LEA-1POLICE ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION WITH

POLICE PLANNING
POP SHEETS IN LAW ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION
LEA-1 POLICE ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION WITH POLICE
PLANNING Law Enforcement Administration (LEA)

The course deals with the study of principles underlying police

organization and management with particular focus on the Constitutional
mandate, Republic Acts 6975 and 8551, and previous laws and issuances
relating thereto.

It includes the organizational structure and organization of the Philippine

National Police, on the national and local levels.
Emphasis is given on direction, supervision, coordination and control of all
local police forces as a homogeneous body under a single command.

It also includes the basic management functions in so far as these are

applied to the police organization.
Police planning is integrated into this course, and it is designed to equip
the students with knowledge on the development of effective plans,
particularly on strategies and tactics for effective operations.

The emphasis is on the special techniques and procedure applicable to

unusual needs like unusual criminal activities, civil disturbances, special
community events, disaster plans, and civil defense.

Introduction:

The organization with management and administration is directed towards

the achievement of goals and objectives.

Goals are broad statements of general and long term organizational

purposes often used to define the role of the police, for instance, to
prevent crime, maintain order or help solve community problems.
Objectives are specific short term statements consistent with an
organizations goal.

The organization guides members in its operation of the assigned duties.

It enhances better administration of the department. Good organization
and administration would eventually mean effective and efficient police
work. Organization can also distinguished by their degree of formality and
structure:

1. Formal Organization-is defined as those organizations that are

formally established for explicit purpose of achieving certain goals. (Stable
social institutions.)
2. Informal Organization- are those sharing the basic characteristic of
all organizations arise through the social interactions of individuals or
through family grouping.

What is Organization?
It is a form of human association for the attainment of goal or objective.

It is the process of identifying and grouping the work to be performed,

defining and delegating responsibility and authority establishing
relationships for the propose of enabling people work effectively.
What is Police Organization?

Police organization is a group of trained personnel in the field of public

safety administration engaged in the achievement of goals and objectives
that promotes the maintenance of crimes.

Administration of Police Organization - It is the systematic structure

of management of a police organization.

What is Police?

Police is a branch of the criminal justice system that has the specific
responsibility of maintaining law and order and combating crime within
the society.

The term police are derived from the word POLITIA, meaning condition of
a state, government and administration, POLITIA organization is from the
Greek word POLITEIA which means government, citizenship, or the entire
activity of a POLIS, a city.

POLICE (broadest sense) means the internal organization or regulation of

a state, the control and regulation of a community or state through the
exercise of the constitutions power of the government.

POLICE (less broadest sense)it denotes the power of the government

which concerns the tranquility, public order, peace, security of persons
and property and the protection of the public health and moral.

In the very restricted sense, the word police refer exclusively to that body
of armed men which as an institution is capable of exercising its duties by
armed physical forces in the preservation and detection of crime and the
execution of laws.

Police Activities:
1. The prevention of Criminality.
2. Repression of Crime.
3. Apprehending of offenders.
4. Recovery of Property.
5. Regulation of Non-Criminal Conduct.
6. Performance of Related Miscellaneous Service.

The organization of the police force commonly requires the following

organizational units:
Functional Units:

1. Bureau - the largest organic functional unit within a large department.

It comprises of numbers of divisions:

2. Division - a primary subdivision of a bureau.

3. Section -functional unit within a division that is necessary for

specialization.

4. Unit -functional group within a section; or the smallest functional group

within an organization.

Territorial Units:

1. Post - a fixed point or location to which an officer is assigned for duty,

such as a designated desk or office or an intersection or cross walk from
traffic duty.It is a spot location for general guard duty.

2. Route -a length of streets designated for patrol purposes. It is also

called LINE BEAT.

3. Beat - an area assigned for patrol purposes, whether foot or motorized.

4. Sector - an area containing two or more beats, routes, or post.

5. District-a geographical subdivision of a city for patrol purposes, usually

with its own station.

6. Area- a section or territorial division of a large city each comprised of

designated districts.

Other Items and Terminologies

1. Sworn Officers-all personnel of the police department who have oath

and who posses the power to arrest.

2. Superior Officer- one having supervisory responsibilities, either

temporarily or permanently, over officers of lower rank.

3. Commanding Officer- an officer who is in command of the

department, a bureau, a division, an area, or a district.
4. Ranking Officer- the officer who has the senior rank in a team or
group.
5. Length of Service- the period of time that has elapsed since the oath
of office was administered. Previous active services may be included or
added.

6. On Duty - the period when an officer is actively engaged in the

performance of his duty.

7. Off Duty - the nature of which the police officer is free from specific
routine duty.

8. Special Duty -the police service, its nature, which requires that the
officer be excused from the performance of his active regular duty.

