ABSTRACT

The purpose of this project is to design a water distillation system that can purify water
from nearly and any source, a system relatively cheap, portable, and depends only on
renewable solar energy.

There is almost no water left on earth that is safe to drink without purification after 20-25
years from today. This is a seemingly bold statement, but it is unfortunately true. Only 1%
of Earth's water is in a fresh, liquid state, and nearly all of this is polluted by both diseases
and toxic chemicals. For this reason, purification of water supplies is extremely
important. Keeping these things in mind, we have devised a model which will convert the
dirty/saline water into pure/potable water using the renewable source of energy (i.e. solar
energy).

The basic modes of the heat transfer involved are radiation, convection and conduction.
The results are obtained by evaporation of the dirty/saline water and fetching it out as
pure/drinkable water. The designed model produces 1 litre.

1
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Apart from the efforts of us, the success of this project depends largely on the
encouragement and guidelines of many. We take this opportunity to express our gratitude
to the people who have been instrumental in the successful completion of this project
work.

We express immense gratitude to our guide Mr. H. N. NARASIMHA PRASAD,

Lecturer, Department of Mechanical Engineering, RIT, Hassan for having extended his
priceless technical expertise. We also thank them for their patient thoughtful guidance and
also for their most generous support and encouragement towards the development of the
project work.

We also express immense gratitude to Project work Coordinates Mr. Vinay L., Mr.
Hanoca P., Mr. Shivaprakash B. C. and Mr. Kuldeep B., Assistant professors,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajeev Institute of Technology, Hassan for their
encouragement and support in carrying out the Project work.

We express our sincere thanks to Dr. Dhananjaya D. A., Vice Principal, Professor and
Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering, RIT, Hassan for his valuable
encouragement and support in carrying out the project by providing all the facilities.

We convey our gratitude to Dr. A. N. Ramakrishna, Principal, Rajeev Institute of

Technology, Hassan for his kind encouragement.

We would like to thank our Parents and Friends for their constant encouragement in
carrying out the project work.

JAGADEESH H. R. (4RA12ME047)
JAIKUMAR S. (4RA12ME048)
ABHISHEK K. M. (4RA12ME050)
KAUSHIK M. H. (4RA12ME051)

DECLARATION
2
We, JAGADEESH R., JAIKUMAR S., ABHISHEK K. M. and KAUSHIK M. H.
students, B E Mechanical Engineering, RIT, Hassan, hereby declare that this Project work
entitled, SOLAR WATER PURIFIER has been carried out by us under the
guidance of Mr. H. N. Narasimha Prasad, Lecturer, Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Rajeev Institute of Technology, Hassan for partial fulfillment of the degree
of Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering of Visvesvaraya Technological
University, Belgaum.

We also declare that we have not submitted this Project Work to any other university for
the award of any degree.

Date:
Place: Hassan

JAGADEESH R. (4RA12ME047)
JAIKUMAR S. (4RA12ME048)
ABHISHEK K. M. (4RA12ME050)
KAUSHIK M. H. (4RA12ME051)

CONTENTS
Title page
3
Certificate
Abstract i
Acknowledgement ii
Declaration iii
Contents iv
List of Figures vii
List of Tables viii
Abbreviations ix
Nomenclature x

Chapters

1. Introduction 1

2. Literature Survey 2-7

3. Design and Methodology 8-12

3.1 Solar Energy 8

3.2 Solar Radiation 8

3.2.1 Direct Radiation 8

3.2.2 Diffuse Radiation 8

3.3 Design Parameter 9

3.4 Solar Radiation Geometry 10

3.5 Methodology 10

3.6 Calculation of Solar Energy Availability at Hassan in the Month Of April. 11

4. Water Purification 13-20

4.1 History of Water Filtration 13

4.2 Types of Filters
13

4.2.1 Water Treatment Plant Filters 13

4.2.2 Certification of Water filters 14

4.2.3 Potable Water Filters 15

4.3 Water Polishing 15

4
 4.4 Water Purification 16
4.5 Operation of Water Purification
16
4.5.1 Filtration
16

