LTE Technology

Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the latest step in moving forward from the existing
cellular services. LTE is based on standards developed by the 3rd Generation
Partnership Project (3GPP). It is a project of the 3rd Generation Partnership
Project (3GPP), operating under a name trademarked by one of the associations
within the partnership of telecom companies.

LTE standards are described in Release 8 of the 3rd Generation Partnership

Project(3GPP). The 3GPP has declared LTE to be the next-generation global standard for
mobile communications. Its extremely fast, Intelligent and efficient and which makes an
extreme communication experience. Its a safe bet that people are looking for more
bandwidth, better quality and services suiting their own profile.

Communication so far mostly being about people speaking to people, the future of
communication will be about all kind of things speaking to each other through Internet,
i.e.- Internet of things. Every toaster, AC, Car engine could be equipped with low cost
LTE chip that will connect to every growing network. LTE takes into a whole new
dimension in fact its being called the largest growth opportunity in the history of
business.

LTE has many players into it, it has plenty of opportunity for new players to get into it.
The switchover from old network to LTE is fairly easy, theres already a base station and
its just like remote software upgrade.

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 LTE Technology

Chapter II

HISTORY OF LTE

Analog telecommunications standard was introduced in the early 1980s. They

are the first generation of analog phones.

Second Generation phones were fielded in late 1990s. Three primary benefits
of these networks over their predecessors were that phone conversations
were digitally encrypted and speeds up to 64kbps; these systems were
significantly more efficient on the spectrum allowing for far greater mobile
phone penetration levels; and introduced data services for mobile, starting
with SMS text messages.

UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications Standard) were developed in

early 2000 and provided speeds up to 125kbps to 2Mbps.

LTE is a concept raised in 2002. The speed of LTE can theoretically be

promised up to 1Gbps. The beyond will be LTE advance with incredible
transmission speed with no limitation for access and zone size

2.1 Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS)

UMTS is one of the third-generation mobile telecommunications technologies, which is

also being developed into LTE technology. The first deployment of the UMTS is
the release99 (R99) architecture. It includes voice services but the key new feature is
support of high speed data services. Data rates may reach as high as 2mbps.

2.1.1 3GPP

The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) is the forum [1] where standardization is
handled for HSDPA and HSUPA i.e. (UMTS), as well as has been handled from the first
wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA)specification release. Further, 3GPP
also has responsibility for Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)/Enhanced
Data Rates for Global Evolution (EDGE) standardization.

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 LTE Technology

The background of 3GPP is in the days when WCDMA technology was being
standardized following technology selections in different regions during 1997. Following
that, WCDMA was chosen in several places as the basis for third-generation mobile
communication systems and there was regional activity in several places around the same
technological principles. It became evident, however, that this would not lead to a single
global standard aligned down to bit level details. Thus, at the end of 1998 the US, Europe,
Korea and Japan joined forces and created 3GPP.

2.1.2 HSDPA

High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) is a new important step in the 3GPP
network architecture evolution and the basic functionality is specified in Release 5 of the
3GPP standards. HSDPA increases the peak data rate in the downlink direction from 384
Kbit/s to up to 10 Mbit/s - in theory up to 14.4 Mbit/s - and is especially designed to
handle bursty packet traffic in the downlink in an efficient and flexible manner.

The introduction of HSDPA mainly affects network elements in the radio access network
(RAN), such as the radio network controller (RNC), base transceiver station (BTS), and
user equipment (UE).

As a major benefit, the data transmission delay and round trip time is significantly
reduced, due to the fast packet scheduling in the BTS and the fast retransmission scheme
in the physical layer.

HSDPA also improves the spectral efficiency, which in turn means increased capacity in
the radio interface. These benefits together open up new revenue opportunities for the
operator and provide better quality for the end user.

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 LTE Technology

Fig 2.1: HSDPA architecture

2.1.3 HSUPA

High Speed Uplink Data Access (HSUPA) has been introduced as part of the 3GPP
specification framework for improving the uplink packet access capabilities to match
those of HSDPA in the downlink.

