Geometry Reasoning

1. Angles in Triangles and Polygons

Fact: Reference/Reason:
0
The sum of the angles on a straight line is 180 .
i.e a + b = 1800
b a adj s on st. line

The sum of the angles on a point is 3600.

i.e. a + b + c + d = 3600
a
b s at a point
d
c

The sum of the interior angles of a triangle is 1800.

i.e. a + b + c = 1800
b sum of

a c

The exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of two opposite

interior angles. i.e a + b = c

b ext. of
a c

In an n- sided polygon, the sum of interior angles:

a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 + a5 + + an =( n 2 )X1800
an
a1

a5 sum of polygon
a2
a4
a3

In an convex n-sided polygon, the sum of exterior angles:

a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 + a5 + + an =3600
an

a1 a5
sum of ext. s of polygon

a4
a2
a3
2. Angles in intersecting lines and parallel lines
Property

Fact Reference/Reason
The opposite angles in the intersecting lines are the same. i.e. a = b

a b vert. opp. s

The corresponding angles in parallel lines are the same. i.e x = y

A B
x
corr. s , AB // CD
C D
y

The alternate angles in parallel lines are the same. i.e x = y

A B alt. s , AB // CD
x
y
C D
The sum of the interior angles in parallel lines is equal to 1800.
i.e. x + y = 1800. A B
x int. s , AB // CD

y
C D

Condition
Fact Reference/Reason
If x = y, then AB // CD.
A B
x corr. s equal
C D
y

If x = y, then AB // CD.
A B
x alt. s equal
y
C D

If x + y = 1800, AB // CD.
A B
x
int. s supp.

y
C D
3. Congruent Triangles
A. Properties
Fact Reference/Reason
In the figure, if ABC XYZ , then
A
A = X corr. s , s
(i) B = Y
C = Z B C
X
AB = XY
(ii) BC = YZ corr. sides, s
CA = ZX Y Z

Remarks
When you write down a pair of congruent triangles, you should match the corresponding angles ot those
triangles.
B. Conditions (To prove the congruent triangles)
Fact Reference/Reason
In the figure, A X
If AB = XY, BC = YZ, CA = ZX
then ABC XYZ SSS
B C Y Z
In the figure, A X
If B = Y , C = Z , BC =YZ
then ABC XYZ ASA
B C Y Z

In the figure, A X
If B = Y , C = Z , AB =XY
then ABC XYZ AAS
B C Y Z
In the figure, A X
If A = X , AB = XY, AC = XZ
then ABC XYZ SAS
B C Y Z

In the figure, A X
If AB = XY, AC = XZ,
C = Z =900 RHS
then ABC XYZ
C B Z Y
Remarks:
1. You can regard A.S.A. and A.A.S. is the same reason.
2. In S.A.S., the angle must be included angle ().
3. In R.H.S., H represent hypotenuse ().
4. Even though you see the right angles in the triangles, it is not a must to use R.H.S. as a reason of
congruent triangles.
4. Similar Triangles
A. Properties

Fact Reference/Reason
In the figure, if ABC ~ XYZ , then X
A = X A corr. s ,~ s
(i) B = Y
C = Z
B C
Y Z
AB BC CA corr. sides, ~ s
(ii) = =
XY YZ ZX

B. Conditions (To prove similar triangles only)

Fact Reference/Reason
In the figure, X
If A = X , B = Y , C = Z ,
A
AAA
then ABC ~ XYZ
B C Y Z

In the figure, X
A
AB BC CA
If = =
XY YZ ZX 3 sides proportional
B C
then ABC ~ XYZ Y Z

In the figure, X
AB CA
If A = X , and = A
XY ZX ratio of 2 sides, inc.
then ABC ~ XYZ
B C Y Z
Remarks:
1. In equiangular. If you proved two of the corresponding angles in triangles are equal, then the
remaining corresponding angles must be also the same.(why?)
2. In ratio of 2 sides, inc. , the angle must be included angle.
 ) )
Triangles and Equilateral(
5. Isosceles( Triangles
Facts Reference/Reason
In the figure, A
If AB = AC
Then B = C base s, isos.

B C
In the figure, A
If B = C ,
Then AB = AC sides opp. eq. s

B C
In the figure
A
ABC is an equilateral triangle
AB = BC = CA property of equilateral
0
A = B = C =60
B C

6. Mid point theorem and intercept theorem

mid pt. theorem intercept theorem

A A

M N M N
Given Condition

B C B C

AM = MB and AN = NC AM = MB and MN = BC
1
Conclusion MN // BC and MN = BC . AN = NC
2
7. Properties of Parallelograms
For any give parallelogram, it has the following properties:
1. The opposite sides of a parallelogram are parallel.

