelhardtovch folding boats Titanic with survivors, taken aboard

the Carpathia

Of the 20 boats were 14 large wooden boats with a capacity of 65 persons, 2 called.
Emergency cutters with a capacity of 40 persons and 4 Engelhardtovy folding boats with
a capacity of 47 persons. These have canvas sides with cork rim and could serve either
as a raft when running sidewalls or boat when lifting. [29] [30]
One of Engelhardtovch folding boats Titanic with survivors, taken aboard the Carpathia

Large boats and cutters , numbered 1 to 16 boats with even numbers were mounted on
the port side, with odd starboard. Folding boats were lettered A, B, C and D. Two
emergency cutters were right at the front next to the wheelhouse, one on the starboard
side, one on the port side. Fourteen large boats was divided after seven on each side of
the ship, three front and four rear. Folding boats were divided into two on the starboard
and port side. Boats C and D were placed side cutters, the second row, and should be
run by the same brackets . Folding boats A and B were unfavorably placed up on the
roof of the officers' quarters, in the third row, even under normal conditions, it is difficult
to find these boats, weighing about 1,350 kilograms, get on the boat deck between the
loader arms and run on the level. [29] [31]

Titanic was equipped with modern Welinovmi twin booms. Their arms can be tilted on
both sides, so that it could serve a second row of lifeboats on board housed inside.
From that, however, it was abandoned because the boat deck was so crowded and so
reduce the space for passengers and promenade worsened ocean views.
Clash
Evasive and collision with an iceberg

Since the announcement of the Crow's Nest in a collision with an iceberg 37 seconds
elapsed. [67]

Titanic had great weight and therefore a high inertia, small rudder, the glacier was
noticed too late and, according to some opinions, the first officer Murdoch, after
receiving a message from the basket by Moody's did not deliver quite correct
commands. In fact, Murdoch gave the order entirely logical - gave them a way to
prevent head-on collision with an unknown object - quite good and cold. That the
resulting burst side of the ship to the Titanic was far more devastating than a frontal
crash, the question of construction of the ship and not erroneous commands an officer
who did everything to save the ship. Murdoch was also frequently accused of whole
disaster, but unjustly. His reaction was to avoid an obstacle directly textbook - lack of
time for such a maneuver was not his fault. This resulted in the Titanic slowly began to
diverge from its original course, bow to the left. Changing course was not enough to
make Titanic iceberg avoided. The question remains to what extent the subsequent
Murdoch's command: "Full reverse" counterproductive to the previous command to a
deflection direction of the cruise. Reversing screws is reduced (due to the formation of
water vortices) the effectiveness of the rudder. Titanic crashed into an iceberg on the
right side just behind the nose. The collision occurred when the officer gave the
command to reverse run machines and then closed the watertight
bulkheads. [58] Although the crew and passengers did not feel a direct impact, but only
shake ship within 10 seconds, a chasm underwater, but above the double bottom, a
length of 90 meters, which reached up into watertight compartments, no. 6, container
and coal for the fifth boiler. The rift stretched about three meters in height above the
keel. [58]
Side boat layout with a description of the individual parts of the hold (in English), including watertight bulkheads
(red) and glacier caused cracks (green)

While on the upper decks looked no dramatic impact, the deck was different. On board
D, which served as accommodation stokers, the impact was felt very strongly. Stoker
John Thompson later said the impact some dropped out of beds. The main stoker
William Small commanded all the "down" (the boiler room), but this was no longer
possible because the space beneath hatches already flooded water. [58]

Immediately after the crash came Captain Smith on the bridge to see what
happened. Even before the first officer closed the watertight bulkhead doors each
chamber. [58] The Chamber, however, were waterproof only among themselves, but from
the top toward the decks, it was not. Filling the anterior chamber with the burden on the
ship's hull so that the bow started to drop below the surface and the water was gradually
started to overflow into the other chamber via the upper edge.

Rescue
The closest boat was responding Carpathia Captain Arthur A. ROSTON belonging to
shipping company Cunard, with a displacement of 8,600 tons, sailing from New York
toward the Strait of Gibraltar . Like on the Titanic , and here wireless operators received
reports of icebergs. Cottam radioman was already going off the radio when he heard the
first call of the Titanic for help - CQD and the coordinates 41 46 's. ., 50 14' W. The
report was promptly delivered to the captain. Carpathia was 58 miles away (93 km)
from Titanic . The captain immediately ordered course 308 and deployed patrols to
monitor the levels and reports of observed glaciers. [81] He was well aware of what
awaits passengers in the icy water, and done everything that reached them as soon as
possible, for which he earned both praise and criticism for taking on excessive risk,
because the ship whose maximum speed should be 14 knots (26 km / h), weave ice
field and the floes at a speed of more than 3 units higher. The last radio message
was Carpathia captured at 1:45. [81]