HSUPA specifies a similar kind of functionality in the uplink as HSDPA specifies in the
downlink. To be more specific, HSUPA offers fast hybrid automatic repeat request
(HARQ) retransmissions in the physical layer between the UE and BTS, and fast packet
scheduling performed in the BTS instead of the RNC.

Due to these improvements, peak user data rates up to 2 Mbit/s can be achieved in the
uplink. The user data rates, delay properties, cell throughput and cell coverage are
important properties that partly characterize the efficiency of the mobile network system.

HSUPA is designed to improve all these properties and thus enable improved user
experience that brings added value for end users and network operators.

It is estimated that the user data rates are improved by 20 100 % depending on the
network conditions. Round trip times as short as 50 milliseconds can be achieved. The
cell throughput is estimated to improve by 20 50 %. The coverage gain is between 0.5
and 1.5 decibels.

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 LTE Technology

Fig 2.2: HSUPA architecture

2.2 Beyond UMTS

4G (also known as Beyond 3G), an abbreviation for Fourth-Generation, is a term used to

describe the next complete evolution in wireless communications. A 4G system will be
able to provide a comprehensive IP solution where voice, data and streamed multimedia
can be given to users on an "Anytime, Anywhere" basis, and at higher data rates than
previous generations. The approaching 4G (fourth generation) mobile communication
systems are projected to solve still-remaining problems of UMTS (third generation)
systems and to provide a wide variety of new services, from high-quality voice to high-
definition video to high-data-rate wireless channels.

LTE and WiMax are cut above technologies that fall under 4G.

LTE targets requirements of next generation networks including downlink peak

rates of at least 100Mbit/s, uplink rates of 50 Mbit/s and RAN (Radio Access
Network) round trip times of less than 10ms.

WiMAX is a short name for Worldwide Interoperability of Microwave Access.

WiMAX is described in IEEE 802.16 Wireless Metropolitan Area Network
(WMAN) standard. It is expected that WiMAX compliant systems will provide

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 LTE Technology

fixed wireless alternative to conventional DSL and Cable Internet. WiMAX is an

emerging technology that provides high-speed mobile data and telecommunication
services. It is a Last Mile Broadband Internet Access technology

Fig 2.3: Working of WiMAX

CHAPTER III
3.1 Limitations of UMTS

UMTS performance may not meet needs of future high performance application
like multi-media, full motion video, wireless teleconferencing. We need a network
technology that extends UMTS capacity by an order of magnitude.

There are multiple standards for UMTS making it difficult to roam and
interoperate across network, we need global mobility and service portability

The Latency of user plane traffic (UMTS: >30 ms) and of resource assignment
procedures (UMTS: >100ms) is too big to handle traffic with high bit rate
variance efficiently.

It doesnt use the available spectrum as efficiently as LTE, and latency is too high
for demanding, real-time services, such as video.

UMTS deployment is restricted by many factors like interoperability issues, low

battery life, limited coverage, dropped calls on the network and expensive auction
of spectrum licence.

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 LTE Technology

UMTS is based on primarily a wide area concept. We need hybrid network that
utilizes both wireless LAN concept and cell or base station wide area network
design.

We need all digital packet network that utilize IP in its fullest form with coverage
of voice and data.

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 LTE Technology

CHAPTER IV
Long Term Evolution (LTE)

LTE is a relatively new cellular technology intended to greatly increase the speed and
capacity of mobile phone networks. LTE costs are lower, due to simpler architecture and a
more open, standards-based design. Download and upload speeds are much faster due to
technological advances. And LTE presents a much greater opportunity for interoperability.
LTE standards are described in Release 8 of the 3rd Generation Partnership Project
(3GPP). The 3GPP has declared LTE to be the next-generation global standard for mobile
communications. Features of LTE are listed below.

Economically Feasible LTE utilizes a simpler architecture, the latest high-

speed technologies, and commercially available devices all of which create
economies of scale and reduce operating costs for public safety agencies.

Better Performance LTEs numerous technological advances bring better

overall performance. End-users will certainly notice an improved experience, and
the technology itself will be more reliable. Multiple-input multiple-output
(MIMO) technology, for example, will likely be used often with LTE. MIMO puts
several antennas on a tower, rather than one. With more antennas working for the
same communication, performance is significantly improved.

