Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
23
Printed in Switzerland surveillance_monitoring/fluid/en/; accessed April 2015. veillance_monitoring/fluid/en/, consult en avril 2015.
281
282
Map 1 Distribution of influenza virus subtypes by influenza transmission zone, October 2014 to May 2015
Carte 1 Distribution des sous-types de virus grippaux par zones de transmission de la grippe, octobre 2014-mai 2015
Northern Europe
Europe du Nord
Eastern Europe
North America Europe de lEst
Amrique du Nord Central Asia
Southwestern Asie centrale
Europe Europe
du Sud-Ouest
Western Asia Eastern Asia
Asie de lOuest Asie de lEst
Northern Africa
Carribean and central Afrique du Nord
America Carabes et
Amrique centrale South Asia South East Asia
Western Africa
Asie du Sud Asie du Sud-Est
Afrique de lOuest
Virus subtype (%) Sous-type viral (%) Middle Africa Eastern Africa
Tropical south Afrique centrale Afrique de lEst
America Amrique
du Sud tropicale
Oceania, Melanesia
and Polynesia
Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Grippe A(H1N1)pdm09 Temperate south Southern Africa Ocanie, Mlansie
America Amrique Afrique australe et Polynsie
Influenza A(H3) Grippe A(H3)
du Sud tempre
WEEKLY EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RECORD, NO. 23, 5 JUNE 2015
Note: the available country data were joined in larger geographical areas with similar influenza transmission patterns to be able to give an overview (www.who.int/
influenza/surveillance_monitoring/updates/EN_GIP_Influenza_transmission_zones.pdf). Note: les donnes disponibles relatives aux pays ont t regroupes par zones
gographiques plus larges o les modalits de transmission sont similaires de manire fournir un tableau synoptique(www.who.int/influenza/surveillance_monitoring/
updates/EN_GIP_Influenza_transmission_zones.pdf).
The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Orga-
nization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on
maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. Les appellations employes dans la prsente publication et la prsentation des
donnes qui y figurent nimpliquent de la part de lOrganisation mondiale de la Sant aucune prise de position quant au statut juridique des pays, territoires, villes ou
zones, ou de leurs autorits, ni quant au trac de leurs frontires ou limites. Les lignes en pointill sur les cartes reprsentent des frontires approximatives dont le trac
peut ne pas avoir fait lobjet dun accord dfinitif.
WHO 2015. All rights reserved. OMS 2015. Tous droits rservs.
North America Amrique du Nord
Timing of the season and circulating influenza Chronologie de la saison grippale et virus grippaux
viruses circulants
In North America, the timing (beginning and peak) of En Amrique du Nord, le dbut et le pic de la saison grippale
this season was earlier than previous seasons. Influenza 2014-2015 ont t plus prcoces que lors des saisons prc-
activity generally started to increase slowly in the last dentes. Lactivit grippale a gnralement entam une lente
weeks of October until a rapid increase to the peak at progression dans les dernires semaines doctobre, puis sest
the end of December. The peak of influenza activity was amplifie rapidement jusqu culminer la fin dcembre. Cette
higher this season compared to the past few seasons. saison grippale sest caractrise par un pic dactivit plus
Influenza activity remained high until the end of Janu- intense que les saisons prcdentes. Lactivit grippale est reste
ary. Activity levels began to decrease in late January but forte jusqu la fin janvier. Elle a ensuite commenc dcliner,
remained higher at the end of the season than in previ- mais est demeure plus leve en fin de saison que lors des
ous seasons. Influenza activity was near inter-seasonal annes prcdentes. la fin avril, elle sapprochait du niveau
levels by the end of April. intersaisonnier.
Influenza A(H3N2) virus was predominant in North Cette saison, le virus grippal A(H3N2) a t prdominant en
America during this season, as in the 20122013 season, Amrique du Nord, comme cela avait t le cas en 2012-2013,
but unlike the 20132014 season when A(H1N1)pdm09 mais contrairement la saison 2013-2014 durant laquelle le
virus was predominant. Similar to the 20132014 season, virus A(H1N1)pdm09 avait t prpondrant. linstar de
influenza B activity increased in late January and lasaison 2013-2014, lactivit de la grippe B a augment vers la
continued towards the end of the season after a peak fin janvier et sest maintenue jusqu la fin de la saison aprs
activity of influenza A viruses, resulting in a prolonged le pic dactivit des virus de la grippe A, entranant une priode
period of low levels of influenza activity at the end of prolonge de faible activit grippale en fin de saison.
the season.
