Karakterisasi Material (S2)

ENMT802007
SIFAT MEKANIK (REVIEW)
(Mechanical Properties)

Prof. Dr. Ir. Anne Zulfia, M.Sc.

Departemen Metalurgi & Material

Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia
 Mechanical Properties of
Engineering Materials
Strength
Tension, compression, shear, and Flexure
Static, impact, and endurance
Stiffness
Elasticity/Plasticity
Ductility/Brittleness
Hardness & Wear resistance
Creep & Fatigue
Plastic (Permanent) Deformation
(at lower temperatures, i.e. T < Tmelt/3)

Simple tension test:

Elastic+Plastic
engineering stress, s at larger stress

Elastic
initially
permanent (plastic)
after load is removed

ep engineering strain, e

plastic strain
When force becomes larger, atoms become sliding past each other. It is called slip.
 Yield Strength, sy
Stress at which noticeable plastic deformation has
occurred. when e = 0.002 p
tensile stress, s
sy sy = yield strength
Note: for 2 inch sample
e = 0.002 = z/z
z = 0.004 in

See figure 6.10 and page 144

engineering strain, e for more definitions!

ep = 0.002
Adapted from Fig. 6.10 (a),
Callister 7e.
 Yield Strength: Comparison
Graphite/
Metals/ Composites/
Ceramics/ Polymers
Alloys fibers
Semicond
2000
Steel (4140) qt

1000
Yield strength, sy (MPa)

Ti (5Al-2.5Sn) a

in ceramic matrix and epoxy matrix composites, since

700 W (pure)

since in tension, fracture usually occurs before yield.

in tension, fracture usually occurs before yield.

600 Cu (71500) cw
500 Mo (pure)
400 Steel (4140) a
Steel (1020) cd
300
Room T values
Hard to measure ,

Hard to measure,
Al (6061) ag
200 Steel (1020) hr
Ti (pure) a
Ta (pure)
Cu (71500) hr Based on data in Table B4,
Callister 7e.
100 a = annealed
dry
70 PC
hr = hot rolled
60 Al (6061) a Nylon 6,6 ag = aged
50 PET
cd = cold drawn
40 PVC humid
cw = cold worked
PP
30 HDPE qt = quenched & tempered

20

LDPE
Tin (pure)
10
 Tensile Strength, TS
Maximum stress on engineering stress-strain curve.
Adapted from Fig. 6.11,
Callister 7e.
TS
F = fracture or
sy
ultimate
engineering

strength
stress

Typical response of a metal

Neck acts
as stress
concentrator
strain
engineering strain
Metals: occurs when noticeable necking starts.
Polymers: occurs when polymer backbone chains are
aligned and about to break.
 Tensile Strength: Comparison
Graphite/
Metals/ Composites/
Ceramics/ Polymers
Alloys fibers
Semicond
5000 C fibers
Aramid fib
3000 E-glass fib
Tensile strength, TS (MPa)

2000 Steel (4140) qt

AFRE(|| fiber)
1000 W (pure) Diamond GFRE(|| fiber)
Ti (5Al-2.5Sn)aa CFRE(|| fiber)
Steel (4140)cw
Cu (71500) Si nitride
Cu (71500) hr Al oxide
Steel (1020)
300 ag
Al (6061) a
Ti (pure)
200 Ta (pure) Room Temp. values
Al (6061) a
100 Si crystal wood(|| fiber) Based on data in Table B4,
<100> Nylon 6,6
Glass-soda PC PET Callister 7e.
40 PVC GFRE( fiber) a = annealed
Concrete PP
30 CFRE( fiber) hr = hot rolled
AFRE( fiber)
HDPE ag = aged
20 Graphite
LDPE cd = cold drawn
cw = cold worked
10 qt = quenched & tempered
AFRE, GFRE, & CFRE =
aramid, glass, & carbon
fiber-reinforced epoxy
wood ( fiber)
composites, with 60 vol%
fibers.
1
 Ductility
Lf - Lo
Plastic tensile strain at failure: %EL = x 100
Lo
smaller %EL
Engineering
tensile
stress, s larger %EL Ao
Lo Af Lf
Adapted from Fig. 6.13,
Callister 7e.