MIMO can employ multiple antennas on both ends transmitter and receiver.
MIMO increases data throughput without the need for additional bandwidth or
increased transmitting power. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
(OFDM) is another technology that will be used often with LTE, helping to make
LTE superior to 3G, which relies on less robust code division multiple access
(CDMA) technology. OFDM splits available spectrum into small units. That
allows signals to be sent in smaller pieces, making LTE much more flexible and
simple to work with than 3G. The smaller pieces also make communications less
likely to be affected by interference, fading and other issues.

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 LTE Technology

High Throughput LTEs high capacity enables improved broadband speed.

Both download and upload speeds are significantly faster than with 3G. Those
whove been working on the development of LTE say users will be amazed at how
much faster LTE is compared to 3G. Orthogonal frequency division multiple
access (OFDMA), an advanced form of modulation that provides robust data
transmissions when used over wide channels, allows LTE to be effective at
bandwidths larger than 5 MHz. By comparison, 5 MHz is the maximum
bandwidth that 3G can work with.

Flat, IP-Based Architecture The architecture for LTE is all IP-based. And its a
flat architecture, meaning there are fewer layers in the network. LTE runs on a
simpler network with fewer elements within it. The result is greater efficiency and
less latency. Flat architecture also reduces costs because its simpler than previous
cellular technologies. And LTE is extremely scalable, making it easier than ever
before to add significant numbers of users.

Low Latency Typical 3G latencies can be 50-60 milliseconds (ms). With LTE,
something around 5-10 ms is much more likely. Latency is very important when it
comes to demanding applications, such as streaming video. Too much latency
degrades the signal and frustrates the end user.

Greater Interoperability With LTEs standardized protocols and interfaces

and everyone using commercially available devices more public safety
personnel can talk to one another. LTE can put more agencies and individuals on
the same communications platform. LTE supports an open-device ecosystem. And
the all-IP nature of LTE helps with interoperability because more and more public
safety agencies are moving to IP-based systems.

Evolved Packet Core (EPC) EPC is a new, all-IP mobile core network for LTE.
Its part of the specifications set forth in the 3GPP Release 8 standards. EPC
unifies voice and data into one sub domain (they were separate sub domains in 2G
and 3G).
EPC is crucial for end-to-end IP service delivery across LTE. It also eases the
introduction of new services and applications.

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 LTE Technology

Bandwidth Flexibility LTE can be flexibly deployed with a wide range of

channel sizes, or carrier bandwidths. These can range from 1.4 MHz wide up to 20
MHz. LTE works well at any level within this range.

Improved Spectral Efficiency LTE is better than previous technologies at

maximizing the use of available spectrum frequency. This is a key asset, since
frequency is allocated by the FCC, and everyone is limited by the amount of
frequency they can use. LTEs improved spectral efficiency lets the system
maximize bandwidth, number of users and user experience.

Lower Battery Drain on Devices The 3GPP has established that LTE shall
include single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA), which
minimizes battery drain on the end-user device. It works by having the device
only send information to a base station when it needs to, rather than the traditional
method of sending data to the base station continuously

4.1 Technologies Associated with LTE

4.1.1 OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)

OFDM technology has been incorporated into LTE because it enables high-data
bandwidths to be transmitted efficiently while still providing a high degree of resilience
to reflections and interference. The access schemes differ between the uplink and
downlink: OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) is used in the
downlink.

OFDMA resembles code division multiple access (CDMA) spread spectrum, where users
can achieve different data rates by assigning a different code spreading factor or a
different number of spreading codes to each user. OFDMA can be seen as an alternative
to combining.
OFDM with time division multiple access (TDMA) or time-domain statistical
multiplexing, i.e. packet mode communication.

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 LTE Technology

In OFDM the signal is first split into independent sub-carriers and these closely-spaced
orthogonal sub-carriers are used to carry the data.
The data is divided into several parallel data streams or channels, one for each sub-carrier.
Each sub-carrier is modulated with a conventional modulation scheme (such as
quadrature amplitude modulation or phase shift keying) at a low symbol rate, maintaining
total data rates similar to conventional single carrier modulation schemes of the same
bandwidth.