9. Leave of Absence- period, which an officer is excused from active

duty by any valid\acceptable reason, approved by higher authority.

10. Sick leave -period which an officer is excused from active duty by
reason of illness or injury.

11. Suspension - a consequence of an act which temporarily deprives an

officer from the privilege of performing his duties as result of violating
directives or other department regulations.

12. Department Rules- rules established by department

directors\superiors to control the conduct of the members of the police
force.

13. Duty Manual -describes the procedures and defines the duties of
officers assigned to specified post or position.

14. Order an instruction given by a ranking officer to a subordinate,

either:
a. General Order,
b. Special, or
c. Personal

15. Report - usually a written communication unless otherwise specifies

to be verbal reports; verbal reports should be confirmed by written
communication.

Nature of Police Organization

The police department is truly a complex bureaucracy. It is mostly a

multi-level organization, organized in the form of a pyramid with the top-
level administrator being the chief of police.
At the bottom level of the organization, one finds the patrolman or line
officer.

The patrol officer is the backbone of the police department.

The lowest level worker found in many, if not most, complex organizations
who usually performs the routine, repetitive kind of work necessary to
keep the organization functioning.

The police department by its very nature places the line officer in a
position where he is a decision maker and manager of his area of
responsibility from the first time he is given a beat to patrol.

There are indeed few agencies in which the efficiency and parameter of
the law enforcement functions are vested in those individuals quite likely
have the least amount of experience and expertise in the organization.

Types of Police Organizational Structures

An organizational structure is a mechanical means of depicting, by an

arrangement of symbols,the relationships that exist between individuals,
groups, and functional relationships between groups and individuals
clearly defined to ensure accountability and compliance.

Line Organization
The straight line organization, often called the individual, military or
departmental types of organization, is the simplest and perhaps the oldest
types; but it is seldom encountered in its channels of authority and
responsibility extends in a direct line from top to bottom within the
structures, authority is definite and absolute.

While the line type of organization has many advantages, it also has some
inherent weaknesses which, for many organizations, make its use
impractical.

Perhaps its greatest advantages it that, it is utterly simple. It involves a

division of the work into units of eight people with a person in charge who
has complete control and who can be hold directly responsible or
accountable for result, or lack of them.

Quick decisions can be made in the line organization because of the

direct lines authority.

Because of these direct lines, each member in the chain of command

knows to whom he is clearly fixed.

Discipline is administered in this type of the organization.

Responsibility for making decisions is well identified. Singleness of

purpose is fostered.

Coordination of effort is relatively easy to achieve because functional

overlapping in between units, a prime cause of friction in any organization
can be minimized.

Functional Organization

The functional organization in its pure form is rarely found in present

day organizations, xcept at or near the top of the very large organizations.

Unlike the type of structure, those establishment organized on a functional

basis violate the prime rule that men perform best when they have but
one superior.

The functional responsibility of each functional manager is limited to the

particular activity over which he has control, regardless of who performs
the function.

Coordination of effort in this type of organization becomes difficult since

the employees responsible for results may be subject to functional
direction of several persons.

Discipline is difficult to administer because of this multi-headed

leadership.

There may be considerable conflict among the functional administrators,

resulting in much conclusion among line personnel.

Line of authority and responsibility are fragmented into many functional

channels, making each superior responsible to several superiors
depending upon the function he happens to be performing.

The functional organization in its purest form is rarely found in present-

day organization except at or near the top level.

Advantages

1. divides responsibility and authority between several specialists;

2. Functional responsibility is limited to the particular activity over which

he has control regardless of who performs the functions.

Disadvantages

1. Coordination of effort becomes difficult;

2. Discipline is difficult to administer;

3. Conflict among the functional administrators.

Line and Staff Organization

The line and staff organization is a combination of the line and

functional types.

It combines staff specialist such as the criminalists, the training officers,

the research and development specialists, etc. channels of responsibility is
to think and provide expertise for the line units.

The line supervisor must remember that he obtains advice from the staff
specialist.

In normal operations, the staff supervisor has line commands but with
recognized limitations such as coordination between line and staff
personnel can be achieved without undue friction.

Failure to recognize these line and staff relationship is the greatest and
most frequent source of friction and a barrier to effective coordination.

The advantage of this kind would be- it combines staff specialistor units
with line organization so that service of knowledge can be providedline
personnel by specialist.

POLICE SERVICE

Fundamental Theories of Police Service

1. The Continental Theory - police are servant of higher authorities and

the people have little or no share at all in their duties, nor any direct
connection with them.

2. The Home Rule Theory - policemen are considered as servants of the

community who defend for the effectiveness of their function upon the
express wishes of the people.

Concepts of Police Service

1. Old Concepts -this old philosophy means throwing more people in jail
rather than keeping these out jail. Punishment is the sole instrument of
crime control. They yardstick of efficiency of the police is more on arrests.

