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ABSTRACT
ACKNOWLMGEMLNTS
Page
Abstract 2
Acknowledgements 4
Nomenclature 8
CHAPTAAI INTRODUCTION 11
NOMNCLATURE
A Area
A c Cross sectional area
As . Surface area
a Short side of rectangular cross section
a Short side of right-angled isosceles triangular
6 cross section
Loiig stde of aectatirlod C4010 Section.
Constant
Specific heat at constant pressure
dh Hydraulic diameter (= 4Ac/P)
Ratio of finite step to hydraulic diameter (=h/dh)
Unspecified function
Ii Finite step in x and y directions
Coefficient of heat transfer
H Partial Differential operator for square network
K Partial differential operator (= H+I )
Temperature
Velocity in x direction
3 Volumetric flow rate
Velocity in y direction
Velocity in z direction
X Partial differential operator for square network
x,y,z Cartesian coordinates
Distance along duct
pjaerkpiojes_g....groups
gulagarints.
constant heat input per unit length of the duct was solved
developing flow was done by Hwang and Fan (11). They applied
well with those of Stefan (8); as for the constant heat flux,
Solutions are given for both zero and finite wall thermal
resistances.
17
CHAPTER 2
APPARATUS
--Divergent nozzle
Straight duct
Rotameter
AMA
Wire wool
Test section
Air
in Air pump
Mixing AM.
1 \
1=r By-pass iMotor
chamber
chambe
(J I
r.-n
Air C
. .
t Air in 23
Main supply
Wire
mesh
Divergent
nozzle
Flexible tube
Straight Shutter
v-duct
Manometer To pump
I'
Pitot tube
o
o
o
X' \ 0
4
4-3
0
0
rd
-I-)
0
0 PI
a) CiS
o b.0 H
0 P
N a) tO
0
-1 cd
r d 4-)
0
H 0
4 Cti p
rd o
o ctS
4 .r.1
3 -I-) 0
ri .1-1
Q. rd
rd a)
cd H
ii -1-1
0 fi-i
0 4 0
0 a) 4-3 PI
0 rZ p4
r. cl-i
o F.,
4-)
4-) ri
0 0
CD 0
H
H
c a)
Pi
II \
to
1-1
CO kD 4 N 0
09SP4,7 S4TOOTGA OUT' re,141.1@0 = 3/41
26
Unheated section
Seal
Main Supply
Hermetal cover
- Hot water Pump heater and.
jacket Unheated section temperature control
4]
Heating element
Pump
Copper duct
Hot water
Eixing chamber
29
Hot surface
\\
Selector switch
00
0
Variable Step-down
transformer Transformer Voltmeter
IltU,,
/
Main ...... Resistance
-,-
supply
metal duct) -
:.
Ammeter
FIG. 9 HEATING CIRCUIT.
30
33
CHAPTER 3
z (f04 + d_ + 3 2 w +u+v.w+w
ay 2 az2) az 3x 3y 8z
where u, v, w = velocities in the x, y, z directions,
P = pressure.
aw/a z 0, u, v 0,
a2w/az2 0, 3p/3z constant,
where local temperature,
thermal diffusivity, kiepe
- 4f(xly)
MB
X
624. f
A relationship between + and the two
6x' ay'
operators, H and X, can be found (19), as follows :-
Let OC E h. aox
-- and f3 h
B2 ) 442, (A4 + - 4 ) I
+ go (A6+ B6
6) +
h2( a2
+ a 2 I 2
) H - 17 1 3 + 6H 2
(H + 4H - 4X ) + go(H
ax2 ay 2 a
6HX)
. -3-
2HX
+ 3. + ay + HX +....
/4 2 f oN2f
o
--IT (411 + 2X) f(xa)
a7 6h'
' --
62f a2i.
K f(x,y) (3)
g 6h'
37
Diagrammatically,
(71) (T)
rf(x,y)dA = h
7 1
. 2
f(xly)
J
Di
77-
II
0,.
3.3 EXACT SOLUTION TO THE FAVIER-STORE'S EQUATION
ywhere C I dP
Hence, co
i(mtxt., x +i) + L + +2
W + mi (cos mn - 1) sin --- . 2cr
MAX
33.
cr ;m n
MR
+ cosh - 1
X (cosh EMI sinh ale))
+ ) (5)
cr
sinh mn cc
39
g_t....(1.3.
c Mai 'm w t(x.7.z+ Az) - t(x.1.,.z)
6112
t(x,y,z+4z) t(x,y,z) w
-b 0c4z -.5 K t(x,y,z)
w w b h 6
(6)
G = t
w - t
f. - t
w o
0) 20 4) 2 8 w
a7
- .S;
and consequently, equation (6) becomes
ocAz KG(x,y,z)
G(x,y,z+ilz) G(x,y,z) .1!