Fig 4.1: OFDM scheme

Both OFDM and OFDMA symbols are structured in similar way.

Each symbol consists of:

data sub-carriers (OFDM) or sub-channels (OFDMA) that carry data

(information),
pilot sub-carriers as reference frequencies and for various estimation purposes,

DC sub-carrier as the centre frequency, and guard sub-carriers or guard bands

for keeping the space between OFDM/OFDMA signals.

The OFDM technology used in LTE comprises a maximum of 2048 different sub-carriers
having a spacing of 15 kHz. Although it is mandatory for the mobiles to have capability
to be able to receive all 2048 sub-carriers, not all need to be transmitted by the base

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 LTE Technology

station which only needs to be able to support the transmission of 72 sub-carriers. In this
way, all mobiles will be able to talk to any base station.

Within the OFDM signal it is possible to choose between three types of modulation:

QPSK (= 4QAM) 2 bits per symbol

16QAM 4 bits per symbol
64QAM 6 bits per symbol

The exact format is chosen depending upon the prevailing conditions. The lower forms of
modulation, (QPSK) do not require such a large signal to noise ratio but are not able to
send the data as fast. Only when there is a sufficient signal to noise ratio can the higher-
order modulation format be used.

4.1.2 SC-FDMA (Single Carrier-Frequency Division Multiple Access)

For the LTE uplink, a different concept is used for the access technique. The
implementation is called Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-
FDMA).

SC-FDMA is a hybrid transmission scheme combining the low peak to average (PAR) of
single carrier schemes with the frequency allocation flexibility and multi-path protection.

One of the key parameters that affects all mobiles is that of battery life. Even though
battery performance is improving all the time, it is still necessary to ensure that the
mobiles use as little battery power as possible. With the RF power amplifier that transmits
the radio frequency signal via the antenna to the base station being the highest power item
within the mobile, it is necessary that it operates in as efficient mode as possible. This can
be significantly affected by the form of radio frequency modulation and signal format.
Signals that have a high peak to average ratio and require linear amplification do not lend
themselves to the use of efficient RF power amplifiers.

As a result, it is necessary to employ a mode of transmission that has as near a constant

power level when operating. Unfortunately, OFDM has a high peak to average ratio.

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 LTE Technology

While this is not a problem for the base station where power is not a particular problem, it
is unacceptable for the mobile. As a result, LTE uses a modulation scheme known as SC-
FDMA - Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiplex which is a hybrid format. This
combines the low peak to average ratio offered by single-carrier systems with the
multipath interference resilience and flexible subcarrier frequency allocation that OFDM
provides.

4.1.3 MIMO (Multi-Input Multi-Output)

One of the main problems with previous telecommunications systems concerned

distortion from reflected waves. By using MIMO, these additional signal paths can be
used to advantage and are able to be used to increase the throughput MIMO (multiple
input, multiple output) is an antenna technology for wireless communications in which
multiple antennas are used at both the source (transmitter) and the destination (receiver).
The antennas at each end of the communications circuit are combined to minimize errors
and optimize data speed. MIMO is one of several forms of smart antenna technology, the
others being MISO (multiple input, single output) and SIMO (single input, multiple
output).
The MIMO system uses multiple antennas to simultaneously transmit data, in small
pieces to the receiver, which can process the data flows and put them back together. This
process, called spatial multiplexing, proportionally boosts the data-transmission speed by
a factor equal to the number of transmitting antennas. In addition, since all data is
transmitted both in the same frequency band and with separate spatial signatures, this
technique utilizes spectrum very efficiently.

Fig 4.2: MIMO Smart Antenna Technology

There are two types of smart antennas:

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 LTE Technology

Switched Beam Antennas have fixed beams of transmission, and can switch
from one predefined beam to another when the user with the phone moves
throughout the sector
Adaptive Array Antennas represent the most advanced smart antenna approach
to date using a variety of new signal processing algorithms to locate and track
the user, minimize interference, and maximize intended signal reception.

