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.
.

: 1
 :

:
.
.

() .
.

: Amibe .1
:1 .Amibe
( ) 127

340m
).(Pseudopodes
.

. .

:Acetabularia .2

:2 .
Actabularia .
.
Hamerling .
.
)1 .
)2 .

: 2


Actabularia Actabularia
Mediterranea: Am Crnulata: Ac

Am Ac

Am Ac

Actabularia Actabularia
crnulata mditerranea
Ac Am

)1 .
)2 ()
.
.

: (Crapaud) Xnopes .3
:3 (Crapaud) Xnope
Gurdon
1960 : ()
( ).


UV .
.
Gurdon
.

: 3


30

UV

.

.
.

:

. . .

I .
.


. ).(Mitose
.

. .4
:4 .

40 m

:

Chromosomes
.

: 4
 . .5

:5 .
5 .
)1 4 3 2 1 5 .
5 .
)2 .
)3
: .

:

=1
4 :

6 :

= 2
= 3
= 4
= 5
= 6

= 1

4 :

6 :
= 2
= 3
= 4
= 5
= 6
7
= 1
4+4 :

6+6 :

= 2

= 3

= 4
4 :

6 :

= 1

= 2

= 3

: 5
 )1 :
. :
:
: .
.Interphase
: .Chromosomes
.Prophase
: .
.Mtaphase
: .
.Anaphase
:
. .Tlophase

)2 : .
2n
2n .

)3 :
a La prophase

Chromatide Centromre

Calottes polaires .Fuseau achromatique

b La mtaphase

La plaque quatoriale .

c L'anaphase

.
.

d La tlophase


.

.

:
Le centrosome
2Centrioles Aster .
: 6

.L'tranglement quatorial

. .6
G2 :6 .
G1
S
.

G1
= G1
G1
S
= S
T = G2
= P
G2 = M

A = A
P
M = T

:
:G1 .
:S .
:G2 . .
:
) :(P .
) :(M .

) :(A .
) :(T .
.

.
.
.

II .
.
)1928( Griffith
:7 . Griffith
1928 Frederick Griffith Les
pneumocoques :
() .(Smooth) S
().
() .(rough) R .
: 7
 :7 . Griffith
S R :

S S




R

S

( )


S
S + R

Griffith

:
:
S . .
R . .
S . S
.
S ( ) R .
S.
:
R
.
Griffith S
R S Griffith S R S
: Griffith .Principe transformant

:Griffith
a Avery : .8

: 8
 :8 .)1944( McCarthy , MacLeod , Avery
R S
:
R + S + = R S.
R + S + = R S.
R + S + = ARN R S.
R + S + = ADN R S.
ADN S R =
S.
Avery

b :
.ARN
( ADN
.)Acide dsoxyribonuclique ADN S R
S.
R S ADN
.ADN

c : .

S
S S
R R

S S R R S S

S ADN ADN S ADN

R S.
S .R

:Bactriophage 9

:9 .
Avery Chase Alfred Hershey
)1952( Martha .
Bactriophage
( ).
ADN ARN
. .

: 9
 :9 .

= 2

1
ADN

4
3 =
5

= =

( )1 )2( ADN ( .)3

( )4 ( )5 .
:
.
ADN .
ADN ADN.
.
.
.
ADN
. ADN .

:
Griffith Avery Hershey Chase
ADN
.

: 10
 10 ADN .
:10 ADN .
ADN Feulgen schiff
.ADN
ADN .
Schiff ADN
ADN.

(+ NaCl +
)

Schiff

ADN



Feulgen
ADN

Feulgen ADN .

ADN :
.

IV ADN.
.ADN 11
:11 .ADN
ADN ADN
:
.Acide phosphorique
.Dsoxyribose
Base azote :
( Adnine (A) Guanine (G (Thymine (T
).Cytosine (C
: 11
 O NH2 O-
C
N C
N
P O

HN C N C O CH2
CH CH 5
C C N HC C N O
-
H2N N H N H O
4 H H 1
)Guanine (G )Adnine (A
H 3 2 H
NH2 O OH H
C C
CH3

N CH HN C

C CH C CH
( ++ )
O N O N ADN Nuclotide
H H
)Cytosine (C )Thymine (T
ADN .