4.5.2 Chemical Treatment 17

4.5.3 Reverse Osmosis 18

4.5.4 Distillation 19

4.5.5 Benefits of Distillation 20

4.6 Needs and Specification of Purification 20

5. Solar Water Distillation 21-22

6. Working of Solar Still 26

6.1 Design of Solar Still 23-28

6.1.1 Design Objectives for an Efficient Solar Still
24

6.1.2 Design Consideration 25

6.2 Some Problems with Solar Stills which would reduce their Efficiency Include 25
6.3 Concept for Making a Good Solar Still
26
6.4 Design Types and Performance
26

6.5 Would a Solar Still Suit our Needs 28

7. Turbidity 29-32

7.1 Turbidity 29
7.2 These are the Water Source are Most likely Have High Turbidity
29
7.3 Causes for Turbidity
29
7.4 Steps to Measure the Turbidity
29
7.5 Turbidity Causes these Effects, which Alter the water Quality and Water
Treatment 30
7. 6 Standards of the Turbidity in Drinking Water
30
7.7 problems with Turbid Water
30
7.8 Test Result
31
5
8. Evacuated Solar Tube
33-37
8.1 Evacuated Tube Solar Water Heater
34
8.2 Working of an Evacuated Tube Solar Collector
34
8.3 Benefits of Using Evacuated Tube Solar Collectors
37
9. Fabrication Details of Solar Water Purifier
38-42
9.1 Solar Still
38
9.2 Design of Distillation Plant
38
9.2.1 Construction of Solar Still
38
9.3 Details of Different Parts of the System
39
9.3.1 Sill Basin
39
9.3.2 Channel
39
9.4 Readings Taken for Solar Still
40
9.5 Solar Evacuated Tubes
40
9.5.1 Design of Solar Evacuated Tube
41
9.5.2 Specification
41
9.5.3 Reason for Using of Solar Evacuated Tubes
42
9.6 Filter
42
11. Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications
43
11.1 Advantages
43
11.2 Disadvantages
43
11.3 Application
43
12. Conclusion
44
References
45
Appendix A: Photos and Drawings

Appendix B: Cost Estimation

Appendix C: Analysis Report of effluent Quality

6
 LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. No. Particulars Page No.
3.1 Solar angles 9
3.2 Block Diagram of Project 10
3.3 Longitude and Latitude of Different Location in Karnataka 11
4.1 Reverse Osmosis 18
6.1 Working of Solar Still 23
6.2 Layout of Solar Still Plant 24
7.1 Sewage Water 32
7.2 Muddy Water 32
7.3 Salt Water 32
7.4 Distilled Water 32
7.5 Temperature v/s Time 32
8.1 Cross-Section of Water-in-glass Solar Water Heater 34
8.2 Various Components of ETC 34
8.3 The Getter is Located at the Bottom of the Outer Tube. 35
8.4 Faults in the Tubes 35
8.5 Evacuated Tube Heat Pipe System 35
8.6 Over View of an Evacuated Solar Tube 36
9.1 Solar Still 38
7
 9.2 Model of Solar Still 39
9.3 Solar Evacuated Tube 41
9.4 Active Carbon Filter 42

LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Particulars Page No.

7.1 Test result 32
9.1 Solar Still Temperature Reading 40
9.2 Specification of ETC 41

8
 ABBREVIATIONS
AIDS : Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
ANSI : American National Standard Institute
CAGR : Compound Annual Growth
CBR : Carbon Black Resin
Cl : Chlorine
CO2 : Carbon-dioxide
CSA : Condian Quality Association
DBPs : Disinfection By Products
ETC : Evacuated Tube Collector
GAC : Granular Activated Carbon
HIV : Human Immune Virus
IAPMO : International Association of Plumbing and
Mechanical Officials
NO2 : Nitrogen dioxide
NTU : Nephlometric Turbidity Unit
PVC : Poly Vinely Chloride
QAI : Quality Auditing Institute
THM : Tri-Halo Methane
UV : Ultra violet
WHO : World Health Organization
WQA : Water Quality Association

9
 NOMENCLATURE
o
C : Degree Celsius
KPa : Kilo Pascal
Kg/m2/day : Kilo Gram Per Meter Square Per Day
MW : Mega Watt
KJ/Kg : Kilo Joules Per Kilo Gram
m2 : Meter Square
m3/day : Meter Cube Per Day
Watt Per Meter Square Per Day
W/m2/day :

10