Smart antennas provide the following benefits:

Optimize available power and Increase base station range and coverage
Reuse available spectrum
Increase bandwidth and Lengthen battery life of wireless devices

4.1.4 Interoperability
LTE hardware from multiple vendors is currently being tested for compatibility with older
technologies such as GSM and 3G networks. The availability of commercial LTE
terminals from multiple vendors and proven interoperability with networks providers is a
prerequisite for any operator to launch commercial LTE services. Interoperability between
infrastructure and terminals is key with every technology, and it is particularly
fundamental in such a new technology like LTE.

LTE is designed to work with legacy technologies such as:

GSM
3G Networks
WCDMA
CDMA-2000
WiMax

4.1.5 SAE (System Architecture Evolution)

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 LTE Technology

With the very high data rate and low latency requirements for 3G LTE, it is necessary to
evolve the system architecture to enable the improved performance to be achieved. One
change is that a number of the functions previously handled by the core network have
been transferred out to the periphery. Essentially this provides a much "flatter" form of
network architecture.
In this way latency times can be reduced and data can be routed more directly to its
destination

4.1.6 Wider Spectrum

A key characteristic of LTE technology is its suitability for deployment in scalable

bandwidths ranging from 1.25 MHz to 20 MHz. To its advantage, it can operate in all
3GPP frequency bands in paired and unpaired spectrum allocations. In practical terms, the
actual performance achievable with LTE depends on the bandwidth allocated for services,
and not the choice of spectrum band itself. In general, demand for high bandwidth is
leading to a greater utilization of wider bandwidth transmission

4.1.7 Mobility Management

Mobility management is one of the major functions of a GSM or a UMTS network

that allows mobile phones to work. The aim of mobility management is to track
where the subscribers are, allowing calls, SMS and other mobile phone services to
be delivered to them.

Features of mobility management in Ipv6:

128bit address space provides a sufficiently large number of addresses.

High quality support for realtime audio and video transmission,
short/bursty connections of web applications, peertopeer applications, etc.
Faster packet delivery, decreased cost of processing no header checksum at each
relay, fragmentation only at endpoints.

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 LTE Technology

Smooth handoff when the mobile host travels from one subnet to another,
causing a change in its Careof Address.

4.2 Security

Security in 4G networks mainly involves authentication, confidentiality, integrity, and

authorization for the access of network connectivity and QoS resources for the UEs
flows.
Firstly, the UE needs to prove authorization and authenticate itself while roaming to a
new providers network. AAA protocols (such as Radius, COPS or Diameter [10])
provide a framework for such support especially for control plane functions (including
key establishment between the UE and AR, authenticating the MN with AAA server(s),
and installing security policies in the UE or ARs data plane such as encryption,
encryption, and filtering), but they are not well suited for mobility scenarios. There needs
to an efficient, scalable approach to address this.

The Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) [6], a recently developed IETF protocol,
provides a flexible framework for extensible network access authentication and
potentially could be useful. Secondly, when QoS is concerned, QoS requests needs to be
integrity-protected, and moreover, before allocating QoS resources for an UEs flow,
authorization needs to be performed to avoid denial of service attacks. This requires a
hop-by-hop way of dynamic key establishment between QoS-aware entities to be
signalled on. Finally, most security concerns in this paper lie in network layer functions:
although security can also be provided by higher layers above the network layer.

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 LTE Technology

CHAPTER V
Differences Between UMTS and LTE

5.1 Difference in Architecture

Fig 5.1: Difference in Architecture

UMTS has Node B as base station and have RNC; s. They have 2 separate
core network, i.e. Circuit switch core network for voice and Packet switch
core network for Data
LTE has multiple eNode Bs. The Core network communicates with eNode B
directly. The voice and Data is all IP