2. Modern Concept -police service today has broadened its activities to

include certain aspect of social service for the welfare of the people. Their
yardstick of efficiency is the absence of crime.

All police function and activities can be categorized as their line or non-
line. Line functions are those tasks that directly facilitate the
accomplishment of organizational goals, whereas non-line functions are
those tasks that supplement the line its task performance.

Line activities are further broken into the sub-categories: primary line and
secondary line functions, both of which are field service.

1. Line Function

1.1. Primary Line Function

The primary line function is police patrol; that is the patrol activities of a
police organization are considered basic and the first priority.

The patrol division has the initial responsibility for crime prevention and
dictation of the apprehension of offenders.

It also assists in the preparation in the facts for presentation in a court of

law.

Theoretically, if the patrol force were 100 percent effective in the

execution of its assigned tasks, the need for specialized units (traffic and
detective) would be eliminated.

The patrol function is accurately called the backbone of the police

service.

1.2. Secondary Function

Historically, police department were established only as police patrols,

however as municipalities increased in population, area, and technology
(for example, the invention of the automobile), the burden of this patrols
was greatly increased.

The department, were unable to provide additional personnel because of

budgetary limitations, were unable to increase the number of the officers
on the patrol beat in proportion to the rising population and rate of crime
and was force to enlarge each officers beat.

2. Non-Line Function

Simply put, non-line functions are those services that support the line.
Whereas the line provides services directly to the citizens, non-line
activities help the line to accomplish its primary task.

Traditionally non-line or support activities consist of two major categories:

staff and auxiliary services.

2.1. Staff Services

These activities that have the responsibility and personal development

and department management are staff services.

Personal development includes recruitment, selection, training, and

supervision.

Budget, planning and research, inspection, and similar activities fall under
the heading of managerial activities.

2.2. Auxiliary Services

All non-line not regarded as staff service are classified as auxiliary

services.

Typically, they provide support service of both a technical and non-

technical nature to both line and non-line activities.

Polygraph examiner, photographer, fingerprint and crime scene

technicians, and the police laboratory are technical auxiliary services that
support the line activities.

The jail and the communication system and non-line (staff) activities.

Some activities are extremely difficult to classify as either the staff or

auxiliary.

In many instances they perform a dual service. Police community relation

units, although performing secondary line service, may be designated as
an auxiliary or even a staff function.

LINE FUNCTION

Primary Secondary Staff Auxiliary

-Patrol
-Criminal Investigation
-Vice Investigation
-Planning and Research
-Inspection
-Police record System
-Identification service
-Traffic Regulation and control
-Crime Prevention
-Personnel Administration
-Training
-Budgeting Control
-Purchasing
-Public Relation
-Property control
-Communication
-Crime Laboratory
-Jail-Supply
-Transportation
-Maintenance

PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIZATION

To understand the organization and operation of public departments

certain general basic principles of organization must be understood.

These principles of organization were generated by the experience of

industry, business, and the military services.

They have no absolute values, but they do provide a check list against
which an organization can be structurally and functionally evaluated.

This notion will become more defined as each principle is considered.

Division of Labor

For a police organization to be effective, work assignments must be

designed so that similar tasks, functions, and activities are given to an
individual or group for accomplishment.

Police functions are sub-divided into units that are described as follows:

1. Branch -usually the largest unit within station

2. Division part of the branch having a department-wide function

3. Section -basically one of the several functional elements of a division

Unity of Command

Unity of command requires that an individual be directly accountable to

only one superior. No person can effectively serve two superiors at a given
time.

Chain of Command
Primarily this principle provides for the vertical movement of authority up
and down established channels in the organizational hierarchy.

To illustrate this concept, consider a directives originating in the office of

the patrol chief intended for the patrol force (downward movement).

Two levels of authority fall between the patrol chief and the patrol officer
inspector.
Because both levels are held responsible for various aspects of patrol
supervision, both must be aware of such directives.

If either supervisor is by-passed, that one can not beheld accountable for
the lack of knowledge.

Further, performance of supervisory duties is greatly hindered, and

potentially serious problem is created.

Delegation of Responsibility and Authority

There must be a clear line of normal authority running from the top to
bottom of every organization.

Ultimate authority and responsibility for a police organization lies at the

top of the chain of command-with the chief.

However, if a subordinate is to be held responsible for the

accomplishment of a given task, he or she must be given the authority to
carry out those responsibilities.

It is important, also the responsibility and the authority be clearly

defined.

If the patrol officers are given the responsibility for evaluating police
response time on a given day or in a specific situation, the officer must be
given the authority to procure the communication logs from the
communication center.
Without this authority, the entire task cannot be accomplished.

Delineation of Responsibility and Authority

A clear-out delineation of responsibility and authority is essential to

prevent confusion of lines of authority.