In Canada, as in previous seasons, influenza activity Au Canada, comme lors des saisons prcdentes, lactivit grip-
started to increase sharply in mid-November and pale a commenc crotre fortement la mi-novembre pour
peaked around the end of 2014. Influenza A(H3N2) was culminer vers la fin de lanne 2014. Le virus grippal A(H3N2)
the predominant circulating virus throughout most of a t le virus circulant prdominant tout au long de la saison.
the season. The proportion of influenza B virus detec- La proportion de virus B dtects a augment partir de la fin
tions increased from the end of January. Throughout janvier. Cette saison, la proportion de virus respiratoires syncy-
this season, there was a higher proportion of respira- tiaux (VRS) dtects parmi les virus respiratoires non grippaux
tory syncytial virus (RSV) detections among respira- tait plus leve quen 2013-2014.
tory viruses other than influenza compared to the
previous season of 20132014.
In the United States of America (USA), influenza activ- Aux tats-Unis, lactivit grippale a commenc sintensifier
ity began to increase in mid to late November with a dans la seconde quinzaine de novembre, avec un profil dactivit
pattern of activity similar to that seen during the 2012 semblable celui qui avait t observ pour la saison 2012-2013.
2013 season. Although influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, Les virus grippaux A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2) et B ont tous t
A(H3N2), and influenza B viruses were all detected dtects au cours de cette saison, mais le virus A(H3N2) tait
during the season, influenza A(H3N2) virus predomi- prdominant. Comme ctait le cas au Canada et lors des saisons
nated. Similar to Canada and to previous seasons in the prcdentes aux tats-Unis, la circulation du virus de la grippe
USA, influenza B virus circulation increased as influ- B sest accentue alors que lactivit du virus A(H3N2) dclinait
enza A(H3N2) virus activity decreased later in the en fin de saison. Les dtections de VRS ont connu une volution
season. RSV detections this season followed patterns semblable aux dernires saisons, avec un pic dactivit vers la
similar to the previous few seasons with peak in activ- fin de lanne.
ity around the end of the year.
In Mexico, influenza A(H3N2) virus was predominant Au Mexique, le virus A(H3N2) a prdomin, avec une circulation
with influenza B co-circulating throughout the season, concomitante du virus de la grippe B tout au long de la saison,
different from the preceding season but similar to the la diffrence de lanne dernire mais linstar de la saison
season of 20122013. 2012-2013.
Figure 1 Current season approximated influenza positivity compared to historical trends based on FluNet dataa
Figure 1 Taux approximatif de positivit la grippe par rapport aux tendances historiques bases sur FluNeta
Mean of the influenza positivity after aligning at the median peak for the seasons
20032004 to 20132014 (excluding 20092010) Moyenne de la positivit du
Influenza positivity (%) Positivit la grippe (%)
dpistage de la grippe aprs alignement sur le pic mdian pour les saisons 2003-
40
20142015
The boxplot visualizes the spread of the historical peaks La bote moustaches
20
40 43 46 49 52 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39
Weeks Semaines
a
Current season approximated influenza positivity compared to historical trends based on FluNet data as of 20 May 2015. This figure includes an historical average by week of the
percentage of specimens testing positive for influenza virus over the past several years for which data are available and the same data from the 20142015 season. Influenza posi-
tivity was calculated by dividing the number of samples processed (and if this was not available, the samples received) by the total influenza positives per week. Weeks with fewer
than 15 samples and the pandemic season 20092010 were excluded. Curves were smoothed using a 3 week moving average. Curves for previous years were aligned at the median
peak week for the years analysed and the mean value for each week, and the 90% confidence interval (CI, using a t-test) was calculated. The data of 20142015 are shown by their
actual chronological week. The boxplot visualizes the spread of the historical peaks, with 50% of all peaks within the time frame of the box, the dot representing the median week
of the historical peaks and the end of the lines representing the minimum and maximum week of the historical peaks. For more details on the methods used, see appendix 8 of the
WHO interim global epidemiological surveillance standards for influenza at: http://www.who.int/influenza/surveillance_monitoring/en/ Comparaison de la positivit pour la grippe
approxime pour la saison actuelle avec les tendances historiques dgages des donnes de FluNet au 20 mai 2015. La figure prsente notamment une moyenne historique par
semaine du pourcentage dchantillons tests positifs pour un virus grippal sur les dernires annes pour lesquelles on disposait de donnes et le mme paramtre pour la saison
2014-2015. On calcule la positivit en divisant le nombre dchantillons traits (si ce nombre nest pas disponible, celui des chantillons reus) par le nombre total dchantillons
positifs pour la grippe par semaine. Les semaines o le nombre dchantillons tait infrieur 15 et la saison pandmique 2009-2010 ont t exclues. Les courbes ont t lisses
en utilisant une moyenne mobile sur 3 semaines. Les courbes pour les annes prcdentes ont t alignes au niveau de la semaine correspondant au pic mdiane pour les annes
analyses, et la valeur moyenne pour chaque semaine ainsi que lintervalle de confiance 90% (IC, laide du test t) ont t calculs. Les donnes pour 2014-2015 sont prsentes
selon leur semaine chronologique relle. La bote moustaches permet de visualiser la diffusion des pics historiques, 50% des pics se trouvant dans le cadre temporel dfini par la
bote, le point reprsentant la semaine moyenne des pics historiques et lextrmit des lignes indiquant la semaine la plus proche et la semaine la plus loigne pour les pics histo-
riques. Pour en savoir plus sur les mthodes utilises, se rfrer lappendice 8 du document WHO interim global epidemiological surveillance standards for influenza disponible sur
http://www.who.int/influenza/surveillance_monitoring/en/.