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 LTE Technology

5.2 Difference in Network

Network Feature UMTS Network LTE Network

Voice, data, and rich multi-
Major services Primarily voice
media

1. WAN 1. Broadband IP
Core Network
2. Circuit/Packet switching 2. All packet switched

Network Architecture
Speeds
Frequency Band
Bandwidth
Switching Technology
Access Technologies
Forward Error Correction
Antenna Technology
IP Capabilities
WAN (cell based)
384 Kbps to 2 Mbps
1800-2400 MHz
5-20 MHz
Circuit and Packet
CDMA
Convolutional rate 1/2, 1/3
Optimized antenna design,
Multi-band adapters
IP 5.0
Integration of WAN/Wireless
LAN
20 to 100 Mbps mobile
2 to 8 GHz
100 MHz (or greater)
All digital switching with
packetized voice
OFDM and MC-CDMA
Concatenated coding scheme
Smart Antennas, software
multiband and wideband
radios
All IPv6

Table 5.1: Comparison between UMTS and LTE

5.3 Difference in service

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 LTE Technology

Table 5.2: Differences in service

CHAPTER VI

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 LTE Technology

Applications

Situational Awareness Immediate, dependable communication is critical during an

incident response. The capabilities of LTE get everyone on the same page, faster
than ever before. Is a fire fighter down? With LTE, information can be exchanged
from anywhere, instantly, in many ways. Video can be sent from the scene to
commanders. Messages, images, surveillance videos, floor plans, mug shots
whatever is needed can be instantly disseminated to all responders who need the
information.

Video LTE gives new meaning to the phrase a picture is worth a thousand
words. LTE provides fast transmission of even high definition video. And there
are numerous applications for public safety. For example, during a school
emergency, LTE, with proper integration, can provide responders with access to
the video surveillance feed from inside the school, sending it directly to squad
cars. Video streaming of crime scenes and video conferencing are other examples.
And video can be sent quickly and easily, in both directions. With LTE, video will
likely play a much larger role than ever before.

Digital Imaging LTE enables large fi les to be sent extremely quickly. Detailed
images of crime scenes, disaster scenes, suspects and more all in high
resolution can be sent whenever theyre needed. A photo can be received by a
responder in the field in two seconds. It takes minutes with todays public safety
networks, making it impractical in many situations. With LTE, photos can be sent
quickly in both directions.

Large Data Files If a fire fighter needs to see blueprints of a commercial

o building thats on fire, there arent many options for getting that
information today.
o Sometimes it can be displayed from a CD on a laptop, but thats time-
consuming,
o and the information isnt always up to date. With LTE, very large fi les,
such as

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 LTE Technology

o detailed blueprints, can instantly be sent to numerous devices. And

information
o can be pulled from a variety of other databases as well hazardous
materials, for
o example. With LTE, volumes of data can be received in just seconds

GIS Mapping has become a very useful tool in many applications. LTE will
increase the power of maps for public safety. LTE has functionality that improves
on existing GPS systems, for greater accuracy. With LTE, commanders will be
able to track their people and vehicles more accurately. Having better, real-time
map displays will allow them to coordinate a better response and keep their people
safe. GIS data can be combined with other data to make these maps even more
useful. With a better overall picture, commanders can also leverage LTE to keep
everyone on the response team well informed.

Automatic Vehicle Location LTE makes AVL more accurate and reliable. LTE
supports both GPS and assisted GPS. In assisted GPS, LTE base stations are used
as additional reference points to more accurately fi x the position of fi re engines,
police cars and other vehicles. The system will no longer rely on satellites alone.
This is especially helpful in urban environments, where tall buildings can hinder
GPS. And with LTE, photos or other data can be linked to location information. A
police officer, for example, can automatically be shown crime or suspect
information related to the neighbourhood hes entering in his squad car. Better
AVL also gives improved situational awareness, and lets dispatchers quickly send
additional information to a vehicle based on its location

Computer-Aided Dispatching Today, most information thats sent from

dispatch to a responder is textual. Its often an address, and not much more. With
LTE, dispatch can also send high-definition video, high-resolution photos, detailed
maps and other data pertinent to the response. Video from one responder can be
sent to dispatch, and then from there it can go out to other responders.

Access to Report Management Systems LTE gives faster, greater access to

central

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 LTE Technology

o report management systems. Personnel out in the field will be able to

access data within reporting systems from mobile devices like never
before.