ADN :
. H3PO4
.C5H10O4
.A T C G
.ADN

.ADN
:Chargaff 12

:12 .ADN
Erwin Chargaff 1950 .ADN
A, T, C, G ADN
.
%

A+G/C+T G / C A/T T C G A
1.03 1.01 1.05 29.4 19.8 19.9 30.9
1.03 1.02 1.04 28.3 21.0 21.4 29.3
0.97 0.95 0.98 29.3 21.5 20.5 28.8
Chargaff ADN

.
1 = G/C = A/T ) 1 = (A + G) / (T + C A
T C .G T A C
G . ( A C T .)G

WATSON CRICK .13

: 12
 :13 Watson Crick . ADN
Crick Watson 1953 ADN
.
.ADN

C G 5
T A 3
C
G C G

G
G C

G C G C

A T
G C
T
A
A
A T
G C
0,34 nm
C G C
G
T A
3
C G

T A 5

2 nm nuclotide T thymine dsoxyribose

C cytosine H3PO4

G guanine A adnine
Liaison
hydrogne

Watson Crick ADN Double hlice

'5
' 3
3' :' 5 ' .3' 5 ADN
. ADN .
.

V .ADN
. .14
14
. .

: 13
 : :14 .ADN
.
= 4 ADN = 1
:
.
= 2

=3

= 5

ADN =1

= 6
.ADN
30nm
.Les nuclofilaments
ADN
Nuclosomes : .Les histones

. .14
ADN :
ADN .
.
.
.
.

.ADN
.
( + ADN )
.

VI .ADN
.ADN .15
:15 ADN .
ADN
.
ADN ( ).
)1 . I : C.M
)2 ADN
)3 ( ) ...
(.) M,G2,S,G1
)4 ADN .

: 14
 ADN
(ua) ADN
16
G2 M
2q

12
S S
10

G1 G1
q

4 I
2
C )(h
0
0 5 10 15 20 25

)1 :
= I 8 :
= G2 . = S /. = G1
= M .
= M+I = C 10.

)2 ADN :
G1 ADN q S
q .2q 2q .G2
ADN 2q q
ADN 2q ADN
.q

)3 G1 .4 S .1 G2 .2 7 6 5 3
M 3( 5 6 7
).

)4 :
ADN ADN
.

q .ADN

ADN 2q
ADN q .

: 15
 .ADN
Meselson .Stahl .16

:16 Meselson.1957 Stahl

ADN Meselson Stahl :
ADN
14N ADN ( .)1
.15N
ADN ( : )2 .G0

ADN ADN 48 :

1 2
ADN
d = 1,710

)(14N

d = 1,724
14
ADN N
ADN ADN ADN
15
ADN N

100% 100%
)(15N

G0 N14 ADN
Centrifugation G1 G2
.G3 .
:

G0

)(14N

G0 G1 G2 G3

ADN ADN 48

d = 1,710

d = 1,717 d = 1,717

d = 1,724

100% ADN 100% ADN 1/2 ADN 1/2 + ??

: 16
 )1 MeselsonStahl
)2 17
ADN Meselson.Stahl
:17 .ADN
ADN .
:
ADN ADN ADN

ADN ADN ADN

Thorie conservative Thorie semi - conservative Thorie dispersive
)1 :
:G1 ( d(ADN) =1.717 ADN ) (1.724 ADN
) )1.710 ADN.
50% :G2 ADN 50 % AND.
25% :G3 ADN 75 % AND.
ADN G1 ADN
14N .15N
ADN G2 ADN
14N.
)2 Meselson Stahl
.ADN :

ADN

100 % : G0

100 % : G1
25 % : G3 50 % : G2
75 % + 50 % +
: 17
 .Taylor 18

:18 .Taylor
Taylor Bellevalia H
. 8 ( ) Taylor
( )
Taylor
. :
3

)1 .
)2 .
)3 ADN.

)1 ADN .ADN

.
)2 .
.

.
)3 ADN
ADN .
.Semi conservatif. .

Taylor

ADN
ADN

: 18
 .ADN 19

:18 .ADN
S .
.ADN
. ADN

: :
S
ADN

+ ADN

: :
ADN
ADN
G C
C G
A T
C G T A
A T G C ADN
A T T A
G C T A
G C C G
T A C G
G C
A T A T
T A

T A T A T A
C G A T A T
G C G C

G C G C ADN ADN
A T A T
C G C G
A T A T
A T A T
G C

G C
G C G C
T A T A
A T A T
T A T A
C G C G

ADN

: 19
 ADN . ADN
:

( ).
ADN
A T C
( G ) .ADN
( )
ADN
( ).

:
ADN ADN
. ADN
ADN : .
.

: 20