If responsibility and authority are not clearly defined, conflicts, duplication

and overlaps of function lead to confusion and inefficiency.

Each officer and each organization segment of authority delegated to

accomplish the job.

Span of Control
The number of officers or units reporting directly to the supervisor should
not exceed the number that can be feasibly and effectively coordinate and
directed.

There are an innumerable factor that limits the span control including
distance, time, knowledge, personality, and the complexity of the work to
be performed.

It is not unusual to fine fifty or sixty workers to perform identification

function reporting to one supervisor.

On the other hand, as we ascend the chain of command and the diversity
of functions increases, the number of individuals that a police executive
supervises decreases rapidly.

Objective

All organizational elements must contribute, directly or indirectly, to the

accomplishment of the objectives of the enterprise.

Each organizational element should be formed for a definite purpose, and

this purposes must be accomplish the major objective.

Any police function and organizational elements that is not required in

the accomplishment of the overall objectives should be eliminated.

Coordination

The organizational structure must facilitate the development of close,

friendly, and co-operative relations, especially between line and staff
activities.

Effective coordination is dependent almost entirely upon adequate

communication among all element of a police organization.

Time

The police service is among the few public services that maintain a
twenty-four hour schedule.
It is necessary to the department to assigned officers in sufficient number
to meet the demands at any given time.

Watch or Shift

A time division of the day to ensure proper allocation of personnel.

Shifts are normally eight consecutive hours, five days, giving an officer a
forty-hour a week.

However, longer working hours and work weeks are common.

Further, shifts frequently overlaps to provide additional personnel during
peak period.

Territory
Territorial distribution is necessary to ensure the availability and general
suitability of the patrol service throughout a jurisdiction. Geographical or
territorial divisions of the department can be described as follows:

1. Post - a fixed or stationary point location (e.g., a specified street

intersection, surveillance site, or an assigned desk or office).

2. Route or Lined Beat- a length of street normally assigned to the

traffic and patrol officers whether foot or mobile. The rout has the
characteristics of being continuous, in a straight line, or the line sight.

3. Beat a geographical area, once again assigned to either foot or

mobile patrol and traffic officer.

4. Section two or more beats, routes, posts, or any combination thereof.

Clientele

The distribution of patrol services with respect to the characteristics of the

population served must be recognized and dealt with in contemporary law
enforcement. The development of specialized functional units expresses
the principle of the organization by clientele.

Nature of the Office of a Policeman

A police man must have a mind of a lawyer the soul of a clergyman, the
heart of the social worker, discipline of an army sergeant, the integrity of
a saint. He must believe in a community of law, while seeing little but
lawlessness; believe in the goodness of man, while seeing the man most
often at his worst, depend on his faithfulness, know his jurisdictions like a
sociologist, and he must understand people like a psychologist. He must
take long view of life like a philosopher and yet never losing his common
touch.

POLICE OPERATIONS
Police Operation
Another word in the large collection of police service terminology is
operations. For the most part, operation is synonymous with line
function. In accordance with previous definitions, operations are inclusive
of both primary and secondary line functions.

Subdivision of the Operation

Area.

1. District - is a subdivision of a province and shall consist of a

metropolitan city or a metropolitan city and adjacent municipalities\ small
cities, or several adjacent municipalities and small cities.

2. Station -is a subdivision of a district and shall consist of a large

municipality or a small city or municipalities\small city and some adjacent
smaller municipalities or several adjacent municipalities.

3. Sub-station -is a subdivision of a station and shall consist of a large

municipality or small city or a municipality itself.

Operating Unit of a Police Station

1. Patrol Division\Section - shall be responsible for crime prevention;

general preservation of peace and order; crime suppression, and other
public safety services.

2. Investigation Division\section - shall be charged with the duty of

carrying on the objectives of criminal investigation, that is, to identify and
locate the guilty party and provide evidence of his guilt through criminal
proceedings.

3. Vice Control Division\Section - shall be responsible for the

neutralization or suppression of vices such as gambling, prostitution and
drug abuse.

4. Juvenile Division\Section - shall be primarily concerned with children

and youth, the correction and rehabilitation of youth offenders.

5. Intelligence Division\Section - shall work for the detection of

syndicated crimes and subtle criminal activities, including subversion and
threats to the security of the state.

6. Traffic Division \section - shall be responsible from the enforcement

of traffic laws and regulation of traffic. This section is primarily concerned
with the motorist and pedestrians.

7. Homicide Division\Section - shall be charged with the duty to

investigate homicide and murder cases.