Engineering tensile strain, e

Another ductility measure: Ao - Af

%RA = x 100
Ao
Engineer needs to know ductility to prepare for maximum amount of deformation
and prevent from sudden failure.
 Selective Mechanical
Properties of Metals

These properties are sensitive to any prior deformation, the

presence of impurities, and heat treatment. Only modulus of
elasticity is intrinsic characteristic.
 Temperature Effect of Ductility
High temperature promotes atomic movements. Material softens
and becomes ductile. Low temperature freezes atoms in their
own positions and material becomes brittle.
 Resilience, Ur
Ability of a material to store energy
Energy stored best in elastic region

ey
Ur = sde
0
If we assume a linear stress-strain
curve this simplifies to
1
Ur @ sy e y nt/m2 m/m
2 = nt m /m3
= J/m3
 Toughness
Energy to break a unit volume of material
Approximate by the area under the stress-strain
curve.
Engineering small toughness (ceramics)
tensile large toughness (metals)
stress, s
Adapted from Fig. 6.13, very small toughness
Callister 7e. (unreinforced polymers)

Engineering tensile strain, e

Brittle fracture: elastic energy
Ductile fracture: elastic + plastic energy nt/m2 m/m
= nt m /m3
= J/m3
 True Stress and Strain
It seems to suggest that the sample is weakening after M but in reality
necking takes place after M and the effective cross section area is
reduced significantly. So taking this into account, the stress level
continues rising up till fracture.

TS
F = fracture or
sy
ultimate
engineering

strength
stress

Typical response of a metal

Neck acts
as stress
concentrator
strain
engineering strain
 True Stress & Strain
Note: S.A. changes when sample stretched

True stress sT = F Ai sT = s1 e
True Strain eT = ln i o eT = ln1 e

Adapted from Fig. 6.16,

Callister 7e.
 Elastic Strain Recovery

Adapted from Fig. 6.17,

Callister 7e.
 Indentation Hardness Testing of
Metals
Brinell Hardness Test (ASTM E 10) -
Commonly used.
Rockwell Hardness Test (ASTM E 18) -
Commonly used. Indentor and loads are
smaller than with the Brinell test.
Vickers Hardness Test (ASTM E 92) -
Similar to Rockwell. Uses a square-
based diamond pyramid for the indentor.
Knoop (Tukon) Hardness Test - used for
very thin and/or very small specimens.
 Hardness
Resistance to permanently indenting the surface.
Large hardness means:
--resistance to plastic deformation or cracking in
compression.
--better wear properties.
apply known force measure size
e.g., of indent after
10 mm sphere removing load

Smaller indents
D d mean larger
hardness.

most brasses easy to machine cutting nitrided

plastics Al alloys steels file hard tools steels diamond

increasing hardness
Hardness Test Method and Their Formula
 Hardness: Measurement
Rockwell
No major sample damage
Each scale runs to 130 but only useful in range
20-100.
Minor load 10 kg
Major load 60 (A), 100 (B) & 150 (C) kg
A = diamond, B = 1/16 in. ball, C = diamond

HB = Brinell Hardness
TS (psia) = 500 x HB
TS (MPa) = 3.45 x HB
 Brinell Hardness
A Load applied to a 10mm diameter ball.
Measure diameter of the indentation to the
nearest 0.02 mm under a microscope.
Compute the Brinell Hardness Number (Bhn)
D = diameter of ball (mm) D = 10mm
d = diameter of indentation (mm)
P = applied load (units = kg)
Load mass P
Bhn = =
indented area D D - D - d
2 2

2
Indentation of Brinell
 Material Brinell Hardness
Pure Aluminum 15
Pure Copper 35
Mild Steel 120
304 Stainless Steel 250
Hardened Tool Steel 650/700
Hard Chromium Plate 1000
Chromium Carbide 1200
Tungsten Carbide 1400
Titanium Carbide 2400
Diamond 8000
Sand 1000
 Vickers Hardness Test

In general, vickers method is similar to Brinell

method, but their difference is the type of
indenter.
Indenter : Pyramid diamond - 136o
The Indented shape : cubic, measured by
optical microscope

d1 + d2
-d=
2
- d = 0,375 D
 Vickers Hardness

Vickers Indenter

Indented Shape (see

vickers hardness by optical microscope)
Equipment
 Vickers Hardness
(ASTM E 92)
The formula :

