INTRODUCTION

Model and simulation give a lot of benefits in education and has become a part of
advanced learning environment. Model and simulation are the best way to provide a foundation
of an effective integrating of teaching and learning. It also can give some kind of virtual reality
in education. Through modelling and simulation, it will increase the level of understanding of a
student and provide fun learning environment. Students will be more interested to learn and
make the learning and teaching process more effective. Then it will helps students to learn in a
better way with the used of modeling and simulation.

Modelling is an instructional strategy in which the teacher demonstrates a new concept or

approach to learn and students learn by observing. Modelling is one of essential teaching tool
and it is similar to but it simpler than the system is represents. However, it should not be so
complex that it is impossible for students to understand and experiment with it. A model is
simplified representation of the actual system intended to promote better understanding. Whether
a model is a good model or not depends on the extent to which it promotes understanding.

Simulation is a particular type of modelling. A simulation of a system is the operation of

a model of the system. The model can be reconfigured and experimented with. The operation of
the model can be studied hence, properties concerning the behavior of the actual system or its
subsystem can be inferred. In its broadest sense, simulation is a tool to evaluate the performance
of a system existing or proposed, under different configuration of interest and over long periods
of real time. Simulation model programs give the opportunity to experiment with phenomena or
events and a sense of reality in abstract fields, like information science. The use of simulations
represents the natural way of learn by doing. Just as children do simulation activities by role
playing, adults use computer simulations in order to understand complex systems, real situation
or dynamic processes.

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WHAT IS STELLA?

One of the computer simulation-based model building and simulation tool is STELLA.
STEELA is software that can be used to simulate a system over time. It enables students to
creatively change systems and teach the students to look for relationships. It also clearly
communicate system inputs and outputs and demonstrate outcomes. It provide a practical way to
communicate and visualize on how complex system work.

Some key features of STELLA are it has mapping and model that support the common
language of systems thinking and provide insight into how systems work. For example, it has
diagram, charts and animation to help visual learners discover relationships between variables in
equation. Next is simulation and analysis that can be run over a time. It shows a results presented
as graphs, tables, animations. QuickTime movies and file. Then, communication that describe
model components and facilitate manipulation included input devices such as knobs, sliders,
switches and buttons and output devices such as text, graphs, tables and reports.

Figure 1 : Shows the interphase of stella software.

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DEFINITION

The subject of this tutorial is discrete event simulation in which the central assumption is
that the system changes instantaneously in response to certain discrete events.

On the other hand, continuous simulators like flight simulators and weather simulators,
attempt to quantify the changes in a system continuously over tine in response to controls.

In a simulation study, human decision making is required at all stages, namely, model
development, experiment design, output analysis, conclusion formulation and making decisions
to alter the system under study.

The only stage where human intervention is not required is the running of the
simulations, which most simulation software packages perform efficiently.

The important point is that powerful simulation software is merely a hygiene factor its
absence can hurt a simulation study but its presence will not ensure success. Experienced
problem formulators and simulation modelers and analysts are indispensable for a successful
simulation study.

ADVANTAGE OF SIMULATION

Everything will have advantages and disadvantages, same goes with this computer
simulation. There are some advantage in using computer simulation programs in education.
There are some specific advantage connected with the computer simulation. For example, some
general advantages aspects of simulation as form and method of learning will be indicated. First,
computer simulations offer the opportunity to experiment with phenomena or events, which for a
number of reasons, cannot normally be experiment with in the traditional way. Simulations
provide students with experience that may be difficult or impossible to obtain in everyday life.
Besides, in class it is not possible to experiment actively with an economic system. The only
things the teacher can do is to discuss the nature and content of the system. Experimenting would
surely be useful because this can generate an insight into the functioning of the economic system.

Furthermore, computer simulation programs can be used in education to give the student
more feeling for reality in some abstract fields of learning. This is because simulations can be

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entertaining because of dramatic and game like components. It can be shown when a teacher tries
to explain a difficult interrelationship, such as a hybridization experiment with fruit flies in the
traditional way it is likely that part of the class will fail to understand. Execution of the real
experiment is impossible because this would take a number of weeks and therefore cannot be
integrated as such within a lesson. When after the necessary theoretical discussion of the
material, a simulation experiment follows there will be a greater chance that more students will
understand a complete relationship.

Next, when using computer simulation program, the student is experimenting, so the
students will play and active rather than passive role. This active engagement is contrast when
student listening to the teacher, they will listen passively. Using the simulation, it creates an
interactive educational setting which offers the possibility to effect changes in relation to the
learning experience more interesting and efficient way. Next, student will be happy and enjoy
their learning in their class. So their learning will be more interesting compared when not using
computer simulation in the learning process.

Furthermore, the other advantages of computer simulation is the apparatus necessary to

be able to carry out an experiment in reality is too expensive and often this apparatus can only be
operated by specialists, if it can be obtained at all. So, using computer simulation, it will save the
cost. Then, the process to be investigated takes place so quickly in reality that it cannot be
examined through the traditional experiment, for example certain chemical processes. Changes
in a chemical reaction should be presented at such a pace in educational situations that
observation is possible. In reality those changes can hardly be noticed and they are not
interesting for calculations, but only for the acquisition of insight.

The other advantages of the computer simulation such as Stella simulation system, the
student can change and insert the parameter values that they think will produce a result that are
interesting for them. They can skip other part or aspects that are not interesting to them. So,
using this simulation, student will know how to learn and conduct experiment systematically.
They also can decide whether they want to approach simulation, how often they want to repeat
the experiment. This is because using computer simulation, student will have many ways to
achieve their understanding.