See WHO Regional Office for Europe influenza season summaries. Available at
8 8
Voir les comptes rendus sur les saisons grippales du Bureau rgional OMS de lEurope (dispo-
http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/communicable-diseases/influenza/sur- nibles ladresse: http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/communicable-diseases/influen-
veillance-and-lab-network/influenza-surveillance-bulletins-and-seasonal-summa- za/surveillance-and-lab-network/influenza-surveillance-bulletins-and-seasonal-summaries/
ries/influenza-season-summaries2, accessed April 2015. influenza-season-summaries2; consult en avril 2015).
See Flu News Europe. Available at http://www.flunewseurope.org/; accessed April
9 9
Voir Flu News Europe. Disponible ladresse http://www.flunewseurope.org/; consult en avril
2015. 2015.
10
See Flu News Europe. Available at http://www.flunewseurope.org/PrimaryCareDa- 10
Voir Flu News Europe. Disponible ladresse http://www.flunewseurope.org/PrimaryCareData;
ta; accessed May 2015. consult en mai 2015.
11
See European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control Weekly Influenza activity 11
Voir les cartes dactivit grippale hebdomadaire du Centre europen de prvention et de
maps. Available at ecdc.europa.eu/en/healthtopics/seasonal_influenza/epidemiolo- contrle des maladies. Disponible sur: ecdc.europa.eu/en/healthtopics/seasonal_influenza/epi-
gical_data/Pages/influenza_activity_EU_EEA_activity_maps.aspx; accessed April demiological_data/Pages/influenza_activity_EU_EEA_activity_maps.aspx; consult en avril
2015. 2015.
286 WEEKLY EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RECORD, NO. 23, 5 JUNE 2015
south-west Europe (Figure 1b) but higher than the (Figure 1b) mais au-dessus de la limite suprieure de lintervalle
upper 90% confidence interval for eastern Europe de confiance 90% en Europe de lEst (Figure 1c).
(Figure 1c).
In general, the 20142015 season was associated with De manire gnrale, la saison 2014-2015 a t associe un
higher laboratory-confirmed influenza hospitalizations, plus grand nombre dhospitalisations dues la grippe, dadmis-
admissions to ICUs, and deaths, as compared to the sions en soins intensifs et de dcs de cas confirms en labo-
previous season. According to Flu News Europe, between ratoire que la saison prcdente. Selon Flu News Europe,
week 40 of 2014 and week 19 of 2015, there were 6033 hospitalisations de cas confirms en laboratoire, dont
6033laboratory-confirmed hospitalized influenza cases, 3764admis en soins intensifs, ont t signales entre la semaine
including 3764 patients admitted to ICUs as reported 40 de 2014 et la semaine 19 de 2015 par 8 pays (Espagne,
from 8 countries (Finland, France, Ireland, Romania, Finlande, France, Irlande, Roumanie, Royaume-Uni, Slovaquie et
Slovakia, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom).12 Of Sude).12 Parmi les cas confirms en laboratoire (6033), 79%
the laboratory-confirmed cases (6033), 79% (4738) were (4738) taient positifs pour les virus grippaux A et 21% (1265)
positive for influenza A viruses and 21% (1265) pour le virus grippal B. Sur les 2296 virus grippaux A de patients
were positive for influenza B virus. Of the 2296 hospitaliss qui ont t sous-typs ( la semaine 18), 73% (1687)
Figure 1b Northern Europe and Southwestern Europe Europe du Nord et Europe du Sud-Ouest
Mean of the influenza positivity after aligning at the median peak for the seasons
Influenza positivity (%) Positivit la grippe (%)
dpistage de la grippe aprs alignement sur le pic mdian pour les saisons 2003-
2004 2013-2014 ( lexclusion de 2009-2010)
50
20142015
30
The boxplot visualizes the spread of the historical peaks La bote moustaches
(boxplot) permet de visualiser la dispersion des pics historiques
20
10
0
40 43 46 49 52 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39
Weeks Semaines
50
dpistage de la grippe aprs alignement sur le pic mdian pour les saisons 2003-
2004 2013-2014 ( lexclusion de 2009-2010)
90% confidence interval boundaries Limites de lintervalle de confiance 90%
40
20142015
30
The boxplot visualizes the spread of the historical peaks La bote moustaches
(boxplot) permet de visualiser la dispersion des pics historiques
20
10
0
40 43 46 49 52 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39
Weeks Semaines
13
European Mortality Monitoring Project at http://www.euromomo.eu/; accessed 13
European Mortality Monitoring Project. Disponible ladresse: http://www.euromomo.eu/;
April 2015. consult en avril 2015.