2. The opposite sides of a parallelogram are equal.

3. The opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal.

4. The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.

Reason: Property of // gram

8. Proving of Parallelogram
The following reasons are used for proving whether the given quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
Condition Conclusion References/ Reasons
1. Both pair of the opposite sides of a
quadrilateral are the same.
opp. sides equal

2. Both pair of the opposite angles of a

quadrilateral are the same.
opp. s equal

The given quadrilateral is a

parallelogram.
3. The diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect
each other.
diags. bisect each other

4. One pair of opposite sides of a

quadrilateral are equal and parallel.
2 sides equal and //
9. Circle

I. Chords of circle :
(1) ( line joining centre to mid-pt of chord chord)
If AM = MB, then OM AB. (O is denoted the centre in the below)

O
M
A B

(2) (line from centre chord bisects chord )

If OM AB, then AM = MB.

O
M
A B

(3) Deduced fact

The perpendicular bisector of a chord of a circle passes through the centre of the circle.

(4) ( equal chords, equidistant from centre )

If AB = MN, then OP = OQ.
B

A P O

Q
M N

(5) ( chords equidistant from centre are equal )

If OP = OQ, then AB = CD.
B

A P O

Q
M N
II. Angles in circle :
(1) ( at centre twice at
ce )
If P lies on the circumference, then a = 2b .

b
O
a

(2) ( in semi-circle )
If AC is a diameter, then x = 90 o .

B
x
A C

(3) ( s in the same segment )

If A, D lie in the circumference, then x = y .

A
D
x
y

B C
III. Relation between angles, chords and arcs :
(4) (equal , equal )
If equality, the angles, chords and arcs are all equal

B
x = y AB = CD arc(AB) = arc(CD)
O
x
y C

A
D
(5) (arc prop. to s at centre /
ce )
Arcs are proportional to s at centre and s at
ce (No chord)
C B
A C
B
y x arc AB
x =
or D y arc CD
O x y
A
D
IV. Cyclic Quadrilaterals :
A. Properties of cyclic quadrilateral :
(1) ( opp. s , cyclic quad. )

If PQRS is cyclic quadrilateral, then x + y = 180 o .

P
S
y

x
Q

(2) ( ext. , cyclic quad. )

If PQRS is cyclic quadrilateral, then a = b .
P
S

b
a
Q

B. Tests for Concyclic points :

(1) ( converse of s in the same segment )
If x = y , P, Q, R, S are concyclic (PQRS is cyclic quadrilateral).
P
Q
x
y

S R

(2) ( opp. s supp )

If x + y = 180 o , then P, Q, R, S are concyclic.

P
S
y
x
Q

R
(3) ( ext. equal to int. opp. )
If x = y , P, Q, R, S are concyclic.
P
S
y
x
Q

R
10. Tangents to a Circle
I. Properties of tangent
(1) ( tangent radius )
If AB is tangent ar P, OP AB

A B
P

(2) ( tangent properties)

If PM, PN are tangent to the circle, then (i) PM = PN , (ii) x = y and (iii) a = b.

O x a
P
y b

(2) ( in alt segment )

If AB is tangent to the circle at R, then x = y .

Q
y
P

x B
A
R
II. Tests of tangency

(1) (converse of tangent radius )

If OP AB , then AB is tangent ar P,

A B
P
(2) (converse of in alt segment )
If x = y , then AB is tangent to the circle at R.

Q
y
P

x B
A
R
11. Special lines and circles in triangle
I. Special lines in triangle
Special
Example Name Definition
line
(1)

Angle
A line segment which bisects an interior
AD Bisector
angle of a triangle.
()

In which =
(2)

Perpendicular
A straight line which is perpendicular to
L Bisector
and bisects one side of a triangle.
()

In here = 900 and BD = DC

(3)

A line segment which joins a vertex of a

Median
AM triangle to the mid-point of its opposite
()
side.

In here, BM = MC.
(4)

A perpendicular line segment drawn

Altitude
AH from a vertex of a triangle to its opposite
()
side.

In here AHC = 900

II. Special circles in triangles
A. In-centre ()
In any triangle (said ABC). The angle bisectors are concurrent, those point of intersection is the
in-centre() I of the triangle ABC and the circle drawn is called the incircle or inscribed circle
().
A
in-centre I
Inscribe Circle

B C

Remark: The in-centre is always inside the triangle.

B. Circumcentre()
In any triangle (said ABC). The perpendicular bisector are concurrent, those point of intersection is the
circumcentre O of the triangle and the circle drawn is called circumcentre(). There are 3 cases:
(i) Acute angled Triangle. (ii) Right angled triangle (iii) Obtuse angled triangle

A A
A

B C

B O
O O C

B C

The circumcentre lie The circumcentre lie The circumcentre lie

insides the triangle. on the side of triangle. outside the triangle.
(hypotenuse)
III. Centroid( , )
In any triangle (said ABC), all medians are concurrent, the point of intersection is called as centroid
AG : GN = BG : GL = CG : GM = 2 : 1
The centroid is always insides the triangle.
A

M L
G

B N C

IV. Orthocentre()
In any triangle (said ABC), all altitudes are concurrent, the point of intersections is called as orthocentre.
There are 3 cases:
(j) Acute angled Triangle. (ii) Right angled triangle (iii) Obtuse angled triangle
A A

A/H

H
H B
B C
B C
C

The orthocentre lie The orthocentre lie The orthocentre lie

insides the triangle. on the side of triangle. outside the triangle.