(7)
w w
b dh 6
ITAturatZuralus Nix.
= h P (tw - tb ) dz
and h k wb 4
d11
dt b / ( tw tb )
or in dimensionless form,
h kw d
or b-h4 --b
Az / 0b
Nu . h.dh / kb
Num O J NuPdz
h P zat 1 . wb e Cp ( tb - t o ) Ac
in (tw - to)
(tw tb)
= (t b - t o )/ ln tw to
w b
Nu l . h.dh c wbA c du in t - t o
. w
,____,
-k
b b 'TT " tw - tb
"12
w
b"h 1 in 1/Gb (10)
= 4aAz N
Fas_aLn.p,le o Splamtatign
45
Wb 5Az 1600
. KO(x,y,z)
"b h
ChoosealiSz
9
2 I'
w d
b h 32000
wb
- 1246.11.E1
w
8000 Ib
From equation (8), Nup -3;
'b
8000 in 1/01)
and from equation (10), Nu =
1.
compare the predicted and exact
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4 w c d:b . constant.
b R CP A
dt . constant.
aib
52
t to
N
dtb_
d11h b
<is ct
p (x,y,z+41z) 13 (x,y,z) = ri b
74- ,
orAz 1013(x,:v.z) (ii)
" wb`411 6
53
dtb
As already shown, = constant for cons-
tant heat input per unit length, hence
dt b t b - t o
a-z-
p OC Z a ZN (12)
b
wbd'
h wb d2
h
dth 2 e w Cp d
dt
Yk(tw -th)dz =Wb Cp A aib dz - Z 2 z
.
e 2 A2 wh
wh,h
(13)
/3w - -1- To: I-13 h tri rvi; 4A
h 4-w
(14)
4(13
w -f
i b).
2 dt
7/4 1 fiwo wbdh b
b cr dz
wo
5s
in /3w - /3
h
1 = Aiwo
j3w -Ab -.043w,o
idw - b
ln---
and Nu . 1 _,0
17-
(15)
4. w 73bw,o
Example of Computation.
/(.3 (i,y,z+Az) = w
-b K 1 xasz)
5.9
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3.7 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
3.7.1 C9Agimt_yea.11_p_
n ut Perjit LenKth
Cal,ulatk
Data
66
= 7.33x103 ft/h
Rate of heat transfer by convection per unit length of
the duct hp P (tw - t b ) B.Th.U/h.ft.
Nu = laRkb
d h = 0.24 x 0.075 x 60 x 1.7 (94.0 - 71.6)4
126. x (tw tb ) kb x 12
= 3.73/k ( tw tb)
A t max tmin
in (iltmax./atmin)
tw tb - 84.0 + 71.6
ln (tw - tb ) / 12.43
h
d1 h 3.73 ln (tw tb)/12.4
Nil kb
kb (tw tb - 12.4)
67
Reynolds number, Re = R wb ah
1385
Graetz number, Gz Re.Pr = 1385:4030.231/
= 1330/z
= 0.997 x 1O - 71.6)
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CHAPTER L.
ew ew
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73
k ) e1 dz + w c az
where the suffix 'c' refers to the central axis. Hence
d'Alk ( rw )2w ) ( 3 2w ew aw
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ift, du 2 A4
6 1;4 K w(x l y,z) - K w(xly,z)
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lh)211
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( .52.1 ) pr
7 -----
Qwbd h wbdb. CI) k wb dh
Define the velocity ratio, w* w/wb
Equation (17) can be written in terms of w* as :
75
w*(x,y,z) (18)
Boundary conditions
(i) With a bell-shaped inlet, the velocity of the
fluid at the entry plane is constant everywhere and equal to
the bulk velocity, wb , hene at z 0, wit; . wt . 1.
(ii) The fluid at the wall is stationary,
w* = 0.