Summary of the 20122013 influenza season in the WHO European Region, Copenhagen,
14
Rsum de la saison grippale 2012-2013 dans la Rgion Europe de lOMS, Copenhague, Bureau r-
14
WHO Regional Office for Europe. Available at http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/ gional de lOMS pour lEurope [Document disponible uniquement en langue anglaise]. Dispo-
pdf_file/0011/195824/Summary-of-the-20122013-influenza-season-in-the-WHO-Euro- nible ladresse: http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/195824/Summary-of-the-
pean-Region-final.pdf?ua=1; accessed April 2015. 20122013-influenza-season-in-the-WHO-European-Region-final.pdf?ua=1; consult en avril 2015.
15
See European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control influenza surveillance 15
Voir le rapport de surveillance de la grippe du Centre europen de prvention et de contrle des
report. Available at http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/Influenza- maladies. Disponible ladresse: http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/Influenza-
Europe-2011-2012-surveillance-report.pdf; accessed April 2015. Europe-2011-2012-surveillance-report.pdf; consult en avril 2015.
288 WEEKLY EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RECORD, NO. 23, 5 JUNE 2015
all, the season seemed to start with a predominance of saison semble avoir t marque tout dabord par la prdomi-
influenza A(H3N2) virus in early December, followed by nance du virus A(H3N2) au dbut dcembre, puis du virus B
influenza B virus in the beginning of January and influ- au dbut janvier et, enfin, du virus A(H1N1)pdm09 en fvrier.
enza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in February. Influenza Le virus A(H1N1)pdm09 a prdomin en Algrie, au Bahren,
A(H1N1)pdm09 was predominant in Algeria, Bahrain, en Cisjordanie et dans la Bande de Gaza, en Jordanie, au Kowet,
the Islamic Republic of Iran (with co-circulation of en Libye, en Rpublique islamique dIran (avec cocirculation du
H3N2), Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Turkey and the West Bank virus H3N2) et en Turquie. Le virus prdominant en Gorgie
and Gaza strip. Influenza B was predominant in Georgia. tait celui de la grippe B.
In Morocco and Tunisia, the influenza season started Au Maroc et en Tunisie, la saison grippale a dmarr par la
with influenza B virus circulation followed by influenza circulation du virus grippal B suivi par la circulation du virus
A(H1N1)pdm09 virus circulation. Influenza A(H3N2) was A(H1N1)pdm09. En Isral, cest le virus A(H3N2) qui a t
predominant in Israel this season. As well as experienc- prdominant cette saison. Lgypte a non seulement t confron-
ing seasonal influenza infections with mainly influenza te la grippe saisonnire, cause principalement par le virus
A(H3N2) virus, Egypt experienced an unprecedented A(H3N2), mais aussi une augmentation sans prcdent du
increase in the number of human infections with avian nombre dinfections humaines par les virus A(H5N1) de la
influenza A(H5N1) viruses since December 2014. grippe aviaire depuis dcembre 2014.