8. Municipal Police Sub-station - shall be concerned with the general

maintenance of peace, order and public safety within their respective
jurisdictions. The Municipal Police Sub-station shall consist of two principal
sections with corresponding functions as indicated below:

a. Patrol Section

1. Preservation of peace and order

2. Suppression of criminal activities

3. Crime prevention

4. Inspection activities
5. Enforcement of traffic laws and regulations

6. Fire prevention and control

b. Investigation section

1. Crime investigation

2. vice control

3. Control of juvenile delinquency

4. Custody of prisoners

Peace Officer of Small Police Station

Peace officers of small Police stations are considered as generalist. Most

small police station within the limits of their capabilities, are responsible
for all activities in the fields of law enforcement and public safety. They
provide routine patrol, conduct premise inspection, make criminal and
traffic investigations, make arrest, and in other ways, provide for the
community security. In such stations, its members and officers are by and
large generalist.

Historical Background on Policing

Primitive Policing Law enforcement can be traced back to the cave

dwellers, who were expected to follow certain rules or face banishment or
death. The customs depicted in early cave dwelling may represent the
beginning of law and law enforcement. The prehistoric social order
consisted of small family groups living together as tribes or clans. Group
living gave rise to customs everyone was expected to observe. The tribes
chief had executive, legislative and judicial powers and often appointed
tribe members to perform special task to include guarding the community
against depredation of lawless elements.

Ancient Law Enforcement

The Sumerians

The earliest record of ancient peoples need to standardize rules and

methods of enforcement to control human behavior dates to
approximately 2300 B.C., when the Sumerian rulers Lipithstar and
Eshumma set standards on what constituted an offense against society.

The Babylonians

The Code of King Hammurabi (2100 B.C.) during the time of Babylonian
King Hammurabi, he established rules for his kingdom that designated not
only offenses but punishment as well. The principle of the code was that
the strong shall not injure the week. Hammurabi originated the legal
principle of LEX Talionis- the eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth doctrine.

Ancient Egypt

The early Egyptians established laws and court and a rudimentary rule of
law. The first account of a developing court system originated in Egypt in
approximately 1500 B.C. the court system was presided by judges who
were appointed by the pharaoh. They later organized marine patrols and
custom houses to protect commerce.

Ancient Greece

The Greeks had an impressive of law enforcement called the Ephori. Each
year at Sparta, a body of Ephors was elected and given almost unlimited
powers as investigator, judge, jury and executioner. These five men also
presided over the senate and assembly, assuring that their rules and
decrees were followed. From the Greek philosopher PLATO, who lived from
427 to347 B.C., was the idea that punishment should serve the purpose
rather thansimple retaliation.

Ancient Rome

The Romans had a high development system of administering justice. The

12Tabulae (12 tables) were the first written laws of the Roman Empire. It
deals with legal procedures, property ownership, building codes, marriage
customs and punishment for crimes. At the reign of Emperor Augustus,
he created the Praetorian Guard, which consisted of about 7000
men\soldiers to protect the palace and the City of Rome, together with
the Urban Cohorts to patrol the city. He created the so
called Vigiles who were assigned as fire fighters and eventually given law
enforcement responsibilities. As the first civilian police force the Vigiles
sometimes kept the peace very ruthlessly, hence the word vigilantes.
Another important event was the time of Justinian I, ruler of the Eastern
Roman Empire (527 to 265 A.D.) who collected all Roman laws and put it
into his Justinian Code-they became known the Corpus Juris
Civilis which means Body of Law.

The Early Policing System

The policing system is divided into different systems namely:

The Anglo-Saxon Period

The Anglo-Saxons were influential in developing the early police forces.

The following are the features of this period:
1. Tun Policing System- Tun is the forerunner of the word town. Under
this system all male residents are required to guard the town and to
preserve the peace and control, to protect life and property from harm or
disturbance.

2. Hue and Cry a system of apprehending a criminal whereby a

complaint goes to the middle of the street and shouts to call all males to
assemble. The victim reports his complaint to the assembly and gives the
whereabouts of the perpetrator. All male residents would then proceed to
locate and apprehend the culprit. When apprehended, trialis conducted
giving the culprit a chance to depend himself.

3. The Royal Jude -a person who conducts criminal investigation and

gives punishment. Punishment usually fits the crime committed.

4. Trial by Ordeal- a system of determining guilt and innocence in the

ancient times which was based on painful test of skills. It is usually
accompanied by harsh punishment. For instance, suspects were required
to place their hands in boiling oil or water. When not hurt, it indicated guilt
and the suspect placed under punishment.

The Normal Period of Policing (1066-1285)

1. Shire-Rieve System- England at the time of William Norman,

divided England into 55military districts known as the Shire-
Rieve. Shire was the district, Rieve was the ruler who makes laws, pass
judgment and impose punishment. He was assisted by a constable (fore
runner of the word constabulary).

2. The Traveling Judge- one responsible in passing judgment which was

taken from the Shire-Rieve inview of some abuses by the Rieves.