1,8544 P
VHN = d2

P = Load (kg) 1-120 kg

d = Length of diagonal (mm)
 Rockwell Hardness (ASTM E 18)
Invented by S.P Rockwell in 1922

Indenter :
Rockwell C using a Diamond - 120o
Rockwell B using a Hardened Steel Ball

It is easy to perform and the hardness number is obtained directly

from the testing machine.
The test consists of applying a minor load of 10 kg to seat the
indenter and then applying a major load (typically 100 kg) to create
a permanent depression beyond that caused by the minor load.
The hardness number, which is read directly from a dial or digital
scale on the testing machine, is inversely related to the additional
penetration caused by application of the major load
 Aplication for several Materials
Scale Symbol Indenter Major Load, kgf Dial Figure Typical Applications
Cemented carbides, thin steel, and shallow
A Diamond 60 Black
case-hardened steel
Copper alloys, soft steels, aluminum alloys,
B 1/16" ball 100 Red
malleable iron
Steel, hard cast irons, pearlitic malleable
C Diamond 150 Black iron, titanium, deep case-hardened steel,
and other materials harder than HRB 100
Thin steel and medium case-hardened steel
D Diamond 100 Black
and pearlitic malleable iron
Cast iron, aluminum and magnesium alloys,
E 1/8" ball 100 Red
bearing metals
Annealed copper alloys, thin soft sheet
F 1/16" ball 60 Red
metals
Phosphor bronze, beryllium copper,
G 1/16" ball 150 Red malleable irons. Upper limit is HRG 92, to
avoid possible flattening of ball.
H 1/8" ball 60 Red Aluminum, zinc, lead
K 1/8" ball 150 Red
L 1/4" ball 60 Red
M 1/4" ball 100 Red
Bearing metals and other very soft or thin
P 1/4" ball 150 Red materials. Use smallest ball and heaviest
load that do not give anvil effect.
R 1/2" ball 60 Red
S 1/2" ball 100 Red
Setting for Rod Specimen
 Kekerasan Knoop
One of MCRO HARDNESS method for small and thin
materials
The hardness value provides by pressing a diamond into
the material to be tested under an applied force.
The results of Indentation is between 0.01mm -
0.1mm
The load applied to te material surface is 5 gr to 5
Kg.
The surface must be prepared to be metallographic
samples.
Knoop Indentation
 Relationship of Hardness to Tensile
Strength of Materials

UTS = 500 BHN (pound/in2)

UTS = 500 BHN (MPa)

UTS = Ultimate tensile Stress

HB = Hardness of Brinell

Hardness is proportional to the tensile strength

but note that the proportionality constant is different
for different materials.
 ASTM STANDARD

Document
Document Title
Number
Standard Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic
E10
Materials
Standard Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of
E18
Metallic Materials
Standard Test Method for Rockwell Hardness of
D785
Plastics
 BRINELL TEST for WELDED MATERIALS

Testing Machine Specimen

 Design or Safety Factors
Design uncertainties mean we do not push the limit.
Factor of safety, N Often N is
sy between
sworking = 1.2 and 4
N
Example: Calculate a diameter, d, to ensure that yield does
not occur in the 1045 carbon steel rod below. Use a
factor of safety of 5.
d
sy
sworking = 1045 plain
carbon steel:
N sy = 310 MPa Lo
220,000N 5 TS = 565 MPa

d2 / 4
F = 220,000N
d = 0.067 m = 6.7 cm
Perlakuan Panas Untuk Industri Komponen
Otomotif, 7 - 12 Mei 2007 44
46
 Summary
Stress and strain: These are size-independent
measures of load and displacement, respectively.
Elastic behavior: This reversible behavior often
shows a linear relation between stress and strain.
To minimize deformation, select a material with a
large elastic modulus (E or G).
Plastic behavior: This permanent deformation
behavior occurs when the tensile (or compressive)
uniaxial stress reaches sy.
Toughness: The energy needed to break a unit
volume of material.
Ductility: The plastic strain at failure.