Figure 1d Northern Africa Afrique du Nord Mean of the influenza positivity after aligning at the median peak for the seasons
20032004 to 20132014 (excluding 20092010) Moyenne de la positivit du
dpistage de la grippe aprs alignement sur le pic mdian pour les saisons 2003-
2004 2013-2014 ( lexclusion de 2009-2010)
90% confidence interval boundaries Limites de lintervalle de confiance 90%
20142015
Influenza positivity (%) Positivit la grippe (%)
60
The boxplot visualizes the spread of the historical peaks La bote moustaches
(boxplot) permet de visualiser la dispersion des pics historiques
50
40
30
20
10
0
40 43 46 49 52 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39
Weeks Semaines
Figure 1e Central Asia and Eastern Asia Asie centrale et Asie orientale
Mean of the influenza positivity after aligning at the median peak for the seasons
20032004 to 20132014 (excluding 20092010) Moyenne de la positivit du
Influenza positivity (%) Positivit la grippe (%)
dpistage de la grippe aprs alignement sur le pic mdian pour les saisons 2003-
2004 2013-2014 ( lexclusion de 2009-2010)
50
The boxplot visualizes the spread of the historical peaks La bote moustaches
30
40 43 46 49 52 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39
Weeks Semaines
Members of the Western Pacific Region Global Influenza Surveillance and Response
16
Membres du systme mondial OMS de surveillance de la grippe et de riposte de la Rgion du
16
System (2012) Epidemiological and Virological Characteristics of of Influenza in the Pacifique occidental (2012). Caractristiques pidmiologiques et virologiques de la grippe
Western Pacific Region of the World Health Organization, 20062010. PLoS ONE dans la Rgion du Pacifique occidental de lOrganisation mondiale de la Sant, 2006-2010. PLoS
7(5): e37568. doi:10.1371/Influenza in the Western Pacific Region of the World ONE 7(5): e37568. doi:10.1371/Influenza in the Western Pacific Region of the World Health
Health journal.pone.0037568 journal.pone.0037568
See
17
http://www.who.int/influenza/vaccines/virus/recommendations/2014_15_ Voir
17
http://www.who.int/influenza/vaccines/virus/recommendations/2014_15_north/en/;
north/en/; accessed May 2015. consult en mai 2015.
See http://cnic.org.cn/eng/show.php?contentid=751; accessed May 2015.
18
Voir http://cnic.org.cn/eng/show.php?contentid=751; consult en mai 2015.
18
See http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/healthtopics/seasonal_influenza/epidemiological_
20
Voir http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/healthtopics/seasonal_influenza/epidemiological_data/Pages/In-
20
Data presented in February 2015 by WHO Collaborating Center in London and WHO
22
Donnes prsentes en fvrier 2015 par les centres collaborateurs de lOMS Londres et
22
Collaborating Center in Atlanta at the vaccine composition meetings (VCMs). Atlanta lors des runions sur la composition des vaccins.
Pebody, R et al. Low effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccine in preventing labo-
23
Pebody, R et al. Low effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccine in preventing laboratory-confir-
23
ratory-confirmed influenza in primary care in the United Kingdom: 2014/15 mid- med influenza in primary care in the United Kingdom: 2014/15 mid-season results. Eurosurveil-
season results. Eurosurveillance. 2015. lance. 2015.
Skowronski, D et al. Interim estimates of 2014/15 vaccine effectiveness against
24
Skowronski, D et al. Interim estimates of 2014/15 vaccine effectiveness against influenza
24
influenza A(H3N2) from Canadas Sentinel Physician Surveillance Network, January A(H3N2) from Canadas Sentinel Physician Surveillance Network, January 2015. Eurosurveil-
2015. Eurosurveillance. 2015. lance. 2015.
A proportion of the A(H3N2) viruses this season, especially those in the genetic
25
Cette saison, un certain nombre de virus A(H3N2), en particulier ceux appartenant au
25
clade 3C.2a were difficult to characterize antigenically by the hemaglutination inhi- clade3C.2a, ont t difficiles caractriser par des tests dinhibition de lhmagglutination
bition assay in multiple laboratories. Therefore, other means of characterizing these raliss dans plusieurs laboratoires. Il a donc fallu employer dautres mthodes de caractrisa-
viruses, especially modified HI and virus neutralization assays and genetic sequen- tion des virus, en particulier des tests modifis dinhibition de lhmagglutination, des preuves
cing, were employed. de neutralisation du virus et le squenage gntique.
292 WEEKLY EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RECORD, NO. 23, 5 JUNE 2015
Antiviral susceptibility Sensibilit aux antiviraux
Of almost 3300 influenza viruses tested in the USA for Aux tats-Unis, prs de 3300 virus grippaux ont t analyss
resistance to neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors this season, pour valuer leur rsistance aux inhibiteurs de la neuramini-
only one A(H1N1)pdm09 virus showed reduced sensi- dase. Parmi eux, seul un virus A(H1N1)pdm09 prsentait une
tivity to oseltamivir and peramivir. The NA gene was sensibilit rduite loseltamivir et au pramivir. Il a t dter-
found to have a rare substitution at N142S.21 min que son gne de la neuraminidase tait porteur dune rare
substitution N142S.21
In Canada, at the end of the season, approximately Au Canada, la sensibilit aux antiviraux denviron 1300 virus a
1300 viruses were tested for antiviral susceptibility. All t analyse en fin de saison. Tous les virus grippaux tests
influenza viruses tested were resistant to amantadine taient rsistants lamantadine, lexception dun virus
except for one virus A(H3N2) virus. All influenza viruses A(H3N2). Ils taient tous sensibles au zanamivir et, lexception
tested were sensitive to oseltamivir except for one dun virus A(H3N2), loseltamivir.