3. Leges Henri -the law of King Henrie I. Duringthis period:

a. offenses were classified as against the king and individual
b. police men were considered public officials
c. police and the citizens have the broad power to arrest
d. a grand jury was created to inquire on the facts of the law.

4. The Magna-Carta- laws were enacted upon the demand of the Knights
of the Round Table and forced the king to sign the same. Examples of the
principles of law include the following:
a. no free men shall be taken or imprisoned, disposed or out lawed except
by legal judgment of his peers
b. no person should be tried from murder unless there is proof the body of
the victim
c. Beginning of the national and local government as well as legislation.

The Westminster Period of Policing (1285-1500)

1. The Statute of 1295- this law prescribed the closing of the gates of
London at sundown. Start of curfew systems.

2. Justice of the Peace - this was position which gives a person the
power to arrest, pursue and impose imprisonment.

3. The Star Chamber court - a special court which try offenses against
the state.

Modern policing System

This period came to the limelight when a bill creating the Scotland
Yard was passed by the parliament of England. It was sponsored and
expanded by Sir Robert Pell who was made to be the first head of the
police organization. He was referred as the Father of Modern Policing
system due to his contributions in the modernization of the police force.
The following are the principles were considered in organizing and
administering the Scotland Yard known as the Peels Principles:

1. Stable and effective police force should be under government control.

2. Absence of crime is the best proof of efficiency.

3. Fast distribution of new to the people is essential.

4. Proper distribution of personnel according to shift and by hour.

5. The best qualification of peace officers is control of temper.

6. Proper selection and training is the basis of efficiency.

7. Police cannot function properly without whole hearted support of the

people.

8. Every police must sell himself to the people.

9. Police officers must go out to their way to help or assist the people.

Philippine National Police

The Philippine National Police or PNP is the national police force of the
Republic of the Philippines with a manpower strength of 113,928 as of
end-July 2007. It provides law enforcement services through its regional,
provincial, municipal, district and local police units all over the islands.
Created by virtue of Republic Act 6975, otherwise known as the
Department of the Interior and Local Government Act of 1990", the PNP
came into being on January 29, 1991, at Camp Crame, Quezon City, when
the Philippine Constabulary and the Integrated National Police were retired
as mandated by law.

History Early Policing

Organized policing started in 1500s when night men or

bantayans patrolled the streets of Manila. The night men were under the
direction of the alguacilmayor who provided them with muskets as
weapons and alarm bells as their means of communication. In 1836, the
Spanish colonial authorities formed the Cuadrillo, a rural police force,
toenforce peace in the countryside. Six years later, its general function
was assumed by the Cuerpo de Carabineros de Seguridad Publica.

The Carabineros deSeguridad Publica was organized in 1712 for the

purpose of carrying outlaws of the
Spanish government. Native Filipinos served up to the rank of sergeant
under the command of Spanish officers. It was the earlier version of
mounted riflemen in the history of the Philippine police system.
In 1852, the notoriously dreaded Guardia Civil took over peacekeeping
duties in the islands under a Royal Decree. Guardia Civil in the provinces
was composed mainly of Filipinos who worked under the jurisdiction of the
alcaldes or mayors. They followed a military structure and received semi-
military training yet lacked other dimensions of todays police service.

The capture of General Emilio Aguinaldo, president of the First Philippine

Republic, signaled the start of the American occupation of the Philippines.
Maintaining peace and order, particularly in the countryside, remained the
biggest problem of the Americans.
The Americans failed to subdue the followers of Aguinaldo like Gen.
Macario Sakay. Hostilities continued in Batangas, Mindoro, Cebu, Boholand
Samar. A military solution to the peace and order problem was ruled,
hence, the birth of the Philippine Constabulary.

Pacification Campaigns

To fight rampant lawlessness, the Philippine Constabulary divided the

entire country into constabulary districts. Banditry was rampant in
Southern Luzon. Records referred to the bandits as tulisanes. The style of
fighting of the early American Constables and the bandits was man-to-
man, on foot, and generally by arms and bolos.
The American foot soldiers had a hard time repelling the tulisanes in their
fight in the mountains as their enemies were familiar with the terrain.
Malaria and cholera were the diseases that the afflicted the American
troops whenever they conducted foot patrol in the hinterlands.

The Insular Force

The Americans are credited for creating the Philippine Constabulary,

the principal instrument of the civil authorities for the maintenance of
peace and order. The PC began as a small unitthe Insular Force in
1901.

It was set up by virtue of Organic Act No. 175, enacted by the Second
Philippine Commission on July 18, 1901.The Constabulary then was
composed of six thousand men led by American officers and former
members of the Spanish Guardia Civil. Under close American direction and
control, it functioned as a military organization.
Since its formation, the Constabulary had been primarily discharging
police law enforcement and public safety functions. Its officers and men
had served with distinction both in the field of law enforcement and in
combating violence and lawlessness, and in various aspects of public
service.