78
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86
CHAPTER 5
sinh(Nx)cos(Ny) + sinh(Ny)cos(Nx)
co
w
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n=0 (2n-0050
a
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x = a
/1//f
x + 0
X
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k ( t w -th) dz
h2 e wh c, tit h dz
8 EF
n'
yk (tw -th ) + 2k (tw -thi ) e wb Ac Cp dtb
a-E
n'
h2.e wh Cp dth -e wh , Cpdth,
As in
in section (3.6.2), the wall temperature, tw
is assumed constant around any perimeter. If the cross
sectional area, A ct is substituted by + lan')h.dh/4 1 and
the temperatures,t aro replaced by the dimensionless tempera-
tures, , defined on p.52, the above equation can be
written as n'
n +
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4- 21!
2n')
11,
Pw
w A 2 n n'
2'.1.11. -13
e2 "b =41 h + 2. w" h'LA h*
Cu + 2n') 8criNz "b b
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Cd P P
-P
T-
N" \
CV 0 CD l0 - CV
c- 0
C13 CI ci
r/qP IT = tilI
92
0
co
v-
0
4-3 rd
H 0 0 v-
c-1
1.3
-P g
0 0
0 I C-1
ra -P
g H 0
F-I
-P
H
(1) H
U)
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H
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o g-i
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rd r-i 0
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rd
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o
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LU
0
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c- CS H 0
-P
rc\
ID
r-I 0
rr-4
cj 0 co 0
w
(431/14 PWIT =
0
0
Cu
En
cj 0
rf CO
ct
JD 3
cts g
I'd H
0
-P 4-D
0 Cn
H (I) .p
H
o
0 itll o_
0
124 cn
o
H H
rd
0
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er0 b..0
-0 Cu
(-1
I 4.)
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ta0 g
H
C.-1
.H a
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Cr)
N
ci
0 0:1)
cH ,c1
rot
4)
N 0 -/
co
CO 'N
p-i
ri
0
0
rj 4-3
0
r-1
-P
Cl)
(-7
rd 0 -P
0 ci 0
g-1
P-1 rd
ri Cu
C-1-1
0 CO Cu
q, d
4/ P =
co
a qd
P = 7ritq
95
Pimensionle p s velocity, w + z
K'f(x l y) = fi + f 2 + 3 + f4 + f 5 + f 6 - 6f0
Diagrammatically, K i f(x,y) = I
]
i
f4...O f6
f
1 Kirx,Y, h2 ( 372 fO l 7 2fi
+s ( + 9 2f2 + ...cy2f6)
(22)
prom the above equation, it can be seen that a
direct evaluation of the term 17 2f(x,y)' at each nodal
point requires six neighbouring C7 2 f' terms which are also
98
form is V2t(x,y,z)
ZS t = t(x,y,z+Az) t(x,y,z)
8 w ccASz d h 2 V t(x,y,z)% h 2
Tic (i7 2,v i + C7 2 t2
g
w wbdh
+ V 2 t3 + + 47 2 t6 ) (23)
99
Example,
2 t 2 + v 2 t 6 )3 + t(x,y9z)
(24)
Initial and wall values of temperatures are required
to solve the above equation numerically and they can be deter-
mined by using the same dimensionless temperatures as those
in sections (3.5) 8G (3 .6)
Hence for constant wall temperature, the dimension-
less temperature 0 r ( tw t)/(tw . t o ), and the boundary
values are
0 0w 0 and 0b,o . 1.
100
0
4-3 H
o H
cd
4-3
0
ozt
4-3 0
co cd
O 4-3
-ri (J)
QS 0
b,.0 0
cd 0
rd .0
o 4-3
-P
4-3
Pi
cf)
4-3 0
0
Q rd
cd
.0 0
9 cd
rl 8
4-3
-P
o (d
CO
Cl)
4-3
cii
d 0
01
o 0
104
-ri 0
FA CH
0
rd
-P
0
(ll
rd 0
a)
9
c0
PTA
Ci 0
rtr
Jo 3
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CO -P
g
rd
O P
o
4-)
O 0
H
Pt4 0
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P
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P H P
o H
-P
5 10
0 P rd
P 0 N
I-) 0 E
H 0
CH
-P
0
S.
co
N
tic
H
P-1
Co
P -P
O 0
rO
E 4-D
CO
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N
0
r-I 4--,
rd 0
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P
P-1 0
(cs
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a .
0
1,4
_
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cio
a
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. 4
n cs4 0
I, 1 '4
tst
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ci
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o
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C.24N
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o H 0
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4 CC
04-'
-P [20 0
ci st
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H H H
CO C1 -P
Co .r1
0
a)
0
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24
N
rj
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o c4 F-1
r-1 0
rd -P
ci
r-1 a)
g 4 'Tr
cr
re/
PT-4
c-4
kr 0 0
01 / _
1,
2 r -
n .) ?i .1,1.