A(H3N2) virus and all viruses tested were sensitive to
zanamivir.
Of the approximately 1300 A(H3N2) viruses tested in En Europe, sur les quelque 1300 virus A(H3N2) tests, 4 prsen-
Europe, 4 viruses showed reduced sensitivity to oselta- taient une sensibilit rduite loseltamivir (en raison dune
mivir (due to a E119V substitution in the NA gene) and substitution E119V du gne de la neuraminidase) et un virus
one virus showed reduced sensitivity to oseltamivir avait une sensibilit rduite loseltamivir et au zanamivir (du
and zanamivir (due to a R292K substitution in the NA fait dune substitution R292K du gne de la neuraminidase).
gene). Two influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses showed Deux virus A(H1N1)pdm09 prsentaient une sensibilit rduite
reduced susceptibility to oseltamivir. No reduction in loseltamivir. Pour ce qui est des virus B, les analyses nont
susceptibility to neuraminidase inhibitors was seen mis en vidence aucune rduction de la sensibilit aux inhibi-
in testing of the influenza B viruses.19 teurs de la neuraminidase.19
In Japan, none of >300 viruses tested showed antiviral Au Japon, aucun des >300 virus analyss ne prsentait de rsis-
resistance and none of the A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses had tance aux antiviraux et aucun des virus A(H1N1)pdm09 ntait
the H275Y mutation, which is associated with clinical porteur de la mutation H275Y, associe une rsistance clinique
resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors.26 aux inhibiteurs de la neuraminidase.26
Of all the influenza viruses tested for antiviral resis- En Chine, tous les virus grippaux dont la rsistance aux anti-
tance in China during this season, all viruses were viraux a t analyse cette saison taient sensibles aux inhibi-
sensitive to neuraminidase inhibitors except 4 influenza teurs de la neuraminidase, lexception de 4 virus A(H3N2) et
A(H3N2) viruses and 2 influenza B viruses which de 2 virus B prsentant une sensibilit rduite.27
showed reduced susceptibility to neuraminidase inhi-
bitors.27
Jimnez-Jorge, S et al. Interim influenza vaccine effectiveness: a good proxy for final
28
Jimnez-Jorge, S et al. Interim influenza vaccine effectiveness: a good proxy for final estimates
28
estimates in Spain in the last four seasons 2010-2014. Vaccine [In press]. in Spain in the last four seasons 2010-2014. Vaccine [In press].
Sullivan, SG, Kelly, H. Late season interim estimates of influenza vaccine effective-
29
Sullivan, SG, Kelly, H. Late season interim estimates of influenza vaccine effectiveness reliably
29
ness reliably predict end of season estimates in Victoria, Australia, 20072012. predict end of season estimates in Victoria, Australia, 20072012. Eurosurveillance. 2013.
Eurosurveillance. 2013.
Belongia, EA et al. Influenza vaccine effectiveness in Wisconsin during the 2007
30
Belongia, EA et al. Influenza vaccine effectiveness in Wisconsin during the 20072008 season:
30
2008 season: comparison of interim and final results. Vaccine. 2011. comparison of interim and final results. Vaccine. 2011.
RELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, No 23, 5 JUIN 2015 293
were generally low as a result of the previously discussed lement faible en raison de la non-concordance dj voque
mismatch between the circulating influenza A(H3N2) entre les virus circulants A(H3N2) et les virus vaccinaux. De
viruses and the vaccine virus. In general, mid-season manire gnrale, lefficacit vaccinale estime la mi-saison
vaccine effectiveness estimates for 20142015 were pour 2014-2015 tait plus faible quen milieu ou en fin de saison
lower than those reported mid-season or end-of-season 2013 2014 (environ 50-70%), priode caractrise par la prdo-
for 20132014 (around 5070%) when influenza A(H1N1) minance du virus A(H1N1)pdm09 et une bonne concordance
pdm09 virus predominated and there was good genetic gntique et antignique entre les virus circulants et vaccinaux.
and antigenic match between the circulating and the
vaccine viruses.