There was even a time in history when they performed the duties of
teachers, sanitary inspectors, midwives, doctors and foresters.

The Philippine Constabulary was mandated as a civilian organization

on March 15, 1945 when it was placed under the general supervision of
the Interior then later transferred to the Secretary of National
Defense on March 30, 1950.

The Secretary of Interior had supervision over the Constabulary as

early as January 13, 1939 until the outbreak of World War II.As an insular
police force, the officers of the Constabulary carried the civilian title of
inspector. Its peacekeeping duty was limited to areas where military rule
had been lifted.

The Constabulary At War

The participation of the Constabulary in the dark years of the Second

World War began upon President Roosevelts declaration of a state of
emergency in the United States. Manila prepared for war.

The word had been sent: Japan, the Axis powers ally in Asia, would soon
attack the Far East. Filipinos woke up on the morning of December 8,
1941 to the news that the Japanese had attacked Pearl Harbor.

The first war casualties of the Constabulary came from the bombing of
Pan-American Airways installation at San Pedro, Makati in the afternoon of
December 8. Six Constables from the Headquarters Company were
wounded.

The next days and months saw relentless Japanese bombings on the
countrys landmarks, airfields and naval bases.

The Death March

The Japanese had taken Manila but were surprised that no defense forces
were waiting to be captured. The Japanese forces then began the siege of
Bataan, ordering four infantry regiments with artillery and tank support to
crush the American and Filipino soldiers.

The Japanese then prepared to transfer the prisoners and surrendered

troops to Camp o Donnel in Capas, Tarlac in what has been known as
the Death March. Because of torture and starvation, 4,326 prisoners
of war died in the infamous march.

The Postwar Constabulary

The county was left in shambles after the Second World War. Manila was in
ruins. Loose firearms and dead bodies littered the streets. This was also
the period when communist ideology had been propagated in the
countryside and hard-line supporters had been won.

The Hukbong Mapagpalaya ng Bayan or Hukbalahap became a force to

reckon with in Central Luzon.

The Hukbalahap was born in Pampanga and was spawned by a feudal

land system in the province dominated by landlords. Pampanga was an
ideal ground for the agrarian unrest. It achieved legal status during the
Japanese occupation when it merged with the guerilla forces in fighting
the Japanese.

The communist movement, meanwhile, capitalized on the agrarian

problems of the country to cement its presence. Agrarian unrest was
prevalent in agricultural lands in Luzon as well as the sprawling haciendas
in the south.

Luis Taruc became a leader of the HMBs and founded his own
government in Central Luzon. It was during this turbulent period that the
Philippine Constabulary was reactivated into the Military Police Command.

Faced with peace and order problems, the Military Police Command was
suffering from its own internal crises.

The last war had killed many Constables. There was a dearth for trained
personnel who would be utilized to address the problems.

Constabulary records showed that there were about 20,000Hukbalahaps

in Luzon in 1946. The Military Police Command, on the other hand ,had
23,000 informal enlistees.

Reorganization

On January 1, 1944, the Military Police Command was dissolved by virtue

of Executive Order No. 94 issued by President Manuel A. Roxas. The
Commands 12,000 officers and men were absorbed by the newly
reorganized Philippine Constabulary. The revitalized PC was in charge of
the countrys peace and order except those which were purely military in
nature.

Brig. Gen. Mariano Castaeda became chief of the PC and instituted

reforms. On June 21, 1948, President Elpidio Quirino offered
general amnesty to the Huks. Taruc, who had been elected a member
of Congress representing Pampanga, returned to Manila. But Taruc had no
plans to surrender. He only went to Manila to collect his back salaries and
used the money for his comrades operations in Central Luzon.

President Ramon Magsaysay was credited for crippling the Huk movement
by mobilizing the Philippine Constabulary. Magsaysay used the friendly
touch for winning over the Huks, building roads for them and giving them
lands.

The Rise of the Communist Party of the Philippines

The Philippine Constabularys attempt to maintain peace and order did not
end with the decimation of the Huks.

On December 26, 1968, Jose Maria Sison, a Political Science student

at the University of the Philippines, founded the Communist Party of the
Philippines.

The communist ideology spread through a small discussion group called

Kabataan Makabayan organized by Sison and his colleagues in the middle
sixties. Sison then rose to become the leader of the CPP and organized the
military wing of the CPP, the New Peoples Army.

But the communists suffered a crushing blow on January 9,1969 in the

hands of the Constabulary who killed the most number of communist
leaders in one encounter in Orani, Bataan.

The PC Metropolitan Command

The upsurge of mass demonstrations and violence during the latter part of
the 60s and the expansion efforts of the communist movement triggered
the creation of the PC Metropolitan Command.