Telemetry/Remote Diagnostics LTE enables more data to be sent automatically

from mobile devices so the data can be analysed elsewhere. Patient data can be
sent from an ambulance to the hospital, for example, so doctors have vital
information before the patient arrives. Diagnostic information for a device or a
vehicle can be sent automatically as well.

Bulk File Transfer Information sharing is at an all-time high. Bulk fi le

transfers require high throughput, which public safety networks typically dont
have. With LTE, bulk file transfers will be very fast. Whether for multiple high-
resolution images or huge amounts of raw data, large files will get there fast with
LTE

Enhanced Day-to-Day Operations Efficiency can be greatly increased when

people have instant remote access to databases for vehicle records or suspect fi
les, or can submit reports electronically. Public safety personnel are more effective
when theres less paperwork to do, or when theyre not waiting for information.
The speed of LTE helps keep public safety personnel focused on their real work. It
helps them do their jobs better.

CHAPTER VII

Features of LTE

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 LTE Technology

The 3GPP group has defined the following as features and standards for LTE
communication

LTE targets requirements of next generation networks including downlink peak

rates of at least 100Mbit/s, uplink rates of 50 Mbit/s.
RAN (Radio Access Network) round-trip times of less than 10ms.
It is suitability for deployment in scalable bandwidths ranging from 1.25 MHz to
20 MHz as well as both FDD (Frequency Division Duplex) and TDD (Time
Division Duplex).
LTE will also support seamless connection to existing networks, such as GSM,
CDMA and WCDMA.
A main objective of Long Term Evolution (LTE) is to support IP multimedia
services, including VoIP and high-speed data applications

It enables smooth handoff between heterogeneous network.

LTE requires a completely new RAN.
LTE has reduced Latency

7.1 Limitations

Handoff Process- Handoff delay poses another important QoS related issue in LTE
network. Although likely to be smaller in intra-network handoffs the delay can be
problematic in internet work handoffs because of authentication procedures that
require message exchange, multiple database access and negotiation-
renegotiation due to significant difference between needed and available QoS

During the handoff process the user may experience a significant drop in QoS that
will affect the performance of both upper-layer protocols and applications.
Deploying can reduce both handoff delay and QoS variability

Wireless system discovery- To discover the available system by processing the

signals sent from different wireless system. And the proposed solution would be
user or system initiated discovered, with automatic download of software modules
for different wireless system.

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 LTE Technology

Wireless system selection- Every wireless system has its unique characteristics
and role. The proliferation of wireless technologies complicates the selection of
the most suitable technology for a particular service and particular time and space.
The wireless system can be selected according to the best possible fit of the user
QoS requirements or available network resources or user preferences.

Support for quality of service- Supporting QoS in 4G network will be a major

challenge due to varying bitrates, channel characteristics, bandwidth allocation,
fault tolerance levels, and handoff support among heterogeneous wireless
network. QoS support can occur at the pocket, transaction, circuit, user and
network levels.

o Packet-level QoS applies to jitter, throughput, and error rate. Network

resources such as buffer space and access protocol are likely influences.

o Transcation-level QoS describes both the time it takes to complete a

transaction and the packet loss rate. Certain transactions may be time
sensitive, while others cannot tolerate any packet loss.

o Circuit-level QoS includes call blocking for new as well as existing calls. It
depends primarily on networks ability to establish and maintain the end-to-end
circuit. Call routing and location management are two important circuit- level
attributes.

o User-level QoS depends on user mobility and application type. The new
location may not support the minimum QoS needed, even with adaptive
application.

CHAPTER VIII
LTE Advanced

Being defined as a 4G technology LTE does not meet some of the requirements of 4G
also called IMT Advanced as defined by the International Mobiles
Telecommunication(IMT).

Dept of ECE,BTI,Bangalore
 LTE Technology

The mobile communication industry and standardisation organisations have therefore

started to work on 4G access technologies such as LTE Advanced.

Proposed Features:

Backward compatibility with LTE and 3gpp legacy systems.