In the USA, the interim, adjusted VE estimate from data Aux tats-Unis, lestimation ajuste provisoire de lefficacit
obtained from a research network of 5 academic centres vaccinale, dtermine partir des donnes recueillies par un
from November 2014 through January 2015 was 19% rseau de recherche de 5 centres universitaires entre novembre
(95%, CI: 729%) for preventing laboratory-confirmed 2014 et janvier 2015, tait de 19% (IC 95%: 7-29%) pour la
influenza infection in patients with medically-attended prvention des infections grippales confirmes en laboratoire
ARI and 18% (95%, CI: 629%) for preventing specifi- chez les patients prsentant des infections respiratoires aigus
cally A(H3N2) virus infections, in all age groups. ncessitant une assistance mdicale et de 18% (IC 95%: 6-29%)
Adjusted VE estimates against A(H3N2) infection were pour la prvention des infections dues spcifiquement au virus
similar in adults (age 1864 years), at 18% (95%, CI: A(H3N2), dans toutes les tranches dge. Les estimations ajus-
-233%), children (aged 6 months17 years), at 14% tes de lefficacit vaccinale contre linfection par le virus
(95%, CI: -631%), and the elderly (65 years) at 29% A(H3N2) taient comparables chez ladulte de 18 64 ans (18%,
(95%, CI: -1657), however none of the age group- IC 95%: -2-33%), chez lenfant de 6 mois 17 ans (14%, IC
specific VE estimates were statistically significant. 95%: -6-31%) et chez les personnes ges de 65 ans (29%, IC
Greater than 80% of the sequenced A(H3N2) viruses 95%: -16-57%), mais aucune des estimations selon la tranche
belonged to genetic group 3C.2a and the sentinel dge ntait significative sur le plan statistique. Plus de 80%
A(H3N2) virus isolates showed antigenic drift from the des virus A(H3N2) squencs appartenaient au groupe gn-
vaccine virus, accounting for the lower than expected tique 3C.2a, et les isolats des virus A(H3N2) provenant de sites
VE.31 sentinelles prsentaient une drive antignique par rapport au
virus vaccinal, expliquant la valeur plus faible quescompte de
lefficacit vaccinale.31
The interim, adjusted VE estimate from data obtained Au Canada, lestimation ajuste provisoire de lefficacit vacci-
from November 2014 to mid-January 2015 from a nale, dtermine partir des donnes recueillies dans plusieurs
primary care Sentinel Physician Surveillance Network provinces par un rseau de surveillance de mdecins sentinelles
in several provinces in Canada was -4% (95%, CI: de soins primaires entre novembre 2014 et la mi-janvier 2015,
-4525%) for preventing laboratory-confirmed infection tait de -4% (IC 95%: -45-25%) pour la prvention des infec-
with influenza A and -8% (95%, CI: -5023%) for tions confirmes en laboratoire par les virus grippaux A, et de
A(H3N2) virus infections in patients with medically -8% (IC 95%: -50-23%) pour la prvention des infections par
attended ILI. In adults aged 2064 years, the adjusted le virus A(H3N2) chez les patients prsentant des syndromes
VE estimate was 6% (95%, CI: -4338%) against influ- grippaux ncessitant une assistance mdicale. Chez les adultes
enza A and 2% (95%, CI: -4936%) for influenza de 20 64 ans, lestimation ajuste de lefficacit vaccinale tait
A(H3N2). Most (92%) of the viruses isolated from the de 6% (IC 95%: -43-38%) contre les virus grippaux A et de
influenza-positive cases in this study were A(H3N2) 2% (IC 95%: -49-36%) contre le virus A(H3N2). La majeure
viruses; a small subset of the A(H3N2) viruses were partie (92%) des virus isols parmi les cas positifs pour la
characterized antigenically and were distinct from the grippe relevs dans cette tude taient des virus A(H3N2);
vaccine virus. A larger subset of these sentinel A(H3N2) lacaractrisation antignique dun petit sous-ensemble de ces
viruses were sequenced and none belonged to the virus A(H3N2) a montr quils diffraient du virus vaccinal. Le
vaccine virus clade (3C.1); most (90%) belonged to clade squenage gntique dun autre sous-ensemble, plus impor-
3C.2a. The exception was in British Columbia where a tant, de ces virus A(H3N2) a permis de dterminer quaucun
smaller proportion belonged to clade 3C.2a and there dentre eux nappartenait au clade du virus vaccinal (3C.1), la
was more equal contribution from another emerging majorit (90%) appartenant au clade 3C.2a. La seule exception
clade variant that authors provisionally labelled clade tait la Colombie-Britannique, o une proportion moins impor-
3C.3x, but aligned phylogenetically with viruses belong- tante des virus appartenait au clade 3C.2a, avec une contribu-
ing to clade 3C.3b.24 tion plus quilibre dun autre clade mergeant, que les auteurs