106
C.)
'71
4-3
0
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0
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p
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4-) ej
0 H 4.)
0
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4-) T-1
0
p
H 0
,-1 0
tr)
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0 C-1
Pi
0 4-)
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0 0
ta
4-)
rd as
0 4.)
P4 CO
cii 0
(1) H 0
0 0
rd 4_,
-P .p
-r-I H
0
UI cH
hO rd
0 FA
o
rd
0 0 d
C-1 FA bp
C])
cd
a) 9 4_)
hO
C-4
3i/gp.Tg
f07
0
0
0s1
0
co
0
kta
op o
U-
6 un
cs4
1117901 = 4.1N
108
CHAPTER 6
the duct is too short for any practical use, or else the
flow is too large for the laminar regime, for example, with
a flow of atmospheric air at Reynolds number of 1600 and
Graetz number of 200, the dimensionless length of the duct
(z/dh ), is only 5.76.
6.3 CONCLUSION.
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118
Aspect Ratio
Gz
. 1.0 2.0 . 3.0 . 4.0 5.0 . 6.0
Aspect Ratio
Gz
. 1.0 2.0 . 3.0 4.0 5.0 . 6.0
Aspect Ratio
Gz
. 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
Aspect Ratio.
Gz
1.0 2.0 . 3.0 . 4.0
Re Gz t wo . t o . t tw tb . u1
Z/dh . Re Gz t o . tf tw ...ui
deg.F. deg.F. deg.F.
18.02 655 26 70.0 107.5 143.3 4.5
735 29 70.5 107.5 145.5 4.7
820 32,5 69.8 106.0 145.8 4.9
900 36 69.0 104,5 145.8 5.1
980 39 69.0 103.5 148.0 5.25
1060 42 69.0 102.5 149.2 5.4
1140 45 68.0 101.5 150.5 5.55
1220 48 69.0 100.5 149.8 5.7
1300 51.5 69.5 100.0 150.8 5.9
1390 55 69.0 100.0 151.3 6.2
1470 58 69.0 99.5 151.0 6.5
1555 62 69.5 100.0 148.0 6.8
zidh Re Gz to tw Nu1
tr
deg.F. deg.F. dega.
JOB
LSM44EC1, WIBULSWAS RUN 40 APRIL 66
COMPUTING 20000 INSTRUCTIONS
OUTPUT
0 LINE PRINTER 500 LINES
STORE 32 BLOCKS
COMPILER EXCEL?
TITLE
SIMULTANEOUSLY DEVELOPING FLOW IN RECTANGUIAR DUCT
TITLE
CONSTANT HEAT INPUT ASPECT RATIO = 2.0
ROUTINE 1
ROUTINE 2
J=18(17) 120
K=J+14
I=J(1)X
C= -20AI+O(I -1)+4A(I+1)+4A(I -17)+A(I -16)+A(I -18) >> K W(x.y.E)
C=4A(I+17)+A(I+16)+A(I+18)+C -CI
JUMPDOWN(R1)
REPEAT
REPEAT
1=137(1)151
C=-20AI+4A(I-1)+4A(I+1)+8A(I-17)+2A(I-16)+2A(I-18)-C'
JUMPDOWN (R1)
127
REPEAT
>>to evaluate bulk velocity
V=0
J=18(34) 120 >>apply the Simpson's rule in two dimensions
E=J+14
I=J(2)K
W=16BI+4B(I-1)+4B(I+1)+48(I-17)+4B(I+17)+W
W=13(I-16)+B(I-16)+B(I+16)+B(I+16)+W
REPEAT
REPEAT
W=W/1152 >> bulk velocity
RETURN
CLOSE R
ROUTINE 3
DI=F t C/BI+CI >> Fourier-Poisson energy equation in
RETURN >> finite difference form
CLOSE R
ROUTINE 4
NEWLINE 3
CAPTION
STEP N GZ BULK TEMP, WALL TEMP, NUP NUM
NEWLINE 2
RETURN
CLOSE R
ROUTINE 5
to evaluate bulk temperature, V
V=0
J = 18(34)120 >>the Simpson's rule in two dimensions
K=J+14
I=J(2)K
V=16BIDI+4B(I-1)D(1-1)+4B(I+1)D(I+1)+4B(I-17)D(I-17)+48(I+17)D(I+17)+V
