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METHODS OF ENUMERATION
Multiplication Principle
P experiments with N possible outcomes each Roll a dice and get: 1, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3
N 1N 2N p (example: DNA molecule Random Variable, Space: X = {1, 2, 3}
Discrete Random Variable and Probability
sequence) Mass Function
Permutation (Ordered Sample)
Number of ways to fill n positions with n x 1 2 3
different objects f(x) 1/6 1/6 4/6
n !=n ( n1 ) 21 ; 0 !=1 Uniform Distribution
nCr= n =
() n!
r r ! ( nr ) !
( Nn )
10 40
Unordered: # ways to selected 2 presidents in
club which has 5 members = 5C2 = 10
P ( X=2 ) =
2 5 ( )( )
(combination) 50
(Select 5 cards from deck of 52 cards = 52C5 )
Sampling With/Without Replacement
7 ( )
w/: objects are selected and put back before Mathematical Expectation
next is taken E ( X )=u 1 f ( u1 ) +u2 f ( u2 ) ++u k f (u k )
(Number of 7 digit phone number combinations Mean:
possible)
E ( X 2 ) =u21 f ( u1 ) +u22 f ( u2 ) + +u2k f (u k )
w/o: objects are NOT put back after being
selected
(Number of 4 letter words that can be spelled E [ X ( 5X ) ]=5 E ( X )E (X 2 )
with H O P E)
Dice example:
E ( X )=1 ( 16 )+2( 16 )++ 6( 16 )= 72
Sampling In order Without
2 2 2
Summary order Variance: =E ( X )E ( X )
w/o n! n!
nPr= nCr=
= E ( X )E ( X )
2 2
replacement ( nr ) ! r ! ( nr ) ! Standard deviation:
r r
w/ nr n+r 1 E ( X )= x f ( x )
replacement ( r ) Moment: x S
E [ ( Xb )r ]=E [ X r ]= ( xb )r f (x) E ( e tX ) = etx f ( x )
Expectation: x S x S
E ( cf ( X ) ) =cE ( f ( X ) )
SD ( aX + b )=|a|SD ( X )
Bernoulli Distribution
A set of experiment trials with random outcome
either success or failure (tossing fair coin)
Binomial Distribution
Number of successes in n fixed Bernoulli trials
(number of girls among next 50 children born in
Chicago)
f ( x )= n p x ( 1 p )
()
x
n x
Geometric Distribution
Probability of the number of times needed to do
something until the first successful outcome.
Number of Bernoulli trials up through 1st
success
f ( x )= p ( 1 p ) x1 , x=1,2,3
1 FACTS
Mean:
E ( X )=
p The quantity median is NOT the same as mean