ont provisoirement dsign sous le nom de 3C.3x mais dont les
virus sapparentaient phylogntiquement ceux du
clade 3C.3b.24
The interim, adjusted VE estimate from data obtained Au Royaume-Uni, lestimation ajuste provisoire de lefficacit
from October 2014 to mid-January 2015 from a primary vaccinale, dtermine partir des donnes recueillies par un
See
31
http://www.cdc.gov/flu/news/updated-vaccine-effectiveness-2014-15.htm; Voir http://www.cdc.gov/flu/news/updated-vaccine-effectiveness-2014-15.htm; consult en
31
Summary Rsum
Influenza activity in the northern hemisphere peaked Cette saison, lactivit grippale a culmin plus tt que les annes
early in North America this season compared to previ- prcdentes en Amrique du Nord. Dans les autres rgions de
ous years, and in other regions in general peaked in lhmisphre Nord, elle a gnralement atteint son pic au dbut
early 2015. Overall, influenza activity was higher this de 2015. Dans lensemble, lactivit grippale a t plus intense
season compared to last season in North America and que la saison dernire en Amrique du Nord et en Europe, mais
Europe but lower in eastern Asia, North Africa, and the plus faible en Asie orientale, en Afrique du Nord et au Moyen-
Middle East. Influenza A(H3N2) virus predominated in Orient. Le virus A(H3N2) tait prdominant dans la plupart des
most regions this season and an increasing proportion rgions cette saison, avec une augmentation de la proportion
of influenza B viruses were detected after the peak of de virus B dtects aprs le pic dactivit grippale.
influenza activity.
The predominance of influenza A(H3N2) viruses and Caractrise par la prdominance des virus A(H3N2) et un taux
increased morbidity and mortality were similar to accru de morbidit et de mortalit, cette saison avait un profil
patterns observed in previous influenza seasons with a comparable celui de certaines saisons passes pour lesquelles
predominance of influenza A(H3N2) virus associated le virus A(H3N2) prdominait, saisons qui avaient t marques
with more severe illness, especially in adults aged par une plus grande incidence des formes graves de la maladie,
65years, compared to morbidity and mortality associ- en particulier chez les adultes de 65 ans, par rapport la morbi-
ated with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus. During this dit et la mortalit associes au virus grippal A(H1N1)pdm09.
season, most of the circulating influenza A(H3N2) Cette saison, la plupart des virus grippaux A(H3N2) circulants
viruses differed from the virus in vaccines used in the diffraient des virus utiliss dans la prparation des vaccins
specific early estimates using the cycEVA study. Eurosurveillance. 2014. estimates using the cycEVA study. Eurosurveillance. 2014.
RELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, No 23, 5 JUIN 2015 295
northern hemisphere, which may have contributed to dans lhmisphre Nord, ce qui a vraisemblablement contribu
the lower vaccine effectiveness estimates this season la faiblesse de lefficacit vaccinale estime cette saison par
compared to those of previous seasons. rapport aux saisons passes.
Regarding antiviral susceptibility, very few influenza En termes de sensibilit aux antiviraux, trs peu de virus circu-
viruses circulating this season demonstrated reduced lants cette saison ont prsent une sensibilit rduite aux inhi-
sensitivity to neuraminidase inhibitors. biteurs de la neuraminidase.
Global mortality and morbidity estimates and analyses Les analyses et les estimations de la morbidit et de la morta-
remain challenging, as most of the information was lit sont difficiles tablir lchelle mondiale, la plus grande
from high income countries. partie des informations disponibles provenant des pays
revenu lev.
Acknowledgements Remerciements
a
Global Influenza Programme, Pandemic and Epidemic a
Programme mondial de lutte contre la grippe, Dpartement
Diseases Department, Health Security and Environment pidmies et pandmies, Groupe Scurit sanitaire et environ-
Cluster, World Health Organization (Corresponding nement, Organisation mondiale de la Sant (Correspondance
author: Katelijn Vandemaele, fluupdate@who.int). adresser : Katelijn Vandemaele, fluupdate@who.int).
The WHO Global Influenza Surveillance and Response Le Systme mondial OMS de surveillance de la grippe et de
System (GISRS), the Global Influenza Vaccine Effective- riposte (GISRS), le Global Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness (GIVE)
ness (GIVE) Collaboration and the WHO Regional Collaboration et les bureaux rgionaux de lOMS.
offices.
www.who.int/wer www.who.int/wer
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