Peak data rate 1 Gbps DL and 500 Mbps UL.
BW about 70 MHz in DL and 40 MHz in UL.
C plane latency from Idle with IP address to Connected less than 50 ms and U plane
latency shorter than 5 ms towards RAN, taking into account 30% retransmissions
(FFS).
Cell edge throughput twice that of LTE.
3 times higher average user throughput than LTE.
3 times more spectral efficient than LTE.
Support of scalable BW and spectrum aggregation.
Peak spectrum efficiency 30 bps/Hz in DS and 15 bps/Hz in UL.

8.1 Support of larger bandwidth in LTE Advanced

In 4G, bandwidths up to 100MHz are foreseen to provide peak data rates up to 1 Gbps. In
general, OFDM provides simple means to increase bandwidth by adding additional
subcarrier. Since Release 8 UE capabilities only support 20MHz bandwidth, the scheduler
must consider a mix of terminals. Due to a fragmented spectrum, the available bandwidth
might also be not contiguous.
To ensure backward compatibility to current LTE the control channels such as
synchronisation, broadcast or PDCCH/PUCCH might be needed per 20MHz.

Some of the main challenges for 100 MHz terminals are:

Availability of RF filter for such a large bandwidth and bandwidths of variable

range
Availability of Analog Digital Converter with such a high sampling rate and
quantization resolution

Dept of ECE,BTI,Bangalore
 LTE Technology

Increased decoding complexity e.g. for channel decoding and increased soft buffer
size

Minimum changes to the specifications will be required if Resource Allocation, MIMO,

Link Adaptation, HARQ etc. are done per 20MHz. The scheduler must operate across the
bandwidth and there will be a larger number of transport blocks per transmission time
interval. Currently the Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) schemes as defined for LTE in
Release 8 are limited to operate in a fully symmetric allocation of paired spectrum. This
makes it difficult to find suitable FDD spectrum allocations and also cannot efficiently
support asymmetric traffic. For LTE Advanced more flexible bandwidth allocations are
currently being considered.LTE Advanced will be standardised in the 3GPP specification
Release 10 and will be designed to meet the remaining 4G requirements as defined by
ITU.

Amongst others 4G technologies must support various bandwidth allocations up to

100MHz and shall support peak data rates up to 1 Gbps for stationary terminals. LTE
Advanced, which is likely to be the first complete 4G technology, will be a smooth
evolution of the LTE standard will be based on same principles. Work on the requirements
is already progressing in 3GPP while work on technology proposals is expected to go on
for some time within the working groups. Several changes on the physical layer can be
expected to support larger bandwidths with more flexible allocations and to make use of
further enhanced antenna technologies. Coordinated base stations with coordinated
scheduling, coordinated MIMO or interference management and suppression will also
require changes on the network.

CONCLUSION
As the history of mobile communications shows, attempts have been made to reduce a
number of technologies to a single global standard. Projected LTE systems offer this
promise of a standard that can be embraced worldwide through its key concept of
integration. Future wireless networks will need to support diverse IP multimedia
applications to allow sharing of resources among multiple users. There must be a low
complexity of implementation and an efficient means of negotiation between the end
users and the wireless infrastructure.

Dept of ECE,BTI,Bangalore
 LTE Technology

The fourth generation promises to fulfil the goal of PCC (personal computing and
communication) a vision that affordably provides high data rates everywhere over a
wireless network. Although LTE wireless technology offers higher bit rates and the ability
to roam across multiple heterogeneous wireless networks, several issues require further
research and development.
The door is open for LTE, its launch is a milestone for an efficient of global
communication and networking. LTE seems to be very promising generation of wireless
communication that will change the peoples life in the wireless world.

Dept of ECE,BTI,Bangalore
 LTE Technology

REFERENCE

3GPP TR 25.913 Feasibility Study of Evolved UTRA and UTRAN

Dahlman, Parkvall, Skold and Beming, 3G Evolution: HSPA and LTE for Mobile
Broadband, Academic Press, Oxford, UK, 2007

3GPP TS 25.104 Base Station (BS) radio transmission and reception (FDD)

3GPP TS 25.105 Base Station (BS) radio transmission and reception (TDD)

Dept of ECE,BTI,Bangalore