Speed of 17.5 knots (32.4 km / h) cruised Carpathia to the point of sinking . By 3:45
the Carpathia almost on the spot, before four o'clock in the morning leaving the captain
to stop the machine. After four o'clock in the morning was the Carpathia spotted a
signal rocket from one of the lifeboats of the Titanic , about 400 meters away. [81] Less
than ten minutes, at 4:10, the sailors began to pick up the first survivors.
First enthroned boat and were rescued from the boat no. 2, commanded by the fourth
officer Titanic Boxhall. Then followed the pickup of other boats. The situation is
complicated by waves and icebergs floating on the surface, which had boats
and Carpathia avoided. The last boat was the boat no. 12 under the command of 2nd
Officer Lightoller of the Titanic . The boat was overloaded, he could not maneuver well
in waves, and threatened to overturn a few hundred meters from the
Carpathia . Captain Rostron therefore turned Carpathia bow toward the boat and
shortened the distance to "only" 100 meters. Even so, but the survivors did not save
some, while approaching several waves spilled over the bow of the boat and had to bow
to circumnavigate the Carpathia on the leeward side, where the water was calmer. At
8:30 castaways were rescued last. [79] [82] At 8:50 the Carpathia headed towards New
York, the original objective of the voyage of the Titanic . [79]

Victims and rescued

Of the total number of over 2,200 people on board were killed as a result of the sinking
of the Titanic around 1,500 people, which approximately represents 2 / 3 . The main
reason was the human losses hypothermia in cold water at a temperature of -2 C in
the North Atlantic near glaciers, [83] when the death of hypothermia occurs within 15
minutes. [84] Among the victims were the captain, chief officer, first and sixth
officer. Further, chief engineer of the ship with his eight co-workers from the shipyard,
the top strojmistr all engineers and other crew members. She died, most of the 57
millionaires first-class passengers, including multi-millionaires John Jacob
Astor , Benjamin Guggenheim , Ida and Isidor Strausovch and hundreds of other
passengers. The cold waters and killing all five postal officials; W. L. Gwynn, S. J.
March, J., R. J. Smith, J. B. Williamson and O. S. Wood, the shipping band; T. R.
Brailey, R. M. Bricoux, J. F. P. Clarke, W. H. Hartley, J. L. Hume, G. A. Krins, P. C.
Taylor, J. W. Woodward and J. G. Phillips, one of the telegraph, [43] who until the last
moment by radio asking for help.

The last survivor of the Titanic , which was at the event memories, it was then seven
years old girl Eva Hart, who died at age 91 in London on 16 February 1996 (the year
before it was released the Oscar-winning film based on remembering the last survivors
then have 17 years). It was still seven children younger than Hart, but you can not
remember consciously event: Edith Brown Haimanov, Barbara West's and Millvina
Dean (England); Michael Navratil, Louise Larocheov (France), Eleanor Shuman,
Winnifred Tongerloo and Lillian Asplundov from the United States. The youngest and
last surviving passengers of the Titanic, Millvina Dean was born February 2, 1912 and
during the voyage had been two months. She died on May 31, 2009. [85]
Investigations
Even before the Carpathia rescued docked in New York, it was given the scale of the
disaster decided to investigate the events. The Senate of the United States launched an
investigation the day after 19th April 1912 the Carpathia arrived. Investigations led by
Senator William Alden Smith until 25. May 1912 . [90] During the investigation were
written testimonies of survivors and other testimony related to the case. Only after the
completion of testimony were British citizens allowed to leave the United States. [90]

The newspaper The New York Herald deliver a report on the disaster of Titanic

Meanwhile, the British newspaper defamed Senator Smith as the person who has the
misfortune wanted to make capital out. Smith, however, had a reputation as a supporter
rather security, particularly on the railways, and wanted to explore the relationships
between Railroad Tycoon and Titanic because they had a common owner: J. P.
Morgan. [91]
Also on the British side of the inquiry commission was established by the British Board
of Trade, led by Lord Mersey. The Commission has worked since 2. May 1912 until 3
July 1912. The Commission heard the surviving passengers and crew members of the
Titanic , Captain Arthur Rostron ship Carpathia , ship companies Leyland
Line Californian and more. [92] Smith - Senator landlocked State of the Union (Michigan),
sensing an opportunity to highlight, tried to make the main culprit in the disaster Ismaye
Bruce, who was the formal head of the White Star Line, built by his father. White Star
Line was not long ago was not, at that time the company was long owned by the
American Morgan Trust. Ismayovou fault was probably only then that survived - the
media portrayed him as a selfish British billionaire, who took the place of children and
women, in order to preserve his own life. Check that Ismay issued to all sailors in a
lifeboat "for the payment of equipment" was misinterpreted as a bribe. Bruce Ismay was
placid, bored man who has absolutely no interest in ships and navigation - its
interference in the management of the ship is rather absurd myth fueled by films such
as Nazi Titanic. His entrance into the lifeboat, after selflessly helped the crew to fulfill it
and did not see anyone who might be preferred, also showed some signs of
selfishness. Ismay in America scapegoat (he was even arrested) - however unjustly. A
similar fate in Britain later finally received SS Captain Stanley Lord Califorian - who
even wrote several books on his defense.

Movies
The first film processing disaster in the form of silent film Saved from the
Titanic (rescued from the Titanic , 1912) appeared a few months after the disaster. In
one of the main roles appeared actress Dorothy Gibson, who survived the boat 7 and
was the author of the script . The film premiered 14. 5., 1912.
Other films followed:

Atlantic (1929)

Titanic (1943)

Titanic (1953 Oscar for Best Screenplay)

The destruction of the Titanic (1958)

SOS Titanic (1979)

Pickup Titanic (1980)

Titanica (94minutov documentary footage of the wreck)

Titanic (1996)

Titanic ( 1997 , blockbuster director James Cameron , 11 Oscars)

Titanic (2012, co-produced a four-part British TV miniseries)