V=13( 1-16) D( I-16)+B( I-16) D( 1 .46) +B ( I+16)D( I+16)+B( I+18) D( I+18)+V
REPEAT
REPEAT
V=V/1152 predicted bulk temperature
RETURN
CIDSER
128
ROUTINE 6
>>printout instructions
NEWLINE 3
CAPTION
DIMENSIONLESS VELOCITIES
NEWLIN3 2
J=0(1)16
K=J+136
MEWLINE
I=J(17)K
PRINT(AI)0,2 >> velocity distribution
REPEAT
REPEAT
NEWLINE
CAPTION
DIMENSIONLESS TEMPERATURES
NEWLINE 2
J=0(1)16
K=J+136
=MINE
I=J(17)K
PRINT(CI)0,2 >> temperature distribution
REPEAT
REPEAT
JUMPDOWN(R4), NP
RETURN
CLOSER
CHAPTER 0
Arb300
B'300
0300
D>100
F' =6p
10 =1/10 " (01CAlz)/(6e e wbdhdh)
>>wall initial temperatures and velocities
1=0(1)16
Ai=0
BI=0
CI=E/4
REPEAT
1=0(17)136
Al=0
BI=0
CI=E/4
REPEAT
JUMPDOWN(R4)
0152=1
M=0
N=1
1)JUMPDOWN(R2)
2)M=M+1
C=1-W >>error in bulk velocity
D=l+A
JUMP 3, W>D
D.pmoD(c)
JUMP 4, A>D
JUMP 3, ip25
8152=8152+1.00= correction of the central axis velocity
JUMPDOWN(R2) >> recompute velocity distribution
JUMP 2
130
3)J=18(17)137
K=J+15
1=J(1)K
BI=B !+C
REPEAT
REPEAT
M=0
to compute temperatures
4)N=N+1
J=18(17)120
K=J+14
I=J(1)K
C=-20CI+4C(I-1)+4C(I+1)+4C(I-17)+4C(I+17) >> K t(x,y,z)
C=C(1-18)+C(I-16)+C(I+16)+C(I+18)+C
JUMPDOWN(R3)
REPEAT
REPEAT
1=137(1)151
C= -20CI+4C(I -1)+4C(I+1)+8C(I -17)+2C(I -16)+2C(I -18)
JUMPDO7N(R3)
REPEAT
C=-20C152+8C135+8C151+4C134
D152=11"C/B152+C152
5)JUMPDOWN(B5)
c=40 v
Eftwors(c)
JUMP 6, P>1)
3=18(17)137
K=J+15
1=J( 1)K
DI=1.001CBI+DI
131
REPEAT
REPEAT
JUMP 5
>> computation of wall temperarure
6)C=0
1=18(17)120
C=DI+C
REPEAT
1=18(1)32
C=DI+C
REPEAT
c=0.9)33+0.9)137+c
C=C/23 i3 h/n
D=0
1=18(1)32
D=BIDI-BICI+D
REPEAT
1=35(17)120
D=BIDI-BICI+D
REMAT
D.0.9333D33-0,5B33c33+0.513137D137-0.93137c13744) Li
rw h
r=u2/8 b
C= -D/22+C
C=E/4+C >> wall temperature, equation(13'
1=0(1)16
DI=C
REPEAT
1=17(17)136
DI=C
REPEAT
X=C-Y,
X=0,25/X >> local NUp
H=H+X
Y=H/N mean NUin
13 2
>>Graetz number
G=E' /N
output
JUMP8,N=P
JUMP71p200>11
JUMP10,R#30
JUMP9
7)JUMP8,100>11
JUMP10,R#10
JUMP9
8)JUMP9,6>N
JUMP10,R#5
9)NEWLINE
PRINT(N)0,2
PRINT(G)0,3
PRINT(V)0,3
PRINT(C)0,3
PRINT(X)013
PRINT(Y)0,3
R=0
10)R=R+1
mincmN(R6), N=100
JWAPDOWN(R6), N=P
JUMP11, N=P
JUMP4, B152>105
JUMP 1
11)END
CLOSE
133
Aspect Ratio
Gz
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 6.0
3.75 4.20
10 4.67 5.11 5.72
5 20 4.39
.56 4.79 5.17 6.13
30 4.88 5.23 5.60 5.93 6.47
40 5.27
6.27 5.61 5.96 6.78
50 5.63 5.95 6.28 6.61 7.07
60 5.95 6427 6460 6.90 7.35
80 6.57 6.88 7.17 7.47 7.90
100 7.10 7.42 7.70 7.98 8.38
120 7.61 7.91 8.18 8.48 8.85
140 8.06 8.37 8.66 8.93 9.28
160 8.50 8.80 9.10 .9.36 9.72
180 8.91 9.20 9.50 9.77 10.12
200 9.30 9.60 9.91 10.18 10.51
220 9.70 10.00 10.30 10.58 10.90
134
7.8.2 Predicted Nusselt numbers for the thermal condition or
constant heat input per unit length of the duct and
Prandtl number of 0.72.
