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Water-cooling tower
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Water-cooling tower packed tower
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Natural draft water cooler
CONTINOUS HUMIDIFICATION
PROCESSES
Humidification
Transfer of water from the liquid phase into a gaseous mixture of
air & water vapour
Air &water vapour
water
Dehumidification
Water vapour is transferred from the vapour state to the liquid state
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Humidity Chart
Properties of air-water vapour mixtures at 1 atm abs pressure
Humidity vs dry bulb temperature
Wet bulb temp. =20oC, dry bulb temp. = 30oC,humidity = ?
Dew point =10oC, humidity = ?
Humidity
0.0115
0.0085
Humidity chart
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Theory and calculations for water-cooling towers
where:
L= water flowrate (kg/s.m2)
TL = water temperature (oC)
G = dry air flowrate (kg/s.m2)
H = humidity of air (kg water/kg dry air)
Hy = entahlpy of air-vapour mixture(J/kg dry air)
kGa = gas-phase volumetric coefficient (kmol/s.m3.Pa)
MB = molecular weight of air
P = atmospheric pressure (Pa)
z= height of tower (m)
Using film mass-transfer coefficient Using overall mass transfer coefficient
Hy2 Hy2
G 1 G 1
z=
MBkGaP Hyi-Hy
z=
MBKGaP Hy*-Hy
Hy1 Hy1
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Design of water-cooling tower using film mass-transfer coefficient
h a
6. Plot several lines with slope = - L where hLa = liquid-phase
M k aP
volumetric heat transfer coefficient B G
7. Obtain several values of Hyi with the corresponding Hy. Tabulate values
of Hyi, Hy, (Hyi-Hy) and 1/(Hyi-Hy) Hy2
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8. Plot 1/(Hyi-Hy) vs Hy from Hy1 to Hy2. Area under the curve =
Hy2 Hyi-Hy
G 1 Hy1
MBkGaP H -H
9. Calculate z from z =
H yi y
y1
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Design of water-cooling tower using overall mass-transfer
coefficient
6. Plot several vertical lines
7. Obtain several values of Hy* with the corresponding Hy. Tabulate values
of Hy*, Hy, (Hy*-Hy) and 1/(Hy*-Hy) Hy2
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8. Plot 1/(Hy*-Hy) vs Hy from Hy1 to Hy2. Area under the curve =
Hy2 Hy1
Hy*-Hy
G 1
MBKGaP Hy*-Hy
9. Calculate z from z =
Hy1
Example 10.5-1:
L = 1.356 kg water/s.m2
TL2=43.3oC
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Example 10.5-1:
At TG1=29.4oC & Tw = 23.9oC, H1 = ?
Humidity
0.0165
Example 10.5-1:
L = 1.356 kg water/s.m2
TL2=43.3oC
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Example 10.5-1:
G=1.356 kg dry air/s.m2 L = 1.356 kg water/s.m2
Hy2=129.9 x 103 J/kg dry air TL2=43.3oC
Hy1=7.17 x 103 J/kg dry air TL1 = 29.4oC
4. Plot the equilibrium line (table 10.5-1) on the Hy vs TL graph
5. Draw the operating-line with the point (TL1,Hy1) and (TL2,Hy2) on the graph
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Example 10.5-1:
7. Obtain several values of Hyi with the corresponding Hy. Tabulate values
of Hyi, Hy, (Hyi-Hy) and 1/(Hyi-Hy)
184.7
162.1
141.8
129.9
124.4
106.5108.4
94.9 94.4
83.5
71.7
Hy2
1
Area under the curve = = 1.82
H
1/(Hyi-Hy)
y1 Hyi-Hy
Hy1 Hy2
Hy
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Example 10.5-1: L = 1.356 kg water/s.m2
TL2=43.3oC
P = 1.013 x 105 Pa z
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Design of water-cooling tower using
height of transfer unit
Hy2 Hy2
G 1 1
z=
MBkGaP Hyi-Hy
= HG Hyi-Hy
Hy1 Hy1
Dehumidification tower
Humidification/ cooling tower
Operating line lies below the equilibrium line
Water is cooled & air humidified
Dehumidification tower
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