To quell the unrest, President Ferdinand Marcos issued Executive Order

Number 76 on July 14, 1967establishing the PC Metrocom which
became the PCs striking force as it was authorized to conduct 24/7 patrol
in the entire Metro Manila and was tasked to supplement or complement
local police action in the repression and prevention of crimes
Martial Law and the PC
The Philippine Constabulary took on a pivotal role when President Marcos
declared Martial Law on September 21, 1972.

Marcos mobilized the Constabulary and other major services of the

military to dismantle the unconstitutional opposition and to prevent
widespread hooliganism and gangsterism. Convinced that there was a
need to restructure the social base that bred lawlessness, Marcos
reorganized the government machinery to effect his desired changes in
the social, economic and political structures.

On March 21, 1974,President Ferdinand E. Marcos signed Presidential

Decree 421 unifying all the police, fire and jail services in Metro Manila.
The move was significant as it created an elite force, the Metropolitan
Police Force that was placed under the aegis of the PC Metrocom. The
decree was also the first step in fulfilling the constitutionalmandate for an
integrated national police force.

The Metropolitan Police Force was tasked to carry out the integration of all
police units nationwide. Brigadier General Prospero A. Olivas,
commanding general of the Metrocom, was assigned the task of launching
the pilot project under the supervision of Fidel V. Ramos and Brigadier
General Cicero C. Campos, deputy Chief for police matters.

General Olivas would have the power and direction over the Metrocom,
including tactical, strategic movements, deployments, placements and
utilization of the entire force and the training thereof.

On August 8, 1975,Marcos issued Presidential Decree

No.765 establishing the Integrated National Police with the Philippine
Constabulary as the nucleus and all police officers as components.

They wereall placed under the supervision of the Ministry of National

Defense.

The Creation of the Philippine National Police

The Peoples Revolution of 1986 saw the birth of the 1987 Constitution
that included a provision on the PNP which was to be national in scope
and civilian in character.

In 1991, the Philippine National Police was created with the passage of
Republic Act No. 6975, otherwise known as the Department of the
Interior and Local Government Act of 1990.

The principal authors of the Republic Act 6975 were Senators Ernesto N.
Maceda and Aquilino Pimentel, Congressmen Jose S. Cojuangco Jr.
and Rodrigo Gutang.
Upon its signing into law on December 13, 1990, the PNP underwent a
transitory period;and on 31 March 1991, President Corazon
Aquino named General Cesar Nazareno as the first Director General
of the Philippine National Police.

On January 29, 1991,at Camp Crame, Quezon City, the Philippine

Constabulary and the Integrated National Police were retired
officially and the Philippine NationalPolice was born.

Like any new evolving organization, the PNP suffered from birth pains. To
address these concerns, Republic Act 8551 or the PNP Reform and
Reorganization Act of 1998 was enacted on February 17, 1998 to amend
certain provisions of Republic Act No. 6975.

This move was in response to the growing clamor to transform the PNP
into a more responsive, effective and relevant police organization.

Under this Act, the PNP shall be strengthened and evolved into a highly
efficient police force that is community and service-oriented and fully
accountable in the performance of its action.

Officer
Training Officers for the Philippine National Police are sourced from the
Philippine National Academy as well as through lateral entry, for
specialized disciplines and requirements such as doctors, engineers and
other technical positions.

The Philippine National Police Academy is located in Silang, Cavite and is

the primary training school for the PNP.

Recruitment and Training

The PNP conducts regular recruitment programs, depending on annual
budget allocations.

The entry level for non-commissioned officers is the rank of Police Officer
1 or PO1, with a starting salary of P14, 265.00 inclusive of allowances.

The new recruits undergo Police Basic Recruit Course for six months and a
Field Training Program for another six months prior to deployment to
various units.

Republic Act No. 6975 Approved: December 13, 1990

-An Act Establishing the Philippine National Police under a Reorganized

Department of the Interior and Local Government, and for other purposes.
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE (PNP) The Philippine National Police (PNP)
has been established initially consisting of the following:
a. Members of the police force who were integrated into the Integrated
National Police (INP)pursuant to PD 765;

b. Officers and enlisted personnel of the Philippine Constabulary (PC)

which include:

Those assigned with the Narcotics Command (NARCOM);

Those assigned with the Criminal Investigation Service (CIS);

Those of the technical services of the AFP assigned with the PC.

Civilian operatives of the CIS.

c. Regular operatives of the abolished NAPOLCOM Inspection,

Investigation and Intelligence Branch may also be absorbed by the PNP. In
addition, the PNP shall absorb the Office of the National Action Committee
on Anti-Hijacking (NACAH) of the DND, all the functions of the Philippine
Air Force Security Command (PAFSECOM), as well as the police functions
of the Coast Guard.