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 Besides, if the simulation is well designed, the learning of how to operate the computer
simulation will become easy. Teachers 3ust need to give short introduction to the student, so that
they will enable to run the simulation easily. Then the advantage of the computer simulation is
the student can perceives that not everything can be used as the input. For example, student will
realizes that variables and parameters have their limit and they will learn about what input is
reasonable for a particular variable and what input yields relevant information.

DISADVANTAGE OF SIMULATION

There are not only advantages connected with the using of computer simulation in
education in school, but this simulation also has some disadvantages. Limitations are in some
cases that result of the wrong or inappropriate use of the program. For example, simulation is
concern about the manipulation of a number of variable of a model representing the real system.
However, the manipulation of a single variable often means that the reality of the system as a
whole can be lost. Then, a simulation of computer cannot develop the students emotional and
intuitive awareness that the use of simulation is specially directed at establishing the
relationship between the variables in a model. So, because of the problems, this intuition has to
be developed in a different way.

Another disadvantage of this simulation is computer simulation cannot react to

unexpected sub goals which the student may developed during a learning process. This sub goal
would be brought up during a teacher student interaction but they remain unsaid during the
individual student use of simulation. Besides, computer simulation is also cannot be adapted to
take into different student levels into account within the group or class. By the way, a computer
simulation program or system can certainly be made to adapt to different circumstances. During
the experience of the interaction with a computer simulation program, the student is frequently
asked to solve problems in which creativity is often the decisive factor to success. The fact that
this creativity is more present in some pupils than in others is not taken into account by the
simulation. Mutual collaboration and discussion among students while using the software
could be a solution for this.

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AREAS OF APPLICATION

Manufacturing Applications
Semiconductor Manufacturing
Construction Engineering and project management
Military application
Logistics, Supply chain and distribution application
Transportation modes and Traffic
Business Process Simulation
Health Process Simulation
Health Care
Automated Material Handling System (AHMS) (Test beds for functional testing of
control-system software)
Risk analysis
Computer simulation
Network simulation (Internet backbone, LAN)

STEPS IN SIMULATIONS STUDY

For developing a simulation model, designing a simulation experiment and performing

simulation analysis are :

1. Identify the problem.

2. Formulate the problem.
3. Collect and process real system data.
4. Formulate and develop a model.
5. Validate the model.
6. Document model for future use.
7. Select appropriate experimental design.
8. Establish experiment conditions for runs.
9. Perform simulations runs.
10. Interpret and present results.
11. Recommend further course of action.

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 Figure 2 : Steps in simulation study.

MODEL CONCEPTUALIZATION

Real World
System
Assumed System

Conceptual
model

Logical model

Figure 3 : Model Conceptualization

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 1. Conceptual model

Abstract essential features

Events, activities, entities, attributes, resources, variables and their relationships.

Performance measures.
Data requirements

Select correct level of details (assumptions).

SAMPLE MODEL

Predator-prey dynamics
Predator is an organism that eats another organism. The prey is the organism which the
predator eats. This model depicts the basic relationships that can govern the dynamics of a
simple predator. This experiment is about the main species in the desert including show shoe
rabbit and fox populations that existed over the past year in wild forest area. The, theres
a proposal to humanely harvest some portion of the fox population. This is intended to be a one-
time event. Nature will compensate for this action to once again balance the population. This
simulation is used to test this assertion. In this simple predator-prey system, experiment with
different predator harvests, and the effects on both the predator and prey populations over time
can be observed. What really happens to the fox and hare populations after a one-time harvest?

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 Figure 4 : Comparison between model simulation.

CONCLUSION

In a conclusion, this predator-prey modeling helps us to know about the predation in real
e c o s ys t e m . A s the number of lynx increases, the number
o f h a r e s w i l l d e c r e a s e s . I n t h i s experiment lynx act as a predator while hares
act as a prey to balance the ecosystem. Modeling the effects that predators have on
habitats can help students realize that predators are not bad and that they play an important role,
or niche, in maintaining stable communities.
In conclusion, Stella software is suitable in teaching and learning. This is because it
will provide the students with a great idea about what they learn as the simulation will help
them to will learn by actively gaining knowledge from their experience,
interpretation and also their interaction with friends and also teachers. So using
simulation as one of the method of learning is best way. Stella software is seems to be easier

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for the students to use it and this simulation is interesting which can attract the
students to learn. The challenge is to ensure that simulation is used effectively to enhance how
and what children learn besides the interactive and interesting learning.
Careful planning is required for constructing a project to be purposeful and uses technology spe
ciallycomputer simulations such as Stella in a constructive, real-world manner.
Simulations do not w o r k o n t h e i r o w n , t h e r e n e e d s t o b e s o m e s t r u c t u r i n g o f
t h e s t u d e n t s i n t e r a c t i o n s w i t h t h e simulation to increase effectiveness. As it
was initiated through experimental model causing to raise the quality and quantity of
interactions with the Stella models. Hence, the important finding of this simulation models such
as Stella are used to expand students experience of experimental science and should not be
used as a substitution for basic understandings and intuitions which one can
promote students to higher level Stella model only when they learned the basic role
of Stella. 'n other words the Stella software is suitable for learning process if we follow all
the basic step learn through this simulation programmer that we called it as Stella software
a better understanding about the topic. Other than that when using the Stella software, students
will have the chance to discuss their finding with their friend because sometimes the
result appear to be something that we can argue. As we all know, most of the
students

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