Aspect Ratio
Gz
1,0 2.0 3.0 4.0
Aspect Ratio
Gz
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
Pa Gz t w0 to tf tw tb. Nu 1
1
deg.F. deg.F. dega.
755 94 76.5 70.3 100.3 110.6 78.2 11.2
59 122.0 82.6 9.8
30 136.6 94.5 9.2
Re w,o too tf tw tb Nu
deg.F. deg.F. deg.F. deg.F. deg.F.
4
14. 0Ltt JJ2.0.12)wort.NA Arao-cAl rka ftLe. Firt S
Pr co 0.72 0 co 0.72 -0
Gz
10 3.29 4.00 501 4.22 5.36 6.86
20 3.58 4.73 6.27 3.98 6.51 7.97
30 3.84 5.23 6.85 .5.50 7.32 8.68
40 4.07 5.63 7.23 5.91 7.95 9.20
50 - 4.28 5.97 7.55 6.25 8.50 9.67
60 4.47 6.30 7.85 6.57 8.99 10.07
80 4.84 6.92 8.37 7.14 9.80 10.75
100 5.17 7.45 8.85 7.60 10.42 11.32
120 5.46 7.95 9.22 8.03 10.90 11.77
140 5.71 8.39 9.58 8.40 11.31 12.14
160 5.95 8.80 9.90 8.73 11.67 12.47
180 6.16 9.14 10.17 9.04 12.00 12.75
200 6.36 9.50 10.43 9.33 12.29 13.04
141
0. Pr co 0.72 0 co 0.72
Gz
10 2.57 2.80 3.27 3.10 3.52 4.65
20 2.73 3.11 3.93 3.66 4.27 5.79
30 2.90 3.40 4.46 4.07 4.88 6.64
40 3.08 3.67 4.89 4.43 5.35 7.32
50 3.26 3.93 5.25 4.75 5.73 7.89
60 344 4.15 5.56 5.02 6.08 8.36
80 3.73 4.50 6.10 5.49 6.68 9.23
100 4.00 4.76 6.60 5.93 7.21 9.98
120 4.24 4.98 7.03 6.29 7.68 10.59
140 4.47 5.20 7.47 6.61 8.09 11.14
160 4.67 5.40 7.88 6.92 8.50 11.66
180 4.85 5.60 8.20 7.18 8.88 12.10
200 5.03 5.80 8.54 7.42 9.21 12.50
142
Pr co 0.72 0 CD 0.72 0
Gz
10 3.27 3.58 4.34 4.02 4.76 6.67
20 3.48 4.01 5.35 4.76 5.67 8.04
30 3.74 4.41 6.14 5.32 6.80 9.08
40 4.00 4.80 6.77 5.82 7.57 9.06
50 4.26 5.13 7.27 6.25 8.20 10.65
60 4.49 5.43 7.66 6.63 8.75 11.27
80 4,85 6.03 8.26 7.27 9.73 12.35
100 5.20 6.56 8.81 7,87 10.60 13.15
120 5.50 7.04 9.30 8.38 11.38 13.82
140 5.77 7.50 9.74 8.84 12.05 14.46
160 6.01 7.93 10.17 9.25 12.68 15.02
180 6.22 8.33 10.53 9.63 13.27 15.90
200 6.45 8.71 10.87 10.02 13.80 16.00
14 3
Re Gz to tf tw tb Nu
wto
Re Gz t,,,0 tf t w t b Nu1
deg.F. deg.?. deg.F. deg.F. deg.F.
REFERENCES
23. Ferry Metal - Nickel-copper alloy, 45% Ni, 54% Cu, and
1% other elements. Henry Wiggins & Co. Ltd., Wiggins
Street